Illinois - Art

Coronation of Venus, 2021 Oil on Panel with 24k Gold Water-Gilded Frame, 114 x 78 inches “Coronation of Venus,” an ornamentally enriching piece from the studio of Justas and Vilius...

***This artwork is currently on exhibit at the Instituto Cervantes, Chicago until September 2025. If purchased this artwork will be available to ship after September 1, 2025. Contact...

A very good impression of this scarce lithograph on Arches buff paper. Signed, dated and numbered 17/60 in pencil by de Kooning. Printed by Hollander's Workshop, Inc., New York. Co-p...

A 1926 ink on paper drawing of a Cedar tree and northern lake by artist Harold Haydon. Artwork size: 12" x 9". Archivally matted to 14" x 16". Harold Emerson Haydon was born in F...

An exquisite blue-toned, Mid-Century watercolor, titled "Rome", ca. 1960 by Chicago artist George Yelich. The watercolor depicts the Foro Traiano; Trajan Column, and Churches of San...

Ca. 1950 watercolor of a standing male bather in red & orange tones by artist Andre Delfau. Born in Paris, France in 1914, Andre Delfau became an internationally acclaimed stage, se...

Tiny waves undulate and churn the water, throwing a rainbow of color in this small, meticulous drawing by artist Christina Haglid. The artist is able to achieve the detail and preci...

British actress Jane Birkin and French poet, singer, and actor Serge Gainsbourg around the release of their single "Je t'aime... moi non plus" in 1969. Taken at the Sunday Times Stu...

This color pencil drawing is reminiscent of a John James Audubon drawing with its precision and attention to detail, from the top of its downy head to its craggy feet. A baby heron...

After Gustav Klimt, Max Eisler #22, Bildnis Baronin Bachofen-Echt; multi-color collotype after 1914-1916 painting in oil on canvas. GUSTAV KLIMT EINE NACHLESE (GUSTAV KLIMT AN AFTERMATH), a portfolio of 30 collotypes prints, 15 are multi-color and 15 are monochrome, on chine colle paper laid down on heavy cream-wove paper with deckled edges; Max Eisler, Editor-Publisher; Osterreichischer Staatsdruckerei (Austrian State Printing Office), Printer; in a limited edition of 500 numbered examples of which: 200 were printed in German, 150 were printed in French and 150 were printed in English; Vienna, 1931. 2018 marks the 100th anniversary of Gustav Klimt’s death. It is a fitting time to reflect upon the enduring legacy and deep impact of his art. Recognizing this need for posterity with uncanny foresight, the publication of Gustav Klimt: An Aftermath (Eine Nachlese) provides a rare collection of work after Klimt which has proven to be an indispensable tool for Klimt scholarship as well as a source for pure visual delight. Approximately 25 percent of the original works featured in the Aftermath portfolio have since been lost. Of those 30, six were destroyed by fire on 8 May 1945. On that fateful final day of WWII, the retreating Feldherrnhalle, a tank division of the German Army, set fire to the Schloss Immendorf which was a 16th century castle in Lower Austria used between 1942-1945 to store objects of art. All three of Klimt’s Faculty Paintings: Philosophy, Medicine and Jurisprudence (1900-1907), originally created for the University of Vienna, were on premises at that time. Also among the inventory of Klimt paintings in storage there was art which had been confiscated by the Nazis. One of the most significant confiscated collections was the Lederer collection which featured many works by Gustav Klimt such as Girlfriends II and Garden Path with Chickens...

A graphite on paper, untitled mural study, Cubist city scene by important Chicago Modernist artist Rudolph Weisenborn, ca. 1940. Artwork size: 9 3/4" x 11 3/4". Archivally matted to 16" x 18". Provenance: Estate of the artist. Rudolph Weisenborn was born in Strassburg, Germany in 1881, but was orphaned at the age of nine. He was taken-in by Mid-Western farmer Thomas Westaby and spent his early years in Wisconsin, Iowa and North Dakota. Weisenborn first attended the University of North Dakota in 1898, then the Students School of Art in Denver. Various accounts have him working out west as a gold miner and cowboy. Around 1912, he settled in Chicago and worked as a window designer for Marshall Field’s. Weisenborn is best known as the founder of the Chicago No-Jury Society of Artists. The group was founded because many artists could not get their work accepted into the mainstream Art Institute shows. Weisenborn is quoted as saying that he harbored feelings of disdain for any jury and that his own paintings were frequently rejected by conservative jurors. He was also involved and helped found other radical artist’s groups such as the Salon des Refuses, Cor Ardens and Neo-Arlimusic. In 1936, he helped found the New York-based American Abstract Artist’s Group. He created the only abstract mural for the 1933 Century of Progress Exhibition in Chicago and also worked for the Federal Arts Project in the Easel Division. His WPA murals can be found in Crane Technical High School and Nettlehorst Elementary School in Chicago, IL. In 1945, Chicago businessman Herman Spertus...

"Encounter" The Bahamas 20 x 30 in / Edition of 6 - $4,500 Also available: 32 x 48 in / Edition of 6 - $7,500 40 x 60 in / Edition of 6 - $10,500 50 x 75 in / Edition of 6 - $15,...

Large, attractive color linocut by Pablo Picasso from a limited edition of 50. Signed by Picasso and numbered in pencil. Printed by Arnéra, Vallaur...

Using pornography as a vehicle for understanding, Rick Sindt's work explores the discovery and development of queer attraction. Sindt transforms pornographi...

A 1920s caricature of Irish politician Padraic Colum by artist Isa M. Macnie. Inscription on drawing reads: "Padraic Colum". Image size: 8 7/8" x 6 7/8". Archivally matted to 12...

A very good impression of the published state of this work after Nicholas Lancret (1690-1743), painter of “Fetes Galantes.” Mercure de France announce...

When Lawrence Schiller got the assignment from the French magazine Paris Match to photograph Marilyn Monroe on the 20th century Fox set of Something’s Got To Give, he thought nothing...

ROBERT MOTHERWELL (1915-1991) London Series II: Untitled (Blue/Pale Blue) Screenprint in color on J.B. Green paper, c. 1971 Initialed and numbered by the artist, full ...

A ca. 1930s graphite on pencil drawing of Surrealist still life of an egg beater by notable artist artist Jan Matulka. Artwork size: 8 1/2" x 11". Archiv...

A 1930s cheerful & colorful watercolor depicting a Chicago Street scene by artist Constantine Pougialis. Image size: 15" x 22". Painting bears its original frame, which measures 21...

A thwarted lover cannot conceal her shame so she jumps into the lake to become a fish but her beauty cannot be hidden - thus the legend of the mermaid is born. Here, Bruno Surdo bri...

Color pencil on acrylic-coated canvas.

Twenty-first century Classical Portraiture has a casual feel as seen here in "Portrait of Benjamin" by Peter Lupkin. The very masculine Benjamin, with his heavy beard, dark tousled ...

A Fine, Mid-Century Modern, Abstracted Figure Study Drawing of a Seated Male Model, Young Man by Notable Chicago Artist, Harold Haydon (Am. 1909-1994). An exceptionally well execute...

An engraving on paper by Charles Louis Balzac, "DESCRIPTION DE L'EGYPTE. Koum Omboû (Ombos) Vue du Grand Temple". (ANTIQUITES, volume I, planche 40). Artwork size: 21" x 28". Arch...

This exuberantly-painted Parisian street scene is typical of Lersy's colorful and energetic style. His work combines mid-century Modern abstraction with subjects beloved by the Impre...

Working with a palette of graphite, charcoal, ink, and gold leaf, Alessandra Maria masterfully weaves together elements of the earthly and ethereal. She is part sorceress, part alche...

A 1933 watercolor of a reclining woman in a red dress, by Malvin Marr Albright (Zsissily), the identical twin of artist Ivan Albright and son of artist Adam Le Lorraine Albright. Im...

Original collotype lithograph of Gustav Kilmt’s Seated woman with shawl, published in the 1922 Handzeichnungen portfolio by Thyrsos Verlag, Leipzig and Vienna, in an edition of 375. This artwork is presented in archival rag mat and arrives accompanied by a certificate of authenticity. Klimt’s mastery of depth is most evident in the gentleness of his linework. Without the aid of shadow or the subtlety of values, the gestures of line allow the viewer a sense of a three-dimensional person or object. The meticulous lithographic process used to create Klimt’s Handzeichnungen portfolio ensures exceptionally crisp markings bearing a strong resemblance to the original sketches. This series showcases the quintessence behind Klimt’s signature visual style. This artwork arrives accompanied by a certificate of authenticity. Century Guild has curated collections of Gustav Klimt’s printed...

Color lithograph on Chine volant, 1899. Edition of aproximately 112. Printed by H. Stern, Paris. Published by Pierrefort, Paris. Reference: Wittrock; 308-2nd edition, vol. 2, pg. 6...

Undulating waves with a single stemmed flower floating on the surface merge into a tumultuous sky in this surreal landscape by artist Christina Haglid. The artist uses watercolors l...

A ca. 1920s moody, Modernist lithograph by notable artist Boris Israelevich Anisfeld, depicting figures and buildings. Artwork size: 11 3/4" x 9". Archivally matted to 16" x 14". ...

Stone lithograph mandala plate of Hallowed Be Thy Name from Alphonse Mucha’s masterpiece of mysticism, Le Pater. Printed by F. Champenois, published by Henri Piazza in Paris in an edition of 510, 1899. “Le Pater is the perfect convergence of three important movements at the close of the 19th century: Art Nouveau, Mysticism, and Religion. Art Nouveau, through its respect and honor of Nature, promotes the idea of a spirit of energy coursing through all things–a tenet of Mysticism–that finds foundation in the traditions of Mucha's personal relationship with the imagery of Religion. Le Pater gave Mucha a venue to communicate his beliefs specifically through his unique approach to Art and the coded language he had been learning through his devotion to Masonic teachings. He combined the aesthetics of Medieval manuscripts with Moorish arabesques, Byzantine mandalas, and Classical Renaissance melodrama to create a body of work that guided viewers across the gap between the ancient and the modern. The published plates for Le Pater were struck by Champenois on December 20, 1899 in an edition of 510 copies with the express agreement that they never be reprinted. As much of Mucha's work had been commercialized by Champenois due to numerous printings across multiple mediums, by this point he felt he had earned the right to insist on this deeply personal work existing only in the original release he had envisioned. The title page, prayer plates, and illuminated manuscript pages...

A unique, humorous and colorful landscape painting by Harold Haydon depicting the artist painting alongside cows. The painting dates from 1941. Harold Emerson Haydon was born in Fo...

Two lovers, entangled in each others arms, enjoy a passionate kiss. This intimate moment is the subject of Bruno Surdo's painting entitled "Desire". The beautifully rendered skin tones and a light shinning just beyond our sight give a suppleness and sexiness to the painting. The artist has painted this artwork on paper and then affixed the paper to stretched canvas. This process creates a textural undulating surface echoed in the painting itself. This painting is unframed. Please contact the gallery for framing options. Bruno Surdo Desire oil on paper on canvas 40h x 30w in 101.60h x 76.20w cm BRS086 Bruno A. Surdo b. Chicago, 1963 EXHIBITIONS 2021 Ethos + Truth, Gallery Victor Armendariz, Chicago, IL 2020 Realities, Gallery Victor Armendariz, Chicago, IL 2018 Liberation, Gallery Victor Armendariz, Chicago, IL Blood Sport, Gallery Victor Armendariz, Chicago, IL Art on Paper 2018, Gallery Victor Armendariz, Pier 36, New York, NY SOFA Chicago 2018, Gallery Victor Armendariz, Navy Pier, Chicago, IL 2017 POP!ARAZZI, Gallery Victor Armendariz, Chicago, IL Coming Attractions, Gallery Victor Armendariz, Chicago, IL 2015 SOFA Chicago 2015, Ann Nathan Gallery, Navy Pier, Chicago, IL Bruno Surdo: Allegories, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL 2014 Bruno Surdo: Respond, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL Modern Metaphors, Rockford Art Museum, Rockford, IL 2013 Bruno Surdo: Revelations, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL Vice + Virtue, Northern Illinois University Museum of Art 2012 Contemporary Realism Biennial, Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Fort Wayne, IN 2011 Bruno Surdo, University of St. Francis School of Creative Arts, Fort Wayne, IN Uncensored, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL 2010 Art Chicago 2010, Ann Nathan Gallery, Merchandise Mart, Chicago, IL 2009 Art Chicago 2009, Ann Nathan Gallery, Merchandise Mart, Chicago, IL 2007 Bruno Surdo, Art Institute of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 2006 Context/Content: Making Meaning with the Figure, University of Arkansas, Conway, AR Creative Imaginings, Mobile Museum of Art, Mobile, AL Bruno Surdo: Cycles, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL 2005 Art Chicago 2005, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL 2004 Tragedy, Memory, & Honor, Richard M. Daley Center, Chicago, IL Art Chicago 2004, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL Group Show, Arcadia Gallery, New York, NY Drawings VII, Koplin Del Rio Gallery, West Hollywood, CA Armory Show, New York Armory, New York, NY 2003 Paintings & Drawings, College of Lake County, Grayslake, IL The Art Show, New York, NY Bruno Surdo: New Work, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL Art Chicago 2003, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL 2003-10 International Show of Contemporary Artists, Chicago Art Open, Chicago, IL 2002 Bruno Surdo: Perception of Appearance, Frye Museum, Seattle, WA Tragedy, Memory, & Honor, Richard M. Daley Center, Chicago, IL Bruno Surdo: Transcendence, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL Art Chicago 2002, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL Tragedy, Memory, & Honor, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL 2001 Magic Vision, Arkansas Art Center, Little Rock, AR 1998 Evanston and Vicinity Artists, Evanston Art Center, Evanston, IL 1996 Bruno Surdo: A Personal View, University of Wisconsin, Kenosha, WI 1995 Bruno Surdo: Recent Works, College of Lake County, IL AIDS in Our Society, Loyola University, Chicago, IL Bruno Surdo: Life, Struggle, and Hope, Chicago Cultural Center, Chicago, IL 2001 Magic Vision, Arkansas Art Center, Little Rock, AR Bruno Surdo: Dualities of Life, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL 1999 Group Show, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL 1998 Group Exhibition, Fine Arts Building Gallery, Chicago, IL 1995 Spiritual Inquiries, Struve Gallery, Chicago, IL 1994 Recent Works, The 14th Annual Juried Exhibition for Lake County Artists, Grayslake, IL Go Figure, Figurative Works on Paper, Chicago Printmakers Collaborative, Chicago, IL SELECTED COLLECTIONS The Re-Birth of Venus, Temporary Loan, Fort Wayne Museum of Art Arkansas Art Center, Little Rock, AR College of Lake County, Greyslake, IL Flashpoint Academy, Chicago IL John Robert Wiltgen Design Shoemaker Ruud Collection Julie & Thomas Danilek Michael Vozzella and Mike Silver Benjamin Fernandez Tom Braake Betsy Colburn Michael Diemand & Lor LaRose Michael Staab & Kathy Brock Bruce Leep Frank Tzurect Mary Foley Rosalyn Carlson Mimmy Turney Janet Long Halstead Billy Hunt Carol Galli Myles Kerrigan Honorable & Mrs. Edwin Berman Theodore Gage Northrop Art Museum Past Present & Future Company Dr. James & Peggy Kemmler Salvatore Monastero Nix & Virginia Lauridsen Joel Miller David & Marlene Zerkel Ann & Andy Abel Claudia Rush Marc Miller Leonard Goldberg Lawrence Pucci Howard Tullman Collection Susan & Manny Kramer James Rinnert Richar Interiors Michael & Nancy Colt Khalid Altijir Dr. Joe Grodman Beryl & Jack Gore Larry Wolf & Eric Naegle Chuck Wolandi Jack Schwab & David Sandelin Thomas Kaczmarek Marti Dinerstein Craig & Michael Golden...

A master at capturing the subtleties of skin tone, Richard Gibbons presents an intimate view of a nude male. Suspended in air, the figure appears as ...

A 1959, black & white, ink on paper portrait of a young man by artist Harold Haydon. Artwork size: 12" x 8 3/4". Archivally matted to: 12" x 16". Provenance: Estate of the Ar...

Working with a palette of graphite, charcoal, ink, and gold leaf, Alessandra Maria masterfully weaves together elements of the earthly and ethereal. She is part sorceress, part alche...

A 1920s caricature of author Sean O'Casey, by artist Isa M. Macnie. Inscription on drawing reads: "Author of 'Juno and the Paycock' etc," Image size: 8 7/8" x 6 7/8". Archivally...

Alphonse Mucha "Lorenzaccio, a play in five acts and an epilogue by Alfred de Museet" Plate #114 Image Size: 15" x 11" 1896 Alphonse Mucha was born in Southern Moravia on July 24, 1860. At the age of seventeen the artist left his home, to work as a painter of stage decorations...

The painter, graphic artist, production and set designer, Josef Fenneker, is one of the most important representatives of artistic film posters of the 1910s and 1920s. He was commissioned primarily by Berlin’s Marmorhaus cinema, which was located on Kurfürstendamm and known for its first releases, as well as by Berlin film production...

At Escat Gallery we are committed to maintaining the highest standards of trust and professionalism for our collectors. Every artwork in our collection comes with a Certificate of Au...

Lithograph of Symbolist painter Carlos Schwabe’s oil painting La mort du fossoyeur (The Death of the Gravedigger), 1895, published c. 1900 in Art et déc...

Marcos Raya's artwork has deep connections to Rasquache or Rasquachismo– an aesthetic tied to the working-class Mexican art exemplified by the statement "Make the most of the least"....

After Gustav Klimt, Max Eisler Plate #21, Gastein; grey-green monochrome collotype after the 1917 painting in oil on canvas. Original destroyed by fire May 1945. GUSTAV KLIMT EINE NACHLESE (GUSTAV KLIMT AN AFTERMATH), a portfolio of 30 collotypes prints, 15 are multi-color and 15 are monochrome, on chine colle paper laid down on heavy cream-wove paper with deckled edges; Max Eisler, Editor-Publisher; Osterreichischer Staatsdruckerei (Austrian State Printing Office), Printer; in a limited edition of 500 numbered examples of which: 200 were printed in German, 150 were printed in French and 150 were printed in English; Vienna, 1931. 2018 marks the 100th anniversary of Gustav Klimt’s death. It is a fitting time to reflect upon the enduring legacy and deep impact of his art. Recognizing this need for posterity with uncanny foresight, the publication of Gustav Klimt: An Aftermath (Eine Nachlese) provides a rare collection of work after Klimt which has proven to be an indispensable tool for Klimt scholarship as well as a source for pure visual delight. Approximately 25 percent of the original works featured in the Aftermath portfolio have since been lost. Of those 30, six were destroyed by fire on 8 May 1945. On that fateful final day of WWII, the retreating Feldherrnhalle, a tank division of the German Army, set fire to the Schloss Immendorf which was a 16th century castle in Lower Austria used between 1942-1945 to store objects of art. All three of Klimt’s Faculty Paintings: Philosophy, Medicine and Jurisprudence (1900-1907), originally created for the University of Vienna, were on premises at that time. Also among the inventory of Klimt paintings in storage there was art which had been confiscated by the Nazis. One of the most significant confiscated collections was the Lederer collection which featured many works by Gustav Klimt such as Girlfriends II and Garden Path with Chickens. In many instances, Aftermath is our only link to these lost treasures. Max Eisler (1881-1937), the publisher of the 1931 Aftermath portfolio, was an art historian at Vienna University specializing in modern and contemporary arts and crafts whose 1920 book on Klimt was the first Klimt monograph. He saw An Aftermath as filling-in important gaps left by the earlier print portfolios which had only featured Klimt up to 1913 and which had glossed over major art projects such as the Tree of Life frieze for the Palais Stoclet. And whereas only 10 of the 50 prints from the earlier portfolios published by H.O. Miethke were made in intricate multi-color images, Eisler augmented the earlier format by featuring half of the 30 images in stunning multi-colored collotypes. Understanding the fragile nature of the collotype printing process also reinforces this project’s distinctive and exceptional characteristics. Fragile collotype plates can not be reused. As such, this necessitates the completion of a run on the first go and also dictates a limited production number. Printed by hand, the collotypes required deft handling by the printer, Osterreichische Staatsdruckerei. A complicated and lengthy process involving gelatin colloids mixed with dichromates, the creation of 16 color separation thin glass filters to achieve the light-sensitive internegative images which could faithfully capture all of the painting’s tonal gradations and colors, exposure to actinic light, and delicate chine collie papers which allowed for greater color saturation, the printer’s collaborative role in capturing and transmitting Klimt’s nuanced paint strokes is nothing short of remarkable. The Österreichische Staatsdruckerei (Austrian State Printing Office), was the successor to the KK Hof -und Staatsdruckerei which was founded by Emperor Franz I in 1804 and whose collotype printing innovations of Klimt’s art...

You really need to bring home this wonderful & handsome serigraph for your collection! A fabulous ca. 1959, Mid-Century serigraph of the Chicago Skyline by artist Mark Coomer...

A pair of delightful, Mid-Century interior scenes in pen & ink by artist Harold Haydon. Image sizes: 6" x 9" each. Each are archivally matted to 12" x 16". Harold Emerson Haydon w...

Christopher Ganz Driver's License Self Portrait 2005 lithograph 13.50h x 10w in 34.29h x 25.40w cm CG0041 -ARTIST STATEMENT- I depict my person in multipli...

Stone lithograph mandala plate of Forgive Us Our Trespasses As We Forgive Those Who Trespass Against Us from Alphonse Mucha’s masterpiece of mysticism, Le Pater. Printed by F. Champe...

ALPHONSE MUCHA (1860 – 1939) Flirt Biscuits Rennert/Weill 72 Lithograph in colors c. 1900 Signed in stone, lower right margin Image: 24” x 11”, Paper: 25 ¼” x 11 ¾” F...

Color pencil on acrylic-coated canvas.

A stunning Cubist watercolor on paper of purple irises by Chicago and New York artist Rita Duis (Astley-Bell). Archivally matted to30" x 24". Artist Rita Duis (Astley-Bell) led an ...

An early 1940s fashion study featuring women's hats in pink tobes. Provenance: Cornelia Steckl-Jurin, Founder of the Fashion Department at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago...

Original lithograph of Josef Fenneker’s German Expressionist poster design for the 1919 silent film Die Prostitution starring Anita Berber ...

A Fine 1930s, Modern Academic Figure Study Drawing of a Seated Male Nude Model by Notable Chicago Artist, Harold Haydon (Am. 1909-1994). An exceptionally well executed, early 1930s ...

Abstract art experiments with the use of texture, tone, and light perception. Through abstract works, the artist expresses her feelings rather than particular objects or scenes. Wit...

A charming 1956 oil on canvas board painting of a red brick house, titled "Corner of the Brick House with Last Snow Bank, Calais, VT" by artist Harold Haydon. The painting is framed...

Color lithograph, 1967. Edition of 3000. Printed by Mourlot, Paris. Published by Editions of the Metropolitan Opera, New York. Catalogue raisonne reference: Sorlier 38.

*Framed and free shipping within the US* Malibu, California, 1963. Chromogenic Digital Print 40 x 30 inches Edition size: 15 *Please inquire for additional sizes* Lawrence Schiller is an American producer, screenwriter, and photographer best known for his candid photos of Marilyn Monroe. For almost 35 years, Schiller collaborated with Norman Mailer to create several films together, including Executioner's Song (1982), for which Mailer received the Pulitzer Prize. “I never considered myself a good photographer. I still don't,” he has said. “I thought of myself as a hard worker. My camera was a sponge and I had an instinct that athletes have—anticipation.” Born on December 28, 1936 in Brooklyn, NY, was raised in San Diego and attended Pepperdine College in Los Angeles. After graduating, he held photojournalist positions at Time, The Sunday Times, The Saturday Evening Post, and Newsweek. The artist later broke into the world of film by directing part of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid in 1969 and Lady Sings the Blues in 1972. Over the course of his career, Schiller has captured images of several important and notorious figures in American history including Lee Harvey Oswald...

A Fine 1930s, Modern Academic Figure Study Drawing of a Seated Male Nude Model by Notable Chicago Artist, Harold Haydon (Am. 1909-1994). An exceptionally well executed early 1930s c...