19th Century Architectural Elements

A set of 9 reclaimed Minton encaustic floor tiles perfect for a period cottage or townhouse. The set comprises of nine 6-inch by 6-inch tiles in Pugin style with a repeating mustard ...

Beautiful imposing antique mantelpiece from the 19th century! This fireplace is very impressive due to its large size and the authenticity that this mantel radiates. In the middle of...

A pair of antique late 19th century Victorian cast iron wall brackets with elegantly cast elements, suitable for interior or exterior use. The intricate scrolling foliage design show...

An interesting mid 19th century architectural model of a cistern sculpted in limestone, possibly Bath stone, carved into an elongated oval form. Beautifully weathered and of good scale, this carved limestone sculpture...

Lighting; A very unusual pair of English wrought iron lamp stands. These light stands are suitable for internal or external use. Each blacksmith made using...

A matching pair of reclaimed antique salt-glazed corner troughs. Reclaimed from a stables in Norfolk. Additional Dimensions: Back edge width 62 cm Back edge depth 62 cm

A pair of cassolettes - carved wood and gilt - rare and very decorative

A set of six Victorian gilt brass and white porcelain coat hooks.

French oak hand carved Gothic revival panel. There are three available. Each panel is 1" deep by 8.5" wide by 13" high.

Antique French shutters that were removed from a chateau in Provence. Great patina and fabulous original hardware (see photos). They would create a wonderful atmosphere in any settin...

Beautiful robust castle mantelpiece made of French limestone. This antique mantle dates from the 19th century and is in the style of Louis XIII with a beautiful ornament in the middl...

Beautiful antique castle mantelpiece made of French limestone from the 19th century! This beautiful fireplace has a wide top with slightly curved legs. A rustic mantle with a histori...

Italian Architectural Element Giltwood 19th Century Carved Corona Crown Large gilt-wood element, featuring decorative acanthus leaves, carving around the...

Well carved architectural water gilt fragments , Italian , probably overdoor fragments . Pretty bleeding of red base coat thru the lemon toned gilding . An "overdoor" (or "Suprapor...

A monumental Moorish mid-Victorian wrought iron Pergola or Decorative Garden Structure, a masterpiece in High Victorian ironwork design. This Perg...

Hand-carved in France, circa 1850, this unique limestone architectural is reminiscent of an antique reliquary. Its intricate design features a central niche flanked by volutes, above...

Set of four Italian Stained Glass door- window Panels, Italy 1890 circa Measure: Each door/panel measures height cm. 210,5, width cm. 51 and just ...

A large antique Indonesian terracotta water jar with wavy patterns, hollow beaded motifs and nicely weathered appearance. Born in Indonesia, this terracotta jar attracts our attentio...

Pair of English Gothic Revival style (19th Century) oak carved railing panels with open design and finial (PRICED AS Pair).

These monumental arched antique door shutters were salvaged from a 19th century French chateau. They would have been on the ground floor, attached...

An impressively large and well detailed French late 19th century architectural model of a Gothic inspired transept-spire or church pinnacle. This Neo Gothic decorative finial is han...

A 19th century Asian stone architectural fragment. This intriguing sculpture probably had a utilitarian function as a water deposit. As often in China prac...

Beautiful French grey marble Louis XV style fireplace mantel. The serpentine breakfront shelf rests above a paneled freeze centered by a large...

Beautiful antique mantelpiece with its rustic appearance! This 19th century mantle is in the Campagnarde style and made of French limestone. A very beautiful mantelpiece with a warm ...

Reclaimed cast iron floor grids with 72 available, suitable for interior and exterior use. Suitable for a variety of uses, these original ornate grids or grills were once used to cov...

A beautiful antique hand painted blue and white Delft or French Provincial style ceramic tile featuring a soldier carrying a flag. This would make an excellent coaster. Holland, Cir...

A beautiful set of three hand painted brown and white Delft style ceramic tiles featuring craftsmen and tradesmen. These make excellent coasters. Holland, Circa Mid-19th Century Me...

A pair of antique glazed Minton tile panels. This pair have a desirable crazing creating a characterful time worn look. With all their elements combined, they make the perfect decora...

Polished cast iron fireplace surround. Great design by Coalbrookdale with cherub heads and earns. Amazing casting.

A set of 4 Minton encaustic floor tiles. Dating to 19th century, these encaustic English floor tiles are of Pugin style and detailed with a four-petal motif with stylised flowers to ...

Beautiful and very rare zinc roof ornament with a dove. France, circa 1850-1900. Weathered, minor losses and small old repairs. H:71cm W:33cm D:12cm

Two 19th century polychrome cast iron dormer windows in very good condition Beautiful patina.

A pair of neoclassical Italian-style cement artichokes with a moss patina. The moss patina adds a touch of antiquity and natural grace, suggesting age and blending seamlessly with g...

A French architectural carved wood plaque, in a lion motif, from the 19th century. This antique wall decoration from France has a pediment style design with arched top and lovely s-s...

A pair of oversized English pine triangular pediments from the 19th century with carved dentil molding. This pair of oversized English pine triangular pediments from the 19th century...

Beautiful and rare decorative zinc item that once graced a facade, France, circa 1850-1900 Weathered and small losses but despite of its age in a good condition Measurement here belo...

A pair of English neoclassical style carved pine overdoors with swag motifs and dentil molding from the mid 19th century. Each of this pair of English architectural elements features a curved pediment, sitting above a dentil molding. The lower section is perfectly adorned with a double swag, flanked with a carved medallion and a fluted side post on each side. Since the discovery of Herculanum and Pompeii in the late 18th century, antiquity-inspired motifs, along with cleaner lines define the essence of the neoclassical style. Deeply influenced by this style, our pair of overdoors...

Pair of antique rooftop zinc finials from Stockholm. They still retain some of their original gilt finish. Zinc finials played a significant role in the architectural landscape of S...

These are four attractive individual Delft ceramic wall tiles, dating to the second half of the 19th century. All tiles are nominally 5 inches square and 5/16 to 3/8 inches thick....

This salvaged carved architectural element is unsigned, but presumed to have originated from France and date to approximately 1835 and done in a Neoclassical style. This antique frag...

A hand decorated Victorian English armorial tile by J. D. Rochfort dating from 1881. This porcelain tile is one of 14 similar we are selling, removed from the now demolished library ...

A set of 24 reclaimed glazed encaustic floor tiles of a floral pattern by W Godwin, Lugwardine. Dating from the late 19th century, these reclaimed floor tiles are of Pugin style in ...

ABOUT A pair of large distressed architectural wooden ball finials. CREATOR Unknown. DATE OF MANUFACTURE c.1880-1920. MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES Wood. CONDITION Good....

A set of 9 reclaimed Minton encaustic floor tiles ideal for a period cottage or townhouse. The set comprises of nine 6-inch by 6-inch tiles in Pugin style with a repeating white and ...

Ancient main door, carved by hand in solid walnut wood with six panels, built in the 19th century for a noble palace as an entrance to their home in the historic center, maximum size...

A set of four lengths of Georgian hand wrought iron railings with hoop style tops and circular hand formed end finials to each section. They are made from wrought iron so they are extremely strong and much stronger than cast iron and wrought iron requires little maintenance and defends rust and corrosion very well unlike cast iron, so they could be left to give the original look that they are. The end upright flat bars are heavy gage and perfect for fixing to a wall or a post. There is a top, middle and bottom heavy gage horizontal flat bar which join to the end uprights and hold the round bar and everything in place. To each corner end at the base there are small lugs which could be slotted into the floor and then the lower flat bar screwed...

A 19th century French Carrara marble fireplace in the Louis XV style. The shaped, fluted jambs surmounted by panels and scrollwork, with carved leaves above. The shaped frieze with c...

Late 19th-century industrial model of spiral staircase. Both understated and a conversation piece, the steps and circular base are a warm, honey-tone...

19th century stained glass Victorian House Number window panel circa 1880 Fantastic antique over the door window panel showing the street number...

Beautiful compact mantelpiece made of Griotte Rouge marble! This antique fireplace is in Pompadour style and has a nice warm appearance. This compact model is elegant and has a grace...

A hand decorated antique English heraldic tile by J. D. Rochfort dating from 1881. This porcelain tile is one of 14 similar we are selling, removed from the now demolished library of...

A monumental pair of antique lead obelisk roof top finials, turrets. The pyramid shaped base with scrolled brackets supporting a gadrooned plinth and obelisk finials. Large and impo...

A 19th century French Louis XVI style breche Violette marble fireplace. The shaped, scrolled jambs with carved square paterae above. The bowed frieze with flutes throughout and shape...

The Color Experience: Stained-glass windows “Color is a power which directly influences the soul” (Wassili Kandinsky, Moskou 1866 – Neuilly-sur-Seine, 1944) “Color! What a deep and mysterious language, the language of dreams!” (« La couleur ! Quelle langue profonde et mystérieuse, le langage des rêves », Paul Gauguin, Paris, 1848-Fatu-Hiva, 1903) ‘Color and feeling’, ‘color and meaning’, these are concepts that have gone together since time immemorial. Artists and craftsmen have a special bond with color. After all, it is a means of expression that can have a real reinforcing effect. Especially linking color with light offers unlimited possibilities. Glaziers and glass painters have tried to master both these ‘instruments’ for centuries. The set of beautifully restored neo-Gothic windows in our collection are enough reason for us to let these works of art figure in a broader story. As a bonus, we would like to introduce you to the contemporary stained-glass artist and stained-glass restorer, Daniël Theys. whose workshop is in Sint-Pieters-Rode (Belgium). He talked to us about the materials and techniques he used for the restoration of our set of neo-Gothic stained-glass windows. A fascinating look at the tricks of the trade from a specialist! A bird’s eye view of the history of the European stained-glass window. Although the Romans already used translucent glass plates to cover wall openings, the stained-glass window reached its peak in Europe between 1150 and 1500. A period also known as the era of the cathedrals. At that time, stained-glass windows became more than just a way to let in the light, and to keep the space closed off. From now on, their functionality was also found in their didactic value. The biblical and saints’ stories that adorned the stained-glass windows became a kind of poor man’s bible. They brought, as it were, the knowledge of the holy scriptures in an understandable, pictorial way. At the same time, the colored light provided additional symbolism. The invading light was interpreted as a manifestation of God. It is also no coincidence that the main altar was bathed in light. It was the place where the most important sacrament was celebrated, that of the Eucharist. How were these magical colors obtained? Well, during the 12th and 13th centuries, metal oxides gave color to the glass. Copper, for example, produced different colors in the various stages of oxidation. The metal could color the glass light blue, green and even red. It should be noted that from the 13th century onwards, clear glass, which was cheaper and at the same time allowed more light into the buildings, was used more often. A century later, in the years 1400 to 1500, glass painters frequently painted onto the glass with a ‘stain’ of silver chloride or sulfide. The painted piece of glass was heat-treated in a furnace. The heating process ensured that the silver ions migrated into the glass and became suspended within the glass network. The stain gave colors ranging from a pale yellow to a rather deep red. This new technique allowed glaziers to get more than one color on a single glass fragment. The shades produced by painting in silver chloride were well suited for depicting golden crowns, scepters and other gilded objects and ornaments. But the most important advantage of the technique was the fact that the glass painter could now make transitions from yellow tones to white without having to apply separations with lead strips! This also improved the legibility of the pictured scene. You can imagine that the labor-intensive process of the production of stained-glass windows was a very costly affair and therefore it was often patrons who donated them to a church or a chapel. The benefactors were usually eager to propagate their social status and were moved by concern for their salvation. In the 16th century, stained-glass windows also began to appear in secular buildings such as town halls, the homes of the wealthy and commercial premises such as inns. It is striking that during this period the use of lead strips that border many parts of the image was further reduced in favor of real painting on stained glass. This was due to an increasing love of detail. For example, one wanted realistically painted portrait heads. Working with enamel paints was cumbersome. Each newly applied color had to be burned into the glass before another color or overpainting could be applied. It was not only the coloring of the glass that was complicated, the process of obtaining flat glass plates required many steps as well. The glazier blew a glass bulb with a blowpipe and then cut it open. Finally, each half of the sphere was turned around so fast that it became a disc. In later periods, the glazier blew out his glass bulb into a cylinder. Once the cylinder had cooled, its closed ends were removed, and the long sides were cut open. The pieces of glass obtained were then heated and flattened. During the 16th century, there was a division of labor between the stained-glass designer, the glazier, and the glass painter. It happened as well that the stained-glass artist used prints as models for his stained-glass windows. Whoever drew the design, the glazier always needed a model on the right scale, the so-called cartoon. On the cartoon, the lead strips were clearly marked, and the use of colors was indicated. Contracts at the time show that the price of stained-glass windows was calculated per square foot. The price per square foot included the labor and material costs. The price of the cartoon was not included. In the 17th century, the work of glass painters remained important. At the same time, there was a growing popularity of stained-glass windows with heraldic themes. In the Low Countries there were several high-quality glass painters active. During the 18th century, glass painting went downhill in our regions. The French occupation of the Southern Netherlands resulted in the destruction and sale of religious stained-glass windows. It was only around the middle of the 19th century that the young Belgian state experienced a revival of stained glass. The renewed interest in the Middle Ages, the so-called ‘gothic revival’, caused a wave of restoration of old stained-glass windows of churches and orders for neo-gothic stained-glass windows. The Sint-Lucas art schools in Belgium played an important role in this. Industrial developments in the glass and steel industries naturally had an important hand in the popularity of stained-glass windows. Stained-glass had a wide range of uses; think of stained glasses in winter gardens, domes, windows, and doors of large mansions. Significant glazier’ studios arose in several larger Belgian cities. In Brussels, for example, you had the workshops of Capronnier and Colpaert, in Bruges the studios of Coucke and Dobbelaere, in Ghent the companies of Ganton-Defoin or Ladon. During the 19th century, glaziers followed the style developments in the visual arts. For example, the number of windows in Art Nouveau and Art Deco style is large. The restored stained-glass windows with male and female saints that we offer for sale, come from a building in Laeken, near Brussels. They probably decorated the space of a church, chapel, convent, or Catholic school. In the results of the interview with glass restorer Daniël Theys, you will learn more about the particularities of these splendid windows. Chatting and browsing in the workshop of Daniël Theys The Belgian Glass restorer and glass blower, Daniël Theys (), made a career switch at a later age and has been active in the profession since 1987. He is an important player in the field of stained-glass window art in Belgium. Moreover, he is the only one in the country who still masters the technique of glass etching. Daniël Theys receives many commissions from small parish churches to restore old stained-glass windows to their former glory. He made a name for himself in that niche and that is how Spectandum brought the set of 19th century stained glass windows to his workshop for reconstruction. They were delivered in old numbered wooden crates and Daniel had to start puzzling. Numbered wooden crates with sections of the stained-glass windows Normally a glazier starts working from a drawing with a scale of 1:1 (full size drawing), but in this case each piece had to be cataloged and photographed. The smaller pieces were grouped on the light box and photographed in their entirety. Then Daniël made a drawing of the remaining pieces that he had puzzled together with great care. Smaller pieces identified and grouped on the light box The restauration guidelines of the Agency for Monuments and Landscapes are not always the same as those of a restorer. For this reconstruction, Daniël primarily considered the purpose of the stained-glass windows. It had to be an aesthetic and salable set of stained-glass windows, so the choice of filling the gaps with neutral glass or epoxy was not really an option. Theys left well-executed previous restorations untouched. The windows may have been repaired three or four times in the past. Piece of a cloak with glass shards from different periods (restorations) Another problem Daniel faced during the restoration was the fact that some small parts of the old grisaille had been eaten away by microorganisms. The defect – caused by moisture – can be seen from the discoloration of the grisaille. The black-brown color is turned red. This fragment shows well how the brown grisaille has turned red due to the attack of micro-organisms The stained-glass windows of the 19th century are made of ‘in the mass-colored’ glass. This means that the colors were added to the liquid glass during its production process. This type of glass differs from glass colored with enamel paint, which became popular from the interwar period. The latter process involves applying enamel paint (this is a glass powder with a metal oxide to which a medium has been added) to the colorless glass. When firing the glass with the enamel paint, the powder fuses with the glass. The colors of email painted glass are less intense and less brilliant than those of ‘in the mass-colored glass’. Jars with colored powder for the enamel paints For the restoration Daniël only worked with mouth-blown glass, both with ‘in the mass-colored glass’ and with ‘verre plaqué’. This is blown glass composed of several layers of different shades. Over the years, Theys built up a large stock of old blown glass. Colored blown glass always has sliding shades. For example, a red piece of glass can have a color transition from bright red to light orange. These differences in shades are the result of the different thicknesses of the piece of glass. It allows the glazier to use a wide variety of shades. The purple-red foliage with light blue accents was obtained by etching away parts of a piece ‘verre plaqué’. A small part of the lower glass layer is exposed. The windows were completely re-leaded by the restorer because there was virtually no ‘lead net’ preserved. In general, lead strips only have a limited lifespan because of oxidation processes. Daniël removed the old lead remnants and placed new lead profiles. Then he applied putty between the glass fragments and the lead strips to seal the lead. A window must be made watertight. The current condition of the windows is excellent. Decorative glass part with original lead remnants New lead strip The set of stained-glass windows we present today, originally consisted of windows of 5 to 6 m high. After all, they originally adorned a neo-gothic church. Since the original dimensions are not suitable for private buildings, it was decided to only restore the figurative representation. The original spire of one of the windows Thanks to a suspension eye, the window can be hung. There is also the possibility to place the window in an upright position. Thanks to the craftsmanship of the Theys-Studio, we can once again enjoy the brilliance of color! Looking for the missing link The set of 19th-century stained-glass windows came into the possession of Spectandum without a clear provenance. The renowned Leuven antiques dealer, Cornelius Engelen, recalls that the windows came from a church in Laeken. There is no solid starting point for a search for the provenance. Based on the style of the stained-glass windows – most probably the late 19th century -, their religious iconography, and their original shape (pointed arch windows) and dimensions (5 to 6 cm high), we can assume that they were once displayed in a (neo-)gothic cult building. On the one hand, the stained-glass windows may have been removed after storm damage or other calamities, on the other they may have been taken away during a renovation or a demolition of a church. The Church of Our Lady in Laeken is the most famous church building in that municipality that could qualify. In the early 1920s, the central windows of the transept were badly damaged by a hurricane. Today, glass fragments of these windows (dating from 1893-1894) with the names of the sixteen missing saints and an arch infill of the western window are officially known. It would be interesting to find out if our set of eight saints once were part of the transept of Our Lady in Laeken. Research in the records of the church administrators could provide clarification. Knowing that most neo-gothic stained-glass windows from the Church of Our Lady come from the Jules Dobbelaere’s glass studio in Bruges, it is useful to consult that company’s archive as well. It is kept in the KADOC (Documentation and research center for religion, culture and; in Leuven. Of course, the sizes and shape of the stone window openings of the transept can also provide an indication. If we stylistically compare the grisailles of the set of stained-glass windows with the work of Jules Dobbelaere, we do see some relationship. Especially with a stained-glass window in the chapel of Our Lady of the Saint Anthony Church in Aalst. Another line of research that we could follow, is that of the iconography of the series. One of the saints depicted is Saint Roch. There once was a Saint-Roch church in Laeken with 19th-century stained-glass windows from the Brussels studio of Jean-Baptiste Capronnier. The company archive of the glaziers François and Jean-Baptiste Capronnier is owned by the Flemish government and can be consulted in the above-mentioned KADOC. We already searched the sales catalog of 1892, in which Capronnier’s drawings and cartoons are described one by one. The saints that are represented in our set of windows, does not correspond with the names of the saints mentioned for the church of St. Roch in Laeken. Building on this argument, it can be concluded that the eight saints were not destined for this house of worship. In the absence of lavishly illustrated monographs on the various glazier-companies in Belgium, the execution of a comparative study of the stained-glass windows is time-consuming and complex. Although a limited number of old photos of stained-glass windows can still be found in the database ‘Balat’ of the KIK-IRPA (), this remains far too limited to get a good picture of the output of the various companies. 19th C, Saint, Neo-Gothic Stained-Glass Window with Saint Martin, Belgium, 163 x 73 cm Most people know Saint Martin (Szombathely, ca. 316 – Candes, 397) as the Roman Tribune who cut his cloak in two with his sword and gave one half to a beggar. The artist of the stained-glass window has opted for a different, less common iconographic representation here. Saint Martin is presented as a bishop with a miter and staff. According to a legend, Martin was lured to the city of Tours with a trick to consecrate him as a bishop. He refused the ecclesiastical office and hid in a barn with some geese. The birds betrayed him with their twittering. In the end Martin received his episcopal consecration. The goose at the feet of the saint clearly refers to this event. 19th C, Saint, Neo-Gothic Stained-Glass Window with St. Angela, Belgium, 163 x 73 cm Angela de Merici was an Italian woman who taught young women religion, health care, and household skills. She founded the monastic community of the Ursulines. They played an important social role as founders of schools and orphanages. Saint Angela died in Brescia in 1540. It should therefore come as no surprise that the saint on the stained-glass-window is depicted with a girl by her side. 19th C, Saint, Neo-Gothic Stained-Glass Window with Charles Borromeo, Belgium, 163 x 73 cm Charles Borromeo (Milan, 1538-1584) grew up in a noble family. He was already made Cardinal and Archbishop of Milan at the age of 24. With his writings he contributed to the implementation of the Church reforms determined at the Council of Trent. Among other things, he released a new catechism. With his book on the design of church buildings, “Instructiones Fabriacae et Supellectilis Ecclesiasticae”, he left a mark on Baroque church construction. At the outbreak of the plague in his diocese in 1576, he devoted himself to the care of those affected. Hence, people sometimes pray to him when they have been hit by a serious illness. 19th C, Saint, Neo-Gothic Stained-Glass Window with St. Roch, Belgium, 163 x 73 cm Saint Roch (Montpellier, 1295? /1350? -1327? /1380?) was born with a port-wine stain in the shape of a cross on his left hip. It was interpreted as a sign from God. After the dead of his parents, he gave his money to the poor and went on to live the life of pilgrim. He cared for plague sufferers and healed some of them by making a sign of the cross. He is especially invoked as protector against the plague. 19th C, Neo-Gothic Stained-Glass Window with St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Belgium, 163 x 73 cm Bernard of Clairvaux (Fontaines, 1090-Clairvaux, 1153) decided to become a monk at the age of 21. In 1112 he entered in the monastery of Cîtaux. He was soon commissioned by the abbot to find a new monastery in Clairvaux. Because of his intellectual capacities and eloquence, he was consulted by various ecclesiastical and secular leaders. He ensured the expansion of the Cistercian order throughout Europe. As a Doctor of the Church, he wrote many tracts and sermons and established a new rule for the Templars. Above all, he was concerned with the discipline of the clergy. Therefore, he wrote a spiritual manual for the priests and bishops. Saint Bernard can be seen as a true mystic. He envisioned the union of the human soul with God as the most important goal in life. According to a legend, Bernard once had a vision in which the Blessed Virgin appeared to him and strengthened him with her mother’s milk. In the arts, the saint is mainly depicted with an abbot’s staff and a book with the Cistercian rule. His vision was also often portrayed. 19th C, Neo-Gothic Stained-Glass Window with St. John Berchmans, Belgium, 163 x 73 cm The Belgian Jan Berchmans (Diest, 1599-Rome, 1621) was the eldest of five children. When his mother became seriously ill, he initially took care of her, but at the age of nine he was housed with the town’s priest. After a few years he moved to Mechelen to become the servant of a canon. It also gave him the opportunity to begin his studies in the seminary for priests. He eventually joined the Jesuits of Mechelen. He got their permission to study philosophy in Rome. In the Eternal City, he visited working-class neighbourhoods to teach the children about God. He died of an illness at the age of 22. Saint Jan Berchmans is the patron saint of school children and students. 19th C, Neo-Gothic Stained-Glass Window with Saint Clare...

A polychrome terracotta angel built in fifteen pieces, in the Luca Della Robbia tradition, salvaged from the Southern Hotel in downtown Baltimore, wh...

Nice French Campagnard style fireplace mantel in lovely limestone. This gem comes from central France, burgundy area. Its perfect size make it possible to install this mantel in almo...

These late 19th century reclaimed Italian floor tiles in Breccia marble were salvaged from Wingfield castle in England. Dating from circa 1880, th...

Pair of French Antique Gilt Bronze Curtain Tie- Backs. With Maker's Mark. Pair of sculpted gilt bronze curtain hooks / tie-backs, decorated with acanthus leaves, floral details, and volutes. 19th century. On the verso is the Maker's Mark stamped into the bronze. Charming antique French Art Nouveau curtain holdbacks dating to the late 19th century. This pair of wall hooks would be perfect to hold back curtains but also could be used as coat racks. Good antique condition with some normal signs of ages like an antique patina (black spots, oxidation). The gold finish has been restored. Please take a close look at the photos, they are an integral part of the description. HOW TO FIX...