Oil Portrait Paintings

In the Sun (2018) by French contemporary artist Christophe Dupety. Oil on canvas, 100 x 81 cm. In his Human Figures series, Christophe Dupety shows us some bodies which aspect remind...

Norah is a unique oil on canvas painting by contemporary artist Guy Oberson, dimensions are 160 cm × 130 cm (63 × 51.2 in). The artwork is signed, sold unframed and comes with a cer...

The Amour II is a painting by contemporary artist Joachim van der Vlugt. Oil on wood, 110 x 110 cm. This work is signed, sold unframed. This portrait represents a man wearing a gas ...

Wild (2015) by French contemporary artist Christophe Dupety. Oil on canvas, 100 x 100 cm. In this series simply entitled "Nus" (nudes), the artist is superimposing and juxtaposing tw...

Unleashed (2018) by French contemporary artist Christophe Dupety. Oil on canvas, 100 x 81 cm. In his Human Figures series, Christophe Dupety shows us some bodies which aspect reminds...

Dogon (2018) by French contemporary artist Christophe Dupety. Oil on canvas, 55 x 46 cm. In his Human Figures series, Christophe Dupety shows us some bodies which aspect reminds more...

After Sir Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641) Portrait of Sir Edward Lord Littleton, First Baron Lyttleton (1589-1645) Oil on canvas Image size: 96 by 76 cm Hand carved auricular frame Sir Edward Littleton was Solicitor-General to Charles I, 1634-40; Chief Justice of Common Pleas, January 1640-January 1641; Lord Keeper, 1641-45. Painted in his robes, and wearing the chain of office...

Jaipur (2004) by French contemporary artist Christophe Dupety. Oil on canvas, H 51.2 x W 76.8 in (130 x 195 cm). Unique work sold unframed with a certificate of authenticity. The art...

Edouard Manet 1832-1883 French Christ as a Gardener Oil on canvas Beloved for his invaluable role in the development of the Impressionist movement, Edouard Manet's artworks are foundational to the canon of art history. The revolutionary artist's rare religious works, while lesser-known, are some of the most intimate paintings he ever produced, offering insight into the artist’s fascination with the idea of humanity’s beautiful and transcendent relationship with suffering. Begun in 1856, Christ as a Gardener is one of his earliest renderings of Christ and offers a view into nascent motifs that would later define Manet’s monumental legacy. In the painting, Christ’s profile is turned toward the viewer, though his face is turned to the bottom left of the frame and his downturned eyes avert the viewer's gaze. His brown robes contrast the warm light of his halo and the dramatic sky behind him. As with all of Manet’s work, this image is rich with symbolism. A partial self-portrait, as seen in the similar facial hair and iconic appearance of a paintbrush-like garden tool, the painting renders the biblical scene of Mary Magdalene mistaking the risen Christ for a gardener with personal intimacy. As the biblical tale relays, when Mary Magdalene recognizes Christ, she reaches out to him; he replies, “Touch me not.” The highly charged relationship between the Christ figure and the viewer, standing in as Mary Magdalene, is further emphasized by Christ’s hand that appears to reach out for contact. Through this extension of touch, Christ’s presence is tangible, reminiscent of Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam in the Sistine Chapel. This intimate initiation of human connection directly contrasts Christ’s biblical words, “Touch me not.” Scholars have attributed this rejection, both in gaze and through words, to Manet’s conviction that Christ, as a human, embodied a spirit of renunciation and rejection of his earthly existence. Christ’s distant expression suggests a willingness to be elsewhere — an expression that Manet will later use in his most distinguished works of art. Manet would go on to expand his view of Christ as a timeless embodiment of absolute commitment and suffering with his monumental Salon paintings...

Dick Beer (b. London 1893 - d. Stockholm 1938) Portrait of Gabriele Varese (in Italian uniform), 1919 oil on canvas mounted on panel 116 x 90 cm stamp signature Exhibited: Solo exhibition, Stockholm, Nov-Dec 1917; The Royal Academy Stockholm 1973; Åmells Konsthandel – En internationell kubist, Stockholm & London 2008 Hälsinglands Museum 2011 Millesgården – Dick Beer – Impressionist & Kubist, 2012 Provenance: Within the family Beer until today Dick Beer was born in 1893 in London as Richard Beer, the youngest of five brothers. His father, John Beer (1853-1906), was a watercolourist who was born in Stockholm and had left Sweden at the age of 17. John Beer instructed his sons in drawing and painting, among other things. A number of sketchbooks bear testimony to the boys’ talent. Dick Beer’s parents died in 1906 and 1907. Barely 15 years old, Beer arrived in Sweden as an orphan. First he lived with relatives and finally he ended up at Reverend Laurell in Västergötland. Dick Beer began his artistic studies at the Althin School of Painting in Stockholm in 1908 and continued at the Royal Academy of Arts in the autumn of 1910, but in September 1912 he broke off his studies and travelled to Paris. He rented a studio and enrolled at the Colarossi and Grande Chaumière academies. In the summer of 1913, Dick Beer travelled to Pont-Aven in Bretagne in order to paint. In September the same year, he held his first solo exhibition in Stockholm which he gave the French title Exposition des tableaux de Bretagne et autour de Paris. The exhibition proved a success. Many of the paintings were executed in a light palette in a style inspired by the impressionists. In 1914, Dick Beer undertook an extensive study trip to Italy, Tunis, Morocco and Spain, which resulted in canvases overflowing with colours and light. When the French army mobilised, he volunteered and was enlisted in the French Foreign Legion. In 1915 Dick Beer sustained severe head injuries in a grenade attack, which resulted in deafness and a nervous condition that would plague him for the rest of his life. Two of his brothers died the following year, fighting for the English army. Dick Beer was hospitalised and convalesced at Château de Rochefort. Here he started painting again, in an impressionist style, a painting dominated by blue and green hues. In 1918, Dick Beer married Ruth Öhrling, a dentist, and their son John was born later in the year. During this time, Beer began experimenting with cubist painting and created several large compositions, including the painting “The Arab Café”. In the years that followed, Dick Beer was based in Paris, where he often moved house. He was instructed by André Lhote, who encouraged his students to work freely in the studio and provided them with individual critique. Beer often travelled to Bretagne or Provence. His artist friends came from all over Europe and included Amedeo Modigliani. Dick Beer exhibited fairly regularly in Paris between 1919 and 1934 and made a name for himself in French artist circles. In the summers, Ruth regularly rented a house in the countryside, often at Lake Mälaren. She kept a large house with many models and friends and there was a lot of painting and discussions. In 1933, the couple divorced but Ruth still loved Dick and continued to support him financially for the rest of his life. Dick Beer also exhibited in Sweden, albeit irregularly due to his failing health. In the 1920s and 1930s, Beer continued to pursue an expressionist painting with intense colours and unexpected perspectives, but eventually he veered towards more naturalistic forms, including a large number of nudes. He also painted several portraits of artists, politicians and writers. In 1938, Dick Beer sojourned in Arles. The budding photographer Christer Strömholm...

Portrait of Johann Theodor of Bavaria (1703-1763) by Joseph Vivien Johann Theodor of Bavaria (* September 3, 1703 in Munich; † January 27, 1763 in Lièg...

"Lady Justice" Mixed media Painting 67" x 106" inch by Karim Abd Elmalak Karim Abdel Malak's layered multi-media works are influenced by the old mas...

America Martin "Woman with Bell Flowers" Oil & Acrylic on Canvas 37.5" x 37.5" Framed Exploring the identity of both her namesake and country, LA-based America Martin draws inspirat...

This colorful painting by Chicago-based artist Patrick Fitzgerald belongs to a body of work he calls his “Neighborhood of Infinity.” Fitzgerald use...

Signed and dated "N MAE / 1691" (lower right) Oil on canvas A masterful example of 17th-century Dutch portraiture, this magnificent oil on canvas comes alive with luminous color, dramatic contrast and extraordinary detail. The work was composed by Nicolaes Maes, an artist widely regarded as the most prominent portrait painter of his era in Amsterdam. Fashionably styled, Portrait of a Noble Lady exemplifies the mature style of Maes, executed with the same artistry and attention to detail he imparted on his most important private commissions. This work by Maes comes from the second half of his career and follows in the rich tradition of the great Flemish Baroque painters Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck. Like these artists, Maes excels at not only capturing his subjects with a technical perfection but also their inherent elegance and grace. The sitter is draped in luxurious white and red silks and pearls, underscoring the importance and prosperity of his wealthy clientele. She is placed against a dark backdrop, enabling a striking chiaroscuro effect characteristic of the artist’s portraits. Maes’s immense talent for detail and composition is clearly evident. In both palette and proportion, it embodies the somewhat austere style preferred by the artist, which emphasized a painstaking study of the costumes, hairstyles and accessories of his subjects. Such elaborate and highly detailed costuming in portraiture was a fashionable way to show one's wealth in the 17th century, particularly among the emerging class of wealthy merchants. Similar works by the painter can be found in the Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam), National Gallery (London), National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) and Philadelphia Museum of Art, among others. Nicolaes Maes was born in Dordrecht in 1634 to a prosperous cloth merchant. Around 1848, he moved to Amsterdam to study under Rembrandt for several years before returning to his native Dordrecht, where he established himself as a painter of genre scenes and portraits. In the 1650s, Maes traveled to Antwerp where he studied the work of Flemish artists such as Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck and Jacob Jordaens...

Two young children play an ill-advised game of gum stretching on the family couch in this charming composition by famed American illustrator, Leslie Thrasher. Painted towards the start of the Great Depression, Thrasher provided light-hearted images of the lives of everyday people to distract Americans from their troubles. These images appeared on the covers of Liberty Magazine, for whom he produced one cover illustration a week for six consecutive years. Born in 1889 in Piedmont, West Virginia, Thrasher studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts as a teenager and received a scholarship to study art abroad in Paris. Upon his return, he began studying under Howard Pyle, known as the “father of American illustration.” Thrasher sold his first cover illustration to the Saturday Evening Post in 1912, four years before Norman Rockwell’s first Post cover, and he would go on to produce over 360 magazine covers throughout his career. He painted humorous, relatable scenes of life in America with colorful characters set against white backgrounds. He was also a successful commercial artist, painting advertisements for Cream of Wheat, Chesterfield Cigarettes...

KAMIL LISEK (born in 1980) Studied under the guidance of prof. Maciej Świeszewski at the faculty of painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Gdansk. He graduated with distinction obta...

Sir John Wynn, 5th Baronet Canvas Size: 50 x 40" (127 x 102cm) Outside Frame Size: 58 x 48" (147 x 122cm) Sir John Wynn, 5th Baronet (1628 – 11 January 1719) was a Welsh landowner a...

"Oil On Canvas Portrait Of The Eighteenth Century Entourage De Largilliere Unframed" 18th Century French School, Surroundings of Nicolas de Largilliere Presumed portrait of Pierre C...

Antique impressionist oil painting of a young man or boy wearing a cap with his head turned. This attractive portrait painting, with natural hues is quite dark lending a Chiaroscuro...

Primavera en jardín ( Spring in garden). Oil on canvas by Spanish artist Joan Raset. Dimension with frame 104 cm H x 121 cm W x 4,5 cm D Dimension without frame 73 cm H x 92 cm W x 2...

French Impressionist artist, circa 1930 oil on canvas, unframed canvas: 22 x 18 inches provenance: private collection, France condition: very good and sound condition

A beautiful, painterly portrait of a young black woman with colorful headscarf and sarong by Lucille H. Olpin (Ethel Lucille Harman Olpin), (American, 1909-1990). Signed "Olpin" lowe...

On Your Tomb, They Won't Smell Nice is an original painting by Obeka Simon. Simon created On Your Tomb, They Won't Smell Nice with Oil on a 40W by 45H inches primed canvas. Simon Obeka...

Clown with Bouquet - Acrylic and Ink on Cardstock Colorful portrait of a clown holding a bouquet of flowers by Jassen Marek (20th Century). A sad clown in a suit with a straw hat ho...

Oil on canvas Signed in red, u.l. 12 x 9 inches, canvas size 15.75 x 12.75 inches in distressed silver leaf frame This artwork is offered by ClampArt, located in New York City. “B...

This magnificent oil on panel portrait, presented by Titan Fine Art, is a splendid example of the sumptuous female portraits that were painted for members of the upper echelons of society during the early part of the 1600’s. The artist has rendered this portrait with meticulous attention to detail and the surface effects of the fine materials. The elaborate lace coif and cuffs are painstakingly delineated, as is the bold black damask, and sumptuous gold decoration of her skirt and stomacher, which is wonderfully preserved and quite remarkable considering the age of the work and the fact that darker pigments are particularly vulnerable to fading and wear. This work with its spectacular depiction of costume is of absolute quality, it can be rated as one of the best works in the artist’s oeuvre and as such it is an important and splendid example of Dutch portraiture. The Dutch Golden Age of painting was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. Dutch explorers charted new territory and settled abroad. Trade by the Dutch East-India Company thrived, and war heroes from the naval battles were decorated and became national heroes. During this time, The Dutch Old Masters began to prevail in the art world, creating a depth of realistic portraits of people and life in the area that has hardly been surpassed. The Golden Age painters depicted the scenes that their discerning new middleclass patrons wanted to see. This new wealth from merchant activities and exploration combined with a lack of church patronage, shifted art subjects away from biblical genres. Dress was a key component in portraits, and the exuberant attire reiterates the incredible wealth of this woman. The sitter will have visited the artist’s workshop and inspected examples on display. They would have chosen the size and the sort of composition and on that basis negotiated the price – which would have also been determined by the complexity of the clothing and the jewels that were to be depicted, and by the materials to be used. When all was considered, this portrait would have cost the sitter (or her husband) a substantial sum. The colour black was regarded as humble and devout yet at the same time refined and sophisticated and the most expensive colour of fabric to dye and to maintain. Citizens spent fortunes on beautiful black robes. Such uniformity must also have had a psychological side-effect and contributed to a sense of middle-class cohesion; the collective black of the well-to-do burgess class will have given its members a sense of solidarity. The colour was always an exciting one for artists and when this portrait was painted there were at least fifty shades of it, and as many different fabrics and accoutrements. Artists went to great lengths to depict the subtle nuances of the colour and the fabrics and textures and how they reflected light and it was an ideal background against which gold and crisp white lace could be juxtaposed to dramatic effect. The sitter is either a married women or a widower as is evident by the clothing that she wears and the position, toward her right, it is highly likely that this portrait was once a pendant that hung on the right-hand side of her husband’s portrait as was convention at the time. She wears a vlieger which was a type of sleeveless over-gown or cape worn by well-to-do married women in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Variations with short sleeves or high shoulder rolls are known. Sometimes sleeves were attached with aiglets, and often slits were made to allow belts or the hands to pass through. Three-piece vlieger costumes of this kind were standard items of clothing in portraits of the women of the civic elite in the period 1600-40 and was a variant of the Spanish ‘ropa’ and served as a trademark of well-to-do married burgher women. Girls and unmarried woman, including beguines, wore a bouwen (a dress with a fitted bodice and a skirt that was closed all round) instead. This clear distinction between apparel for married and unmarried women is clear not only from inventories and trousseau lists, but also from contemporary sources such as the Dutch Spanish dictionary published by Juan Rodrigues in 1634. In it, a bouwen is described as a ‘ropa de donzella’ (over-gown worn by a virgin) and a vlieger as a ‘ropa de casada’ (overgown worn by a married woman). It is striking how few women are depicted wearing a bouwen, unless they are part of a group, family or children’s portrait and it can therefore be assumed that independent portraits of unmarried women were seldom commissioned. It is also believed that the clothing worn in these portraits existed and were faithfully reproduced when cross-referenced with the few exact documents. These sources also demonstrate that clients wanted their clothing to be depicted accurately and with this in mind precious garments and jewels were often left in the painter’s studio. The prominent white lawn molensteenkraag (or millstone ruff) is held up by a wire supportasse and was reserved only for the citizens that could afford this luxurious item that often required 15 meters of linen batiste. The fabulous wealth of this sitter is also evident by the elaborate lace coif and cuffs which have been exquisitely depicted; lace was often literally copied by artists in thin white lines over the completed clothing. The gold bracelet with jewels is a type that was evidently fashionable as it is seen in a number of portraits during the 1610s and 1620. Clothing and jewellery were prized possessions and were often listed in inventories of estates and passed down from generation to generation. There were a great number of jewellers of Flemish origin working at all the courts and cities of Europe, competing with the Italians, and then the French, adapting themselves to the tastes and positions of their patrons and the raw materials available in the country where they worked. The fashion for jewels “in the Flemish style” succeeded that of the Italian style. Cornelis van der Voort, who was probably born in Antwerp around 1576, came to Amsterdam with his parents as a child. His father, a cloth weaver by trade, received his citizenship in 1592. It is not known who taught the young Van der Voort to paint, but it has been suggested that it was either Aert Pietersz or Cornelis Ketel. On 24 October 1598 Van der Voort became betrothed to Truytgen Willemsdr. After his first wife’s death he became betrothed to Cornelia Brouwer of Dordrecht in 1613. In addition to being an artist, Van der Voort was an art collector or dealer, or both. In 1607 he bought paintings from the estate of Gillis van Coninxloo, and after an earlier sale in 1610 a large number of works he owned were auctioned on 7 April 1614. Van der Voort is documented as appraising paintings in 1612, 1620 and 1624. In 1615 and 1619 he was warden of the Guild of St Luke. He was buried in Amsterdam’s Zuiderkerk on 2 November 1624, and on 13 May 1625 paintings in his estate were sold at auction. Van der Voort was one of Amsterdam’s leading portrait painters in the first quarter of the 17th century. Several of his group portraits are known. It is believed that he trained Thomas de Keyser (1596/97-1667) and Nicolaes Eliasz Pickenoy (1588-1650/56). His documented pupils were David Bailly (c. 1584/86-1657), Louis du Pré...

"Femme Nue Avec Coquillage" , 19th Century School of Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796-1875) Large 19th Century French portrait of a nude female holding a shell, oil on canvas scho...

Circle of Thomas Hudson (1701-1779) British. 18th Century Bust Portrait of a Lady, Oil on Canvas, Inscribed on a label verso, canvas: 30" x 25" (76.2 x 63.5cm). frame: 30 x 25 in...

Artist/ School: English School, late 19th/ early 20th century. The painting came from a large collection of works by one artist. A very few of them are signed what looks to be 'F. Wa...

The Lady in Red British School, 20th century signed oil on board, framed in heavy thick wooden frame framed: 30 x 23 inches board: 23 x 16 inches provenance: private collection, UK c...

“Real beauty is not one that one admires with pleasure, but one that is as difficult to look at as the sun.”

Her Favorite, 19th Century David Comba Adamson (1559-1926) similar works to $14,000 Exhibited Dundee, Dundee Fine Art Exhibition. Large 19th Century portrait of a young Breton gir...

Painted on a neutral background allowing the subject to stand out beautifully, this 19th century figurative oil on canvas painting features the portrait of a woman, posing in a slightly angled frontal view and dressed with white and black clothes...

A Venetian Gentleman 18th Century Venetian School oil painting on board, framed framed: 7.25 x 6 inches board: 5.25 x 4 inches provenance: private collection, UK condition: sound bu...

18th century English school portrait of a lady, said to be Mrs. John Ruscombe of Colne, Lancaster, as the muse Erato This very skilfully painted portrait depicts a lady as the muse Erato, playing the Lyre. Her eyes are filled with emotion and her lips are curved in a soft, delightful smile. Hinting at the love song she is composing? Erato is one of the nine Muses in Greek mythology. She is the muse of lyric poetry, love poetry, and mimicry. Erato is often depicted holding a lyre, symbolizing her association with music and poetry. She inspires poets and writers to create works that celebrate love, beauty, and human emotions. Our painting was sold in the early 1900s as a work by Angelica Kauffman. Kauffman was an 18th-century Swiss Neoclassical painter who achieved significant success and recognition in a male-dominated art world. Born in Switzerland in 1741, she showed exceptional talent from a young age and received formal art training in Italy. Kauffman gained fame for her historical and mythological paintings, as well as her portraits, which were characterized by their grace, elegance, and classical influences. She was a founding member of the Royal Academy of Arts in London and enjoyed patronage from aristocrats and royalty throughout Europe. Kauffman's work contributed to the rise of Neoclassicism and she remains one of the most prominent female artists of her time. Measurements: Oil on canvas ca. 98 by 77cm and with the frame ca. 118 by 97 cm Provenance: Collection of Felix Gouled American Art Association, Anderson Galleries, by 1937 Kende Galleries at Gimbel Brothers, Jay Gould...

This painting by artist Ray Simonini titled "Penny" is a 16x8 farm animal oil painting on canvas featuring a portrait of a pink pig against a ...

French School 19th Century A finely painted brooding portrait of a young woman of fashion signed with the initials AM. Painted in oil on to mahogany pan...

This early 19th-century British oil painting depicts a sturdy country gentleman wearing a black coat, white shirt with an upstanding collar, and a white cravat. He’s dressed accordi...

Beautiful portrait of a young girl by listed aritst artist Helen Mae Enoch Gleiforst (American,1903-1997). Signed "Gleiforst" lower left. Unframed. Image, 20"H x 16"W. Gleiforst wa...

Portrait of A Girl & Toy Bear, dated 1926 by RENE MARIE JOLY DE BEYNAC (1876-1978) Large 1926 French portrait of a young girl and her teddy bear, oil on canvas by Rene Marie Joly ...

COSSON, Jean Louis Marcel (1878 – 1956) The Bunch and The Maid circa 1930 Oil on canvas signed up left Framed by GAULT (Paris) Dimensions canvas : 56 X 46 cm Dimensions frame : 74 X...

Alfred ROLL (Attributed to) Paris, 1846 – Paris, 1919 Oil on paper 60 cm x 47.5 cm (68 x 54 cm with frame) Inscription on the back “Christin”? Beautiful solid wood frame Our painti...

Oil on canvas with silver leaf, black painted wood frame with gold leaf Signed and dated in red, l.r. $6000.00 + $500.00 framing This artwork is offered by ClampArt, located in New...

Portrait of a French Gentleman French School, indistinctly signed dated 1824 inscribed verso oil on canvas, unframed painting: 22 x 19 inches provenance: private collection, France c...

Artist/ School: Italian Old Master, 18th century Title: Angel and Saints appearing to figures, one dressed in a white ruff collar. Medium: oil on canvas...

Owning a 19th-century portrait of a terrier or a Bichon dog, especially within its original frame crafted circa 1890 by F.W. Williams, offers a rare opportunity to embrace both artis...

‘Une Affection Tacite’ by Adèle Kindt (1804-1893). The painting – which depicts a young woman and her ardent admirer – is signed by the artist and dated 1862. Born into a family o...

A beautiful late 19th century French post-impressionist oil on board portrait of a man with a pipe. The work is signed with initials and dated 1892 lower right. Presented in a black ...

This charming early 19th-century German oil painting depicts a young lady holding a letter sealed with wax. Completed in around 1835, the detailed approach adopted here is synonymou...

"La donna dai capelli rossi", olio su tela, porta un'iscrizone sul telaio  " Dipinto da Giuseppe Ferrari - Roma".  Giuseppe Ferrari (Roma, 21 dicembre 1843 – Rieti, 4 agosto 1905) è...

A fine signed and dated 1880 Spanish oil on panel portrait of a man wearing a white shirt and waistcoat by Manuel Pla y Valor. The work is superbly painted in the realist style and i...

Captivating French old master portrait of a gentleman around 1710-1720, attributed to Joseph Vivien The painter has wonderfully captured the character and spirit of the gentleman, i...

Guido Reni (1575 - 1642) workshop of Saint Michael Archangel Oil on canvas Dimensions (cm): 137 x 99 In antique frame 157 x 119 Provenance: Roman Collection We are sharing a work...

Dave Seeley's "Reverie" (2023) is a captivating original oil on canvas painting. The nude female figure floats gracefully, her elongated pose conveying weightlessness and freedom. Se...

Dave Seeley's "Pedestal" (2023) is a striking original oil on canvas painting. The nude female figure sits atop a rock formation, her contemplative pose and the warm, ethereal light ...

Dave Seeley's "Rising" (2023) is a powerful original oil on canvas painting. The nude male figure leaps dynamically, his pose and flowing hair conveying a sense of liberation and asc...

Dave Seeley's "Gaia" (2023) is a mesmerizing oil on canvas on panel original that captures the essence of the earth goddess in a stunning display of skill and imagination. Measuring ...