Victor Hugo, de trois quarts

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Auguste Rodin
Victor Hugo, de trois quarts
1884

About the Item

Victor Hugo, de trois quarts Etching & Drypoint, 1884 Unsigned (as issued) Published in Geffroy, Le Statuaire Rodin, 1889 Printed on wove paper Reference: Delteil 6 vi/VIII Thorson 8 vi/VIII Condition: Excellent Victor-Marie Hugo (French: [viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo] (listen); 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the greatest French writers of all time. His most famous works are the novels The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831) and Les Misérables (1862). In France, Hugo is renowned for his poetry collections, such as Les Contemplations (The Contemplations) and La Légende des siècles (The Legend of the Ages). Hugo was at the forefront of the Romantic literary movement with his play Cromwell and drama Hernani. Many of his works have inspired music, both during his lifetime and after his death, including the opera Rigoletto and the musicals Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris. He produced more than 4,000 drawings in his lifetime, and campaigned for social causes such as the abolition of capital punishment. Though he was a committed royalist when young, Hugo's views changed as the decades passed, and he became a passionate supporter of republicanism, serving in politics as both deputy and senator. His work touched upon most of the political and social issues and the artistic trends of his time. His opposition to absolutism and his literary stature established him as a national hero. He was honoured by interment in the Panthéon. Auguste Rodin (French, 1840–1917) was deeply inspired by tradition yet rebelled against its idealized forms. Over the course of a career that spanned the late 1800s and early 1900s, he introduced innovative practices that paved the way for modern sculpture. He believed that art should be true to nature, a philosophy that shaped his attitudes to models and materials. Controversies surrounded certain of his works, such as the scandals around The Age of Bronze or the Monument to Honoré de Balzac, and for his unfinished projects, most famously The Gates of Hell, but few who recognize Rodin's sculptures have failed to be moved by them. His genius was to express inner truths of the human psyche, and his gaze penetrated beneath the external appearance of the world. Exploring this realm beneath the surface, Rodin developed an agile technique for rendering the extreme physical states that correspond to expressions of inner turmoil or overwhelming joy. He sculpted a universe of great passion and tragedy, a world of imagination that exceeded the mundane reality of everyday existence. Rodin was not educated at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, the prestigious school for the training of French artists. But his focus on the human form and use of various materials such as bronze, marble, plaster, and clay illustrate his respect for sculptural tradition and his desire to work within the system for commissions and exhibition opportunities. The hallmarks of Rodin's style—his decision not to smooth over or hide signs of his sculptural process and the creation of sculptures from parts of the body like hands—were revolutionary in his time. The evocative intensity of his works were elaborated on by countless artists who followed him, including many who worked in his studio, such as Constantin Brancusi (French, born Romania, 1876–1957) and Aristide Maillol (French, 1861–1944). In 1901, a friend suggested that Philadelphia body builder Samuel Stockton White 3rd (1876-1952) present himself to Rodin as a model. The artist was impressed by the young athlete’s physique and created these sculptures, which are visually related to The Thinker. The twenty-year gap between the two works highlights Rodin’s more relaxed approach toward figure modeling, the later work showing White resting rather than brooding. These bronzes reflect the twentieth-century taste for a new classicism in art, in which classical nude figures were reinterpreted as modern figures. The Age of Bronze is the earliest surviving example of a life-sized sculpture by Rodin, which he began before leaving for Italy in late 1875 and completed after his return the following year. The figure’s musculature and underlying structures are so authentic that the work proved an artistic liability for Rodin, and he spent three years defending himself against the charge that he had cast it from a live model. This accusation was a great insult because it denied Rodin’s creative process, instead implying that he had done nothing more than simply make an impression of the model. Eventually a group of important artists sent a letter to the French government in the artist’s defense, and the French state ultimately bought The Age of Bronze and had it cast in bronze for the Paris Salon of 1880. The Gates of Hell is the defining project of Rodin’s career and a key to understanding his artistic aims. Work on The Gates occupied him for thirty-seven years and during this period he regularly added, removed, and altered the more than two hundred figures that appear on the doors. Near the end of his life, as Rodin was making plans for the creation of a museum devoted to his work, he had a new plaster made of The Gates since the original model was falling apart after so much reworking. Due to the sculptor’s failing health and the outbreak of World War I, his plans to carve the work in marble never came to fruition, and The Gates existed only in plaster at the time of his death. View More Back to top Timeline 1840 François-Auguste-René Rodin is born in Paris on November 12 to Jean-Baptiste Rodin, a clerk with the police department, and Marie Cheffer Rodin. The family, which also included Rodin's sister Maria (born 1838), is devoutly Catholic. 1854 After his early religious schooling, Rodin attends the Petite École, a school specializing in the arts and mathematics, where he studies drawing and painting. 1857 Although a successful student at the Petite École, Rodin fails the entrance exam to the École des Beaux-Arts, the most prominent art school in France. The committee likes his drawings but the eighteenth-century manner of Rodin's sculpture fails to meet with approval. 1858 To earn money to help support his family, Rodin takes a series of jobs working for commercial decorators, learning at the same time every facet of the sculptor's craft. 1862 Rodin's beloved sister Maria dies and in his grief he decides to enter the order of the Society of the Blessed Sacrament. However, by the following year, the founder of the order, Father Pierre-Julien Eymard, advises Rodin to leave the order and pursue a career as a sculptor. 1864 Rodin meets Rose Beuret, a twenty-four-year-old seamstress who becomes his lifelong companion. Their stormy relationship inspires a number of the sculptor's most dramatic works. Rodin begins work in the studio of the successful sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse (French, 1824–1887). During the six years Rodin assists Carrier-Belleuse, his independent sculptural work is influenced by his employer. 1866 Rodin and Rose Beuret's son, Auguste-Eugène Beuret, is born on January 18. 1870 Rodin enlists in the 158th Regiment of the National Guard and attains the rank of corporal during the Franco-Prussian War, but is soon discharged for nearsightedness. 1871 Rodin joins his former employer Carrier-Belleuse in Brussels; Rose arrives the following year. 1873 In Brussels, Rodin enters a partnership with sculptor Antoine Van Rasbourg (Belgian, 1831–1902), another former employee of Carrier-Belleuse. Brussels Rodin exhibits Mask of the Man with the Broken Nose at the Brussels Salon. 1875 Rodin begins work on a figure that later becomes known as The Age of Bronze and exhibits a modified version of Mask of the Man with the Broken Nose in marble at the Paris Salon. 1876 Rodin visits Rome, Florence, and Naples, where he begins an in-depth study of the work and artistic principles of the Renaissance artist Michelangelo (Italian, 1475–1564). Rodin exhibits eight works in the Belgian exhibit at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. 1877 The Age of Bronze is exhibited in plaster at the Paris Salon and Rodin is accused of casting the figure from life. Paris Rodin leaves Brussels and returns to Paris with Rose, where he begins the over-life-size figure Saint John the Baptist Preaching, partly in response to the charges against The Age of Bronze. 1880 The Age of Bronze wins a bronze medal at the Paris Salon and is purchased by the French state. On August 16 Rodin receives a commission to create a set of bronze doors for a new museum in Paris to be devoted to the decorative arts. Although the museum never comes to fruition, the doors eventually evolve into The Gates of Hell. 1883 Rodin meets Camille Claudel (French, 1864–1943), a sculptor who becomes his student, collaborator, and lover. 1885 Rodin signs a contract to create The Burghers of Calais. It is eventually unveiled in Calais, France, in 1895. 1887 Rodin is awarded the Cross of the Chevalier of the Legion of Honor (similar to being knighted) by the French government. 1889 Rodin is elected a member of the committee of the Salon des Artistes Français and is a member of the jury at the Exposition Universelle. He holds a joint exhibition with the Impressionist painter Claude Monet (French, 1840–1926) at the Galerie Georges Petit in Paris. 1891 While working on a monument to the writer Victor Hugo (French, 1802–1885) originally intended for the Panthéon building in Paris, Rodin receives a commission for a monument to honor the playwright and novelist Honoré de Balzac (French, 1799–1850) from the Société des Gens de lettres de France (Society of Men of Letters of France). 1894 Rodin secures a commission to create a monument to Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, the seventh president of Argentina—an indication of his international reputation. The artist also receives offers to commercially market some of his sculptures, such as Youth Triumphant and The Kiss—a reflection of his popularity. 1895 Rodin purchases a home in Meudon, a suburb of Paris, where he lives for the remainder of his life. 1898 Rodin exhibits The Kiss and Monument to Balzac at the Paris Salon. The Société des Gens de lettres de France refuses to accept the Balzac sculpture and a press campaign against Rodin erupts. 1900 Rodin enjoys his first major retrospective in May in a pavilion in the Place de l'Alma, in conjunction with the Paris Exposition Universelle. One hundred and fifty works are shown, cementing his international reputation. 1902 The firm of Alexis Rudier, established in 1874 and run by Alexis's son Eugène (French, 1878–1952), becomes Rodin's principal foundry. Twenty years later this same foundry, which casts bronzes using the sand cast method, creates most of the bronzes now in the collection of the Rodin Museum in Philadelphia. 1904 An enlarged version of The Thinker is shown at the Paris Salon to great fanfare. Two years later, a patinated plaster cast of The Thinker is placed in front of the Panthéon in Paris, which is replaced later that year with a bronze version. 1905 The artist purchases the ruins of the late seventeenth-century Château d'Issy and has the facade installed at Meudon. A replica of this gate acts as the entrance to the Rodin Museum in Philadelphia. 1911 As Rodin's health begins to fade, the idea of a museum dedicated to his work is proposed in Paris. 1914 Rodin publishes his studies on Gothic architecture as Les Cathédrales de France. 1916 The artist formally donates all of his work to the French government, to be placed in the future Musée Rodin. 1917 On January 29, just two weeks before her death, Rose Beuret and Rodin are married, primarily to safeguard his estate. Auguste Rodin dies on November 17 and is buried beside Rose under a cast of The Thinker at their home in Meudon, France. 1919 The Musée Rodin opens in Paris, just five years before Jules Mastbaum begins acquiring his collection of Rodin materials for the Rodin Museu Courtesy Rodin Museum

Creator:
Auguste Rodin (1840 - 1917, French)
Creation Year:
1884
Dimensions:
Height: 8.75 in (22.23 cm)Width: 5.75 in (14.61 cm)
Medium:
Etching
Movement & Style:
French School
Period:
1880-1889
Condition:
Gallery Location:
Fairlawn, OH
Reference Number:
1stDibs: LU14012149482