Baroque Paintings

18th Century Italian Framed Pietra Dura Stone Plaque. Plaque features a bouquet of flowers and fauna in yellow, pink, and green on black background. The detailed blooming floral arr...

A very important painting by the great artist of the Florentine school, Onorio Marinari. Dr. Silvia Benassai has confirmed Marinari’s authorship of the Saint Margaret of Antioch; available on demand, a historical-artistic fact sheet prepared by Dr. Silvia Benassai Onorio Marinari (1627 – 5 January 1715) was a very important Italian painter and printmaker of the Baroque period, active mainly in Florence. His father, Sigismondo di Pietro Marinari, was also a painter, and he trained with his cousin, Carlo Dolci, later being also influenced by Simone Pignoni and Francesco Furini. His fresco in the Palazzo Capponi, Florence, is dated 1707. He worked mainly in Florence for Florentine and Tuscan clients, but he did not devote himself only to painting. In fact, in 1674, he published an essay on astronomy entitled Fabbrica ed uso dell' Annulo Astronomico. Bartolomeo Bimbi was one of his pupils. St. Margaret of Antioch July 20, Martyr Margaret, known as Margaret of Antioch in the West, and as Saint Marina...

This is a delightful antique Spanish oil on canvas painting after Bartolome' Esteban Murillo, depicting two peasant boys eating grapes and melon, Circa 1780 in date.  It features a ...

C. Maratta went to Rome in 1636 and became an apprentice in the Studio of Andrea Sacchi. Pope Alexander VII commissioned many paintings from him. Maratta’s paintings of the later 165...

17th Century Large Old Master Battle Scene Painting. Flemish School, circa 1610 - 1680. Oil on canvas painting depicts a dynamic battle scene fi...

Peruvian Cuzco School Oil on Canvas of the Archangel Michael defeating Satan 18th Century. Later Frame. Wear commensurate with age. The Cuzco or Cusco school was a Roman Catho...

A Religious oil painting on canvas of Jesus Christ carrying the cross on the way to his crucifixion. This European piece of art is probably 17th-18th Century. This art piece was disc...

Pieter Van Lint (Antwerp, 1609-1690) Allegory of industriousness leading to peace and abundance Oil on copper; frame measures cm H 132 x W 159 x D 8, copper measures cm H 104 x W 130 Artwork signed (bottom center) "P.V. Lint F./ en A.B" The important and valuable painting, made of oil on copper, depicts the Allegory of industriousness that leads to peace and abundance. The work is signed in the bottom and center "P V Lint", or Pieter Van Lint (Antwerp, 28 June 1609 - Antwerp, 25 September 1690), famous Flemish painter and designer active in Antwerp in the second half of the seventeenth century. Van Lint elaborates a complex and articulated composition in which he inserts several figures also drawn from mythology to propose the allegorical message of industriousness that leads to peace and abundance. The artistic style of the author is characterized by meticulous realism and by the careful attention to detail and the rendering of the materials that make up the objects described. As we will see later, every detail represented within the work contains a symbolic and allegorical meaning that reinforces the message that already the same figures express. The remarkable dimensions of the copper support, not so infrequent in the artistic production of the artist, contribute to make the work of great value: Unfortunately, many of these artifacts have been lost because copper was often recovered in times of war and famine, and reused to obtain weapons and common tools. The copper foil proved to be ideal for oil painting because it constituted a non-absorbent support, rigid, smooth and characterized by the same reddish coloring that was used for the preparation of funds. The major production centers were Antwerp, Hamburg and Amsterdam, although the technique was widely used in Italy. The considerable cost of the material indicates a wealthy client, interested in possessing a valuable and durable work over time, this characteristic that the metal foil has more than the canvas. The painting is known to scholars. It is recorded in the catalog of the artist of the RKD Netherlands Institute for Art History (with measures 104 x 129 cm). He also appeared on the French antiques market...

Remarkable Spanish colonial late 18th/early 19th-century Cuzco school painting of Madonna and Child, or Virgin Mary. Oil on canvas Cuzco school painting with a desirable aged patina ...

Italy, 18th century. This magnificent 18th-century Italian planter is a captivating example of Rococo Baroque craftsmanship, featuring an elegant French blue painted background that...

A large antiqued reproduction oil painting after Anthony Van Dyck. Aptly titled "The Three Ages of Man" Features an antiqued canvas with unique craquelure and Baroque scalloped fra...

This large, old master still life painting is a perfectly balanced composition of fruit and game birds. In the foreground a rabbit is stretched out. A copper kettle and a basket are ...

This is a beautiful hand carved and gilded mirror frame. It is a dramatic wall hanging with a stunning depth of more than 3 inches. The circa 1880...

17th century painting J.Castano 17th century Spain

Amazing Flemish Master 17th Century "Saint Jerome" Oil/canvas/double, 82 x 64 cm. good condition

This is an absolutely incredible early 17th century oil on canvas painting representing Holy Family-Virgin Mary, St.Joseph, St. Elisabeth, John the Baptist and Baby Jesus. Sir Peter ...

19th Century Oil on Canvas Painting of The Immaculate Conception of Los Venerables, after Bartolome Esteban Murillo. Painting depicts the Virgin Mary dressed in vibrant white and blu...

Madonna and Child late 1600s, oil painting on canvas from northern Italy, in good condition, within walnut frame, from a private collection in Milan. The work depicts the Virgin hol...

Dipinto Fiammingo del 1600 a olio su rame raffigurante uno scorcio di paesaggio con figure, una scena di genere con una moltitudine di personaggi affollati in una strada con delle ar...

Flemish 17th Century Genre Painting Circle of David Teniers the Younger (1610-1690). This cabinet painting depicting a woman shelling peas is from the Flemish School of the 17th ...

19th-century Spanish School: "Portrait of a Musketeer," HSP. (chip on the cartouche). Dimensions: 80 x 59 cm. good condition

17th Century Italian School Oil on Canvas - Soldiers and Travellers Resting by a Rocky Cove The painting carries a plaque with the name of the attributed artist Salvator Rosa (1615-...

A fine Italian 19th century oil painting on canvas "La Madonna della Seggiola" after Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino 1483-1520). The circular painted canvas depicting a seated Ma...

Matteo Lovatti (Italian, 1861-1909) A Fine 19th-Century Oil on Canvas Titled 'Church V. State - The Fencing Lesson'. The finely detailed artwork depicting an interior tavern scene, f...

Attribution of Mattia Preti " Salvator Mundi " 17th Century Italian painting from the 17th century depicting the figure of the infant Jesus as Salvator Mundi (Savior of the World),...

A very fine Italian 17th century oval oil on canvas "Head of Christ Crowned with Thorns" Circle of Pierre Mignard (French, 1612-1695) within...

A Fine Italian 19th Century Oil Painting on Canvas "La Madonna della Seggiola" after Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino 1483-1520). The circular painted canvas depicting a seated Madonna holding an infant Jesus Christ next to a child Saint John the Baptist, all within a massive carved gilt wood and gesso frame, which is identical to the frame on Raphael's original artwork. This painting is a 19th Century copy of Raphael's Madonna della Seggiola painted in 1514 and currently exhibited and part of the permanent collection at the Palazzo Pitti, Galleria Palatina, Florence, Italy. The bodies of the Virgin, Christ, and the boy Baptist fill the whole picture. The tender, natural looking embrace of the Mother and Child, and the harmonious grouping of the figures in the round, have made this one of Raphael's most popular Madonnas. The isolated chair leg is reminiscent of papal furniture, which has led to the assumption that Leo X himself commissioned the painting. A retailer's label reads " Fred K/ Keer's Sons - Framers and Fine Art Dealers - 917 Broad St. Newark, N.J." - Another label from the gilder reads "Carlo Bartolini - Doratore e Verniciatori - Via Maggio 1924 - Firenze". Circa: 1890-1900. Subject: Religious painting Canvas diameter: 28 inches (71.1 cm) Frame height: 54 inches (137.2 cm) Frame width: 42 1/2 inches (108 cm) Frame depth: 5 1/2 inches (14 cm) Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Italian, March 28 or April 6, 1483 - April 6, 1520), known as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period. Raphael was enormously productive, running an unusually large workshop and, despite his death at 37, leaving a large body of work. Many of his works are found in the Vatican Palace, where the frescoed Raphael Rooms were the central, and the largest, work of his career. The best known work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura. After his early years in Rome much of his work was executed by his workshop from his drawings, with considerable loss of quality. He was extremely influential in his lifetime, though outside Rome his work was mostly known from his collaborative printmaking. After his death, the influence of his great rival Michelangelo was more widespread until the 18th and 19th centuries, when Raphael's more serene and harmonious qualities were again regarded as the highest models. His career falls naturally into three phases and three styles, first described by Giorgio Vasari: his early years in Umbria, then a period of about four years (1504–1508) absorbing the artistic traditions of Florence, followed by his last hectic and triumphant twelve years in Rome, working for two Popes and their close associates. Raphael was born in the small but artistically significant central Italian city of Urbino in the Marche region, where his father Giovanni Santi was court painter to the Duke. The reputation of the court had been established by Federico III da Montefeltro, a highly successful condottiere who had been created Duke of Urbino by the Pope - Urbino formed part of the Papal States - and who died the year before Raphael was born. The emphasis of Federico's court was rather more literary than artistic, but Giovanni Santi was a poet of sorts as well as a painter, and had written a rhymed chronicle of the life of Federico, and both wrote the texts and produced the decor for masque-like court entertainments. His poem to Federico shows him as keen to show awareness of the most advanced North Italian painters, and Early Netherlandish artists as well. In the very small court of Urbino he was probably more integrated into the central circle of the ruling family than most court painters. Federico was succeeded by his son Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, who married Elisabetta Gonzaga, daughter of the ruler of Mantua, the most brilliant of the smaller Italian courts for both music and the visual arts. Under them, the court continued as a centre for literary culture. Growing up in the circle of this small court gave Raphael the excellent manners and social skills stressed by Vasari. Court life in Urbino at just after this period was to become set as the model of the virtues of the Italian humanist court through Baldassare Castiglione's depiction of it in his classic work The Book of the Courtier, published in 1528. Castiglione moved to Urbino in 1504, when Raphael was no longer based there but frequently visited, and they became good friends. He became close to other regular visitors to the court: Pietro Bibbiena and Pietro Bembo, both later cardinals, were already becoming well known as writers, and would be in Rome during Raphael's period there. Raphael mixed easily in the highest circles throughout his life, one of the factors that tended to give a misleading impression of effortlessness to his career. He did not receive a full humanistic education however; it is unclear how easily he read Latin. Early Life and Works His mother Màgia died in 1491 when Raphael was eight, followed on August 1, 1494 by his father, who had already remarried. Raphael was thus orphaned at eleven; his formal guardian became his only paternal uncle Bartolomeo, a priest, who subsequently engaged in litigation with his stepmother. He probably continued to live with his stepmother when not staying as an apprentice with a master. He had already shown talent, according to Vasari, who says that Raphael had been "a great help to his father". A self-portrait drawing from his teenage years shows his precocity. His father's workshop continued and, probably together with his stepmother, Raphael evidently played a part in managing it from a very early age. In Urbino, he came into contact with the works of Paolo Uccello, previously the court painter (d. 1475), and Luca Signorelli, who until 1498 was based in nearby Città di Castello. According to Vasari, his father placed him in the workshop of the Umbrian master Pietro Perugino as an apprentice "despite the tears of his mother". The evidence of an apprenticeship comes only from Vasari and another source, and has been disputed—eight was very early for an apprenticeship to begin. An alternative theory is that he received at least some training from Timoteo Viti, who acted as court painter in Urbino from 1495.Most modern historians agree that Raphael at least worked as an assistant to Perugino from around 1500; the influence of Perugino on Raphael's early work is very clear: "probably no other pupil of genius has ever absorbed so much of his master's teaching as Raphael did", according to Wölfflin. Vasari wrote that it was impossible to distinguish between their hands at this period, but many modern art historians claim to do better and detect his hand in specific areas of works by Perugino or his workshop. Apart from stylistic closeness, their techniques are very similar as well, for example having paint applied thickly, using an oil varnish medium, in shadows and darker garments, but very thinly on flesh areas. An excess of resin in the varnish often causes cracking of areas of paint in the works of both masters. The Perugino workshop was active in both Perugia and Florence, perhaps maintaining two permanent branches. Raphael is described as a "master", that is to say fully trained, in December 1500. His first documented work was the Baronci altarpiece for the church of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino in Città di Castello, a town halfway between Perugia and Urbino. Evangelista da Pian di Meleto, who had worked for his father, was also named in the commission. It was commissioned in 1500 and finished in 1501; now only some cut sections and a preparatory drawing remain. In the following years he painted works for other churches there, including the Mond Crucifixion (about 1503) and the Brera Wedding of the Virgin (1504), and for Perugia, such as the Oddi Altarpiece. He very probably also visited Florence in this period. These are large works, some in fresco, where Raphael confidently marshals his compositions in the somewhat static style of Perugino. He also painted many small and exquisite cabinet paintings in these years, probably mostly for the connoisseurs in the Urbino court, like the Three Graces and St. Michael, and he began to paint Madonnas and portraits. In 1502 he went to Siena at the invitation of another pupil of Perugino, Pinturicchio, "being a friend of Raphael and knowing him to be a draughtsman of the highest quality" to help with the cartoons, and very likely the designs, for a fresco series in the Piccolomini Library in Siena Cathedral. He was evidently already much in demand even at this early stage in his career. Influence of Florence Raphael led a "nomadic" life, working in various centres in Northern Italy, but spent a good deal of time in Florence, perhaps from about 1504. Although there is traditional reference to a "Florentine period...

Baroque and Rococo Architecture and Decoration Book by Alastair Laing, Anthony Blunt, and Christopher Ernest Tadgell. A study of a period in art ...

Adolf Constantin Baumgartner Stoiloff (Austrian/Russian, 1850-1924) a fine oil on board "Charging Cossack Warriors on Horseback" within an ornate giltwood frame, circa 1890 Born in 1850 in Linz (Austria) Stoiloff died in Vienna in 1924. According to a research of Russian literature, he studied in the 1880s at St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Fine Arts. He was very well known for his Russian horse...

Italian school table of the 16th century "Crucified Christ with the Virgin, Saint John and Mary Magdalene" Oil on board Period frame 16th century ( gold frame parts ) Measures: 41cm ...

19th century still life painting after Pieter Claesz (1597-1660) Dutch. This outstanding 19th century oil painting on copper shows an amazing intuitiv...

Early 18th century Italian Venetian inland painting, a large size oil on canvas Baroque mountain landscape with stream, bridge, waterfall, wayfarers and a village in the background. The woodland is animated by figures, a caravan with horsemen fishermen. This monumental Italian Baroque landscape painting has a strong impact and an excellent composition balance, as it depicts in the center the luminous perspective of a fortified village, whose side wings consist of two mountain rocks with dark wooded vegetation crowded by characters, horsemen, paths, streams.On the left side, with respect to the observer, there is a path that runs alongside a stream that flows into a waterfall in the center of the composition. from a caravan of travelers on foot and on horseback traveling along it in both directions: going up the slope on the mountainous coast you can see a church and a village near the top. The right part of the painting depicts a more sparse and dry vegetation, painted in the chromatic tones of ocher, inside of which there are dead plant, dry branches and a smaller number of figures on the rugged mountain. The iconographic inspiration of this wooded representation seems to be in the large trunk of the withered conifer in a central position, which represents a dead tree, as a? reminder of the transience of everything in life, whose phases are summarized in the two mountainous coasts. In the background a village painted in light and soft blue colors, in stark contrast to the previous scene, seems  to reassure and project us into a future season. With a suggestive theatrical effect, more than 250 cm wide, this Baroque Italian painting comes from a private collection of Milan, the canvas has been lined and shows minor painting retouches at a horizontal seam of the canvas. It is unframed, it has just a wooden profile covering the canvas edge. It is an antique Italian landscape, the perfect opportunity to make a statement. Get the perfect size painting for a great living room, to create that eye-catching focal point. You can make an impact with a single large work by hanging this early 18th century Italian Baroque painting...

Attributed to Giorgio Lucchesi (1855-1941) A large and impressive early 20th century oil on canvas "Madonna and Child" after Bartolomé Esteban Murillo...

Still Life Portrait of the Infant Margarita Teresa, After Diego Velazquez. The oil painting is on canvas and signed lower right. Framed in Baroque manner with ornate detail, scallo...

Italian School, 18th century. A masterful example of 18th-century Italian School artistry, this Old Master landscape painting captures the sublime beauty of an idealized European co...

Important oil on panel by the great Dutch artist Philips Wouwerman (also Wouwermans) (1619 – 1668) a painter of hunting, landscape and battle scenes....

Beautiful reproduction Vermeer painting in a gilt frame. This piece is oil on canvas. Canvas is secured to a wood frame with nails. Craquelure throug...

19th Century Peruvian Cuzo School Oil on Canvas of the Holy Mother holding the Infant Jesus. Painting has been newly framed. The Cuzco or Cusco school was a Roman Catholic artisti...

17th century French School "Virgin and Child (Virgin of the Rosary)" Oil on canvas (Fragment, original canvas, tension bands, restorations) 47.3 x 37.9 cm This canvas was probably...

20th century still life of leather books, a brass candlestick and an inkwell with quill pen painted in an impressionistic style. Oil on canvas and signed in the lower right corner.

1870 original religious painting. Cherubs Signed by S.Barber Interior measurements: 48.42in x 39.76in Frame: 2.75 in.

A stunning oil portrait in the manner of Allan Ramsay, a Scottish painter who was renowned for his portraits in the 18th century. (1813-1784) This is a beautifully executed painting...

In the style or School of the Important Old Master Guido Reni (Italian, 1575-1642). A stunning Old Master 18th or possibly 17th century Italian Baroque School religious portrait painting...

Maximilian Pfeiler (active Rome, circa 1694-circa 1721 Budapest) Still life with peaches, grapes, figs and pomegranate Oil on canvas, Measures: cm H 63,5 x W 47. With frame cm ...

An Portrait of a Lady and her Dog, 18th Century, European School The oval painting within its original oak leaf and beaded gilt-wood frame, oil on canvas. Height: 101 cm Width: 85 ...

Italian 17th century still life painting in period carved gilt frame Italian school still life painting from the workshop of a great master. The 17th century Baroque painting in oil...

SHIPPING POLICY: No additional costs will be added to this order. Shipping costs will be totally covered by the seller (customs duties included). Miniature on copper...

This six panel Italian screen is from the Baroque period, circa 1700. The four central panels have been affixed to a foldable frame, while the two outer panels are detached. When all...

"The Tears of Saint Peter", Follower Domenikos Theotokopoulos- El Greco 19th Century El Greco Museum. Toledo, Castilla la Mancha, Spain. Saint Peter's Tears El Greco (1541-1614) Oil...

Abraham Brueghel (1631 - 1690) Attribution - "Triumph of Flowers and Fruits in Plein Air" oil on canvas 95 x 130 cm without frame 100cm x 135cm with frame good conditions Abraham Br...

A very fine Italian 18th century oil on canvas "Madonna and Child" after Giovanni Lanfranco (Italian, 1582-1647). The young Virgin Mary attending to...

Peter Paul Rubens (Siegen 1577 - Antwerp 1640) circle of Saint Catherine of Alexandria Never Restored First Canvas Oil on canvas 129.5 x 94 cm The work is based on the painting by Peter Paul Rubens and engraved by Schelte von Bolswert. Rubens, known as "the Prince of the Baroque", was the great master who revolutionized both Flemish and European painting. His first training took place thanks to the masters Otto van Veen and Jan Brueghel the Elder. His trip to Italy, where he stayed, studied and painted for eight years, was fundamental to his artistic growth. His first stop was Venice, where Titian, Veronese and Tintoretto studied. He later came into contact with Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, becoming the court painter of the family, a position he held until the end of his stay in Italy. In Mantua, Rubens had the opportunity to study the rich ducal collection closely and assiduously. By making copies of several famous paintings he was able to practice technically on the examples of the greatest masters. In 1601 he was sent by the duke to Rome, where he was able to further broaden his figurative horizons thanks to the copying of the models of Michelangelo and Raphael and the study of the ancient, also looking at the contemporary artistic production of Carracci, Caravaggio and Federico Barocci. After leaving Italy, he settled in Antwerp, where he organized his atelier, applying the methods of organized production, that is, employing his collaborators with rational criteria and on the basis of individual specializations. Among the many painters who came out of Rubens' workshop or were strongly influenced by the master, we remember: Cornelis and Paul de Vos, Jacob Jordaens, Pieter Van Mol, Victor Wolvoet, Joanna Vergouwen, Jan Boeckhorst known as Lange Jan, Lucas Van Uden, Theodor Van Thulden, Peter Van Lint, Willem Van Harp, Vincent Adrianssen, Pieter Van Avont, Jan and Hendrick van Balen, Theodor Boeyemans or Boeijermans, Vincent Malò...

Beautiful 17th century Italian school " Virgin of Sorrows " Oil on canvas Measures : 50.5 x 42.5 cm very good condition

18th century, Italian oil on canvas still life by Pietro Navarra Oil on canvas, canvas measures: cm H 103 x W 164, framed measures...

A Fine Italian 19th Century Oil Painting on Canvas "La Madonna della Seggiola" after Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino 1483-1520). The circular painted canvas depicting a seated Madonna holding an infant Jesus Christ next to a child Saint John the Baptist, all within a massive carved two-tone gilt wood, gilt-patinated and gesso frame, which is identical to the frame on Raphael's original artwork. This painting is a 19th Century copy of Raphael's Madonna della Seggiola painted in 1514 and currently exhibited and part of the permanent collection at the Palazzo Pitti, Galleria Palatina, Florence, Italy. The bodies of the Virgin, Christ, and the boy Baptist fill the whole picture. The tender, natural looking embrace of the Mother and Child, and the harmonious grouping of the figures in the round, have made this one of Raphael's most popular Madonnas. The isolated chair leg is reminiscent of papal furniture, which has led to the assumption that Leo X himself commissioned the painting. Circa: 1890-1900. Subject: Religious painting Painting diameter: 28 inches (71.1 cm) Frame height: 55 1/8 inches (140 cm) Frame width: 46 inches (116.8 cm) Frame depth: 5 1/8 inches (13 cm) Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Italian, March 28 or April 6, 1483 - April 6, 1520), known as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period. Raphael was enormously productive, running an unusually large workshop and, despite his death at 37, leaving a large body of work. Many of his works are found in the Vatican Palace, where the frescoed Raphael Rooms were the central, and the largest, work of his career. The best known work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura. After his early years in Rome much of his work was executed by his workshop from his drawings, with considerable loss of quality. He was extremely influential in his lifetime, though outside Rome his work was mostly known from his collaborative printmaking. After his death, the influence of his great rival Michelangelo was more widespread until the 18th and 19th centuries, when Raphael's more serene and harmonious qualities were again regarded as the highest models. His career falls naturally into three phases and three styles, first described by Giorgio Vasari: his early years in Umbria, then a period of about four years (1504–1508) absorbing the artistic traditions of Florence, followed by his last hectic and triumphant twelve years in Rome, working for two Popes and their close associates. Raphael was born in the small but artistically significant central Italian city of Urbino in the Marche region, where his father Giovanni Santi was court painter to the Duke. The reputation of the court had been established by Federico III da Montefeltro, a highly successful condottiere who had been created Duke of Urbino by the Pope - Urbino formed part of the Papal States - and who died the year before Raphael was born. The emphasis of Federico's court was rather more literary than artistic, but Giovanni Santi was a poet of sorts as well as a painter, and had written a rhymed chronicle of the life of Federico, and both wrote the texts and produced the decor for masque-like court entertainments. His poem to Federico shows him as keen to show awareness of the most advanced North Italian painters, and Early Netherlandish artists as well. In the very small court of Urbino he was probably more integrated into the central circle of the ruling family than most court painters. Federico was succeeded by his son Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, who married Elisabetta Gonzaga, daughter of the ruler of Mantua, the most brilliant of the smaller Italian courts for both music and the visual arts. Under them, the court continued as a centre for literary culture. Growing up in the circle of this small court gave Raphael the excellent manners and social skills stressed by Vasari. Court life in Urbino at just after this period was to become set as the model of the virtues of the Italian humanist court through Baldassare Castiglione's depiction of it in his classic work The Book of the Courtier, published in 1528. Castiglione moved to Urbino in 1504, when Raphael was no longer based there but frequently visited, and they became good friends. He became close to other regular visitors to the court: Pietro Bibbiena and Pietro Bembo, both later cardinals, were already becoming well known as writers, and would be in Rome during Raphael's period there. Raphael mixed easily in the highest circles throughout his life, one of the factors that tended to give a misleading impression of effortlessness to his career. He did not receive a full humanistic education however; it is unclear how easily he read Latin. Early Life and Works His mother Màgia died in 1491 when Raphael was eight, followed on August 1, 1494 by his father, who had already remarried. Raphael was thus orphaned at eleven; his formal guardian became his only paternal uncle Bartolomeo, a priest, who subsequently engaged in litigation with his stepmother. He probably continued to live with his stepmother when not staying as an apprentice with a master. He had already shown talent, according to Vasari, who says that Raphael had been "a great help to his father". A self-portrait drawing from his teenage years shows his precocity. His father's workshop continued and, probably together with his stepmother, Raphael evidently played a part in managing it from a very early age. In Urbino, he came into contact with the works of Paolo Uccello, previously the court painter (d. 1475), and Luca Signorelli, who until 1498 was based in nearby Città di Castello. According to Vasari, his father placed him in the workshop of the Umbrian master Pietro Perugino as an apprentice "despite the tears of his mother". The evidence of an apprenticeship comes only from Vasari and another source, and has been disputed—eight was very early for an apprenticeship to begin. An alternative theory is that he received at least some training from Timoteo Viti, who acted as court painter in Urbino from 1495.Most modern historians agree that Raphael at least worked as an assistant to Perugino from around 1500; the influence of Perugino on Raphael's early work is very clear: "probably no other pupil of genius has ever absorbed so much of his master's teaching as Raphael did", according to Wölfflin. Vasari wrote that it was impossible to distinguish between their hands at this period, but many modern art historians claim to do better and detect his hand in specific areas of works by Perugino or his workshop. Apart from stylistic closeness, their techniques are very similar as well, for example having paint applied thickly, using an oil varnish medium, in shadows and darker garments, but very thinly on flesh areas. An excess of resin in the varnish often causes cracking of areas of paint in the works of both masters. The Perugino workshop was active in both Perugia and Florence, perhaps maintaining two permanent branches. Raphael is described as a "master", that is to say fully trained, in December 1500. His first documented work was the Baronci altarpiece for the church of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino in Città di Castello, a town halfway between Perugia and Urbino. Evangelista da Pian di Meleto, who had worked for his father, was also named in the commission. It was commissioned in 1500 and finished in 1501; now only some cut sections and a preparatory drawing remain. In the following years he painted works for other churches there, including the Mond Crucifixion (about 1503) and the Brera Wedding of the Virgin (1504), and for Perugia, such as the Oddi Altarpiece. He very probably also visited Florence in this period. These are large works, some in fresco, where Raphael confidently marshals his compositions in the somewhat static style of Perugino. He also painted many small and exquisite cabinet paintings in these years, probably mostly for the connoisseurs in the Urbino court, like the Three Graces and St. Michael, and he began to paint Madonnas and portraits. In 1502 he went to Siena at the invitation of another pupil of Perugino, Pinturicchio, "being a friend of Raphael and knowing him to be a draughtsman of the highest quality" to help with the cartoons, and very likely the designs, for a fresco series in the Piccolomini Library in Siena Cathedral. He was evidently already much in demand even at this early stage in his career. Influence of Florence Raphael led a "nomadic" life, working in various centres in Northern Italy, but spent a good deal of time in Florence, perhaps from about 1504. Although there is traditional reference to a "Florentine period...

A Beautiful Italian Still Life oil painting on old canvas of a brass urn holding a bouquet of assorted flowers set on a ledge. 18th or ...

Italian painting from 1600 Banquet with Figures Memento Mori by Giovanni Martinelli, titled Death Comes to the Banquet Table, vanitas circa 1635. The oil-on-canvas painting is inspi...

This 19th-century oil painting captures a vibrant Venetian landscape, depicting the iconic Venice Canal with boats drifting along the waterway. The bright colors and dynamic brushst...