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The first decades of the 20th century were a period of artistic upheaval, with modern art movements including Cubism, Surrealism, Futurism and Dadaism questioning centuries of traditional views of what art should be. Using abstraction, experimental forms and interdisciplinary techniques, painters, sculptors, photographers, printmakers and performance artists all pushed the boundaries of creative expression.

Major exhibitions, like the 1913 Armory Show in New York City — also known as the “International Exhibition of Modern Art,” in which works like the radically angular Nude Descending a Staircase by Marcel Duchamp caused a sensation — challenged the perspective of viewers and critics and heralded the arrival of modern art in the United States. But the movement’s revolutionary spirit took shape in the 19th century.

The Industrial Revolution, which ushered in new technology and cultural conditions across the world, transformed art from something mostly commissioned by the wealthy or the church to work that responded to personal experiences. The Impressionist style emerged in 1860s France with artists like Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne and Edgar Degas quickly painting works that captured moments of light and urban life. Around the same time in England, the Pre-Raphaelites, like Edward Burne-Jones and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, borrowed from late medieval and early Renaissance art to imbue their art with symbolism and modern ideas of beauty.

Emerging from this disruption of the artistic status quo, modern art went further in rejecting conventions and embracing innovation. The bold legacy of leading modern artists Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, Frida Kahlo, Salvador Dalí, Henri Matisse, Joan Miró, Marc Chagall, Piet Mondrian and many others continues to inform visual culture today.

Find a collection of modern paintings, sculptures, prints and other fine art on 1stDibs.

For centuries, the human figure has held an allure for artists, and those working in photography — a medium celebrated for its documentary properties and its accuracy — have long sought to express humanity in its purest state. Fine nude photography presents an empowering challenge for artists, whether they’re endeavoring to counter traditional ideals of beauty, deeply examine power, sexuality and gender or simply create direct and expressive images of the human form, unguarded and unadorned, simultaneously vulnerable and strong.

While the collection of fine nude photography on 1stDibs includes pioneers of the 20th century — such as Edward Weston, Jack Mitchell and Slim Aarons — many contemporary nude photographers have taken their choice of visual medium in directions that have proven provocative and refreshing.

Self-taught Belgian freelancer Kirsten Thys van den Audenaerde, for example, has ventured into the deserts of Utah with her nude models, working largely with expired Polaroid film to produce wild juxtapositions of pure human forms amid dry and dusty landscapes. Award-winning fashion photographer Ellen von Unwerth redefines the female gaze — her bold and erotic images of celebrities and magazine models have left an indelible mark on the visual landscape of the fashion world.

The study of who and what we are is central to art — find a range of fine nude photography on 1stDibs, including work by Helmut Newton, Robert Mapplethorpe, Stefanie Schneider and others.