Italian Chairs
to
538
4,892
1,512
3,234
3,173
141
Height
to
Width
to
Depth
to
3,964
3,813
2,663
3,658
2,576
3,341
2,521
3,151
2,489
2,923
2,462
3,071
1,983
1,857
52
42
41
37
22
20
15
12
11
11
8
7
5
5
3
2
99
130
3,005
3,314
79
1,487
1,316
11
7
18
36
63
528
525
758
357
85
3,185
2,651
2,123
1,228
1,171
21,254
6,548
3,530
3,446
2,985
6,548
3,595
4,100
362
298
196
175
162
Place of Origin: Italian
Curve, 94 Inches Cedar Vulcano Bench, Designed Brodie Neill, Made in Italy
By Brodie Neill
Located in Beverly Hills, CA
Scroll down and click "view all from Seller" to see more than 500 other unique products. (1.8)
Bench in a single block of scented cedar.
Distinguished by its arched shape below the ...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Cedar
Two Italian white folding garden chairs, by Fratelli Reguitti from the 1950s
By Fratelli Reguitti
Located in Wolfurt, AT
This set consists of two folding white garden chairs designed by Fratelli Reguitti from the 1950s. Despite slight chipping of the paintwork, they are in good vintage condition. The F...
Category
1970s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Metal
21st Century Osforth Throne in Red Velvet by Emanuele Magini - Limited Edition
By JCP UNIVERSE, Emanuele Magini
Located in Cantù, Lombardia
"The throne of a mysterious ruler and a red carpet that guides us to discover his unknown realm. Osforth is a majestic, fairytale and ironic chair that transforms the user into the p...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Metal
1960s Vintage Regency Italian Burlwood Desk and Chair - Set of 2
Located in west palm beach, FL
Fantastic vintage 1960s Italian Secretary desk. A gorgeous burl Olive wood cabinet with chic vintage brocade lining. A charming little Tole lamp...
Category
1960s Regency Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Wood
Déjà Vu Chair in Wobble Fabric and Black Matte Metal
By Gio Pagani
Located in Milano, IT
Déjà Vu chair is composed of a wooden shell padded with different densities polyurethane foam and finished with an upper layer of acrylic fiber.
The seat is available completely cov...
Category
2010s Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Metal
Bold Armchair by Mohdern
Located in Geneve, CH
Bold Armchair by Mohdern
Dimensions: W 78 x D 65 x H 73 cm
Materials: Fabric, Bouclé
Bold is a comfortable armchair that features enveloping lines and different geometric shapes sk...
Category
2010s Post-Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Fabric, Upholstery, Bouclé
Vico Magistretti "Carimate" Dining Chairs for Cassina, 1960, Set of 12
By Cassina, Vico Magistretti
Located in Lonigo, Veneto
Vico Magistretti "Carimate" dining chairs for Cassina, green lacquered wood and straw seat, Italy, 1960, set of twelve.
The "Carimate" chair is one of Vico Magistretti’s most famous...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Straw, Wood
Denmark modern Chair 3107 by Arne Jacobsen for Fritz Hansen, 1980
By Fritz Hansen, Arne Jacobsen
Located in MIlano, IT
Denmark modern Chair 3107 by Arne Jacobsen for Fritz Hansen, 1980
Chair mod. 3107, belonging to the Series 7, with seat and back in curved wood painted in grey-blue. The structure fe...
Category
1980s Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Wood
Bold Dining Armchair by Mohdern
Located in Geneve, CH
Bold Dining Armchair by Mohdern
Dimensions: W 64 x D 58 x H 73 cm
Materials: Fabric, Bouclé
Bold is a refined furniture collection designed and produced by the Mohdern brand. The series includes the armchair and lounge chair; the sofa in different designs; the dining chair and a comfortable bed. Each element is made of high-quality materials and in a wide range of fabrics.
Enveloping lines and organic shapes create a dialogue between know-how and a contemporary design language. Bold is an expression of the best Made in Italy, combining style and function through an elegant and modern design.
The Bold chair...
Category
2010s Post-Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Fabric, Upholstery, Bouclé
Set of Five Italian Baroque Chairs, 18th Century
Located in Greding, DE
Set of five Baroque chairs on curved S-legs with upholstered seat and backrest. The chairs were expertly finished and covered with a white base fabric.
Category
18th Century Baroque Antique Italian Chairs
Materials
Walnut
Brera, rounded chair in velvet with groove, DainelliStudio for Somaschini, Italy
By SOMASCHINI, Dainelli Studio
Located in Cabiate, IT
The seat harks back in form to the aesthetics of mid-century bourgeois furnishings. The singular cut in the
shell gives added character to a classic, composed elegance, as well as en...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Velvet, Rubber, Bentwood, Plywood
Pair of Ladder Back Paolo Buffa Style Chairs
By Paolo Buffa
Located in Kent, Dover
A set of two elegant curved ladder back hall chairs in the manner of Paolo Buffa. Newly upholstered in scarlet velvet.
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Beech
Low Lita 10th Anniversary Chair by OTTO Studio
Located in Geneve, CH
Low Lita 10th Anniversary Chair by OTTO Studio
Unique Piece.
Designed by Paola Navone.
Dimensions: D 80 x W 78 x H 70 cm. Seat Height: 36 cm.
Materia...
Category
2010s Post-Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Other
Set of 6 Stackable Chairs Paolo Favaretto & Airborne Assisa Italy 1980s
By Favaretto & Partners
Located in Almelo, NL
Set of 6 Stackable chairs Paolo Favaretto & Airborne Assisa Italy 1980s
Beautiful design chairs with a black coated tubular steel structure and a po...
Category
1980s Post-Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Steel
Fasem Cantilever Leather Chair By Mart Stam Italy 1980s
Located in Čelinac, BA
Leather Cantilever Chair by FASEM Italy 1980s
Category
1980s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Chrome
Klismos Walnut Wood Saber Legs Black Velvet Chairs, Customizable Set of 4
Located in IT
Klismos walnut wood customizable dining chairs Italian production, black velvet upholstery capitone ( with buttons). Other colors and upholstery are available. Italian artisanal prod...
Category
2010s Greek Revival Italian Chairs
Materials
Walnut
Osvaldo Borsani in the Style Set of Six Chairs 50's
By Osvaldo Borsani
Located in bari, IT
Elegant set consisting of six chairs with seat in vim leather and wooden structure with slender backrest, attributable to Osvaldo Borsani Italian production late 1950s.
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Leather, Walnut
Yellow Waldo W2 Sofa by Pietro Franceschini
Located in Geneve, CH
Yellow waldo W2 sofa by Pietro Franceschini.
Materials: Mohair velvet
Dimensions: W 240 x L 94 x H 57-93cm.
Designed during a creative momentum in the re...
Category
2010s Post-Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Velvet
Set of 6 vintage 1970s chairs mod. Inaly design G. Offredi for Saporiti
By Saporiti, Giovanni Offredi
Located in None, IT
Set of six chairs with chromed metal frame and gray fabric upholstery, model Inaly, design Giovanni Offredi for Saporiti, 1970s.
CONDITION:
In good condition, may show signs of wear...
Category
1970s Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Metal
Dos À Dos Louvre Double Seat Blueberry by La Cividina
By La Cividina
Located in Beverly Hills, CA
Dos à Dos was designed in 1967 for the Louvre Museum, where its curves had the discreet but essential role of accommodating visitors as they admired the spel...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Italian Chairs
Materials
Steel
18th Century Italian Carved-Wood Camel-Back Armchair with New Upholstery
Located in Atlanta, GA
An Italian carved wood armchair from the 18th century with new upholstery. This antique chair from Italy has a large camel-back which is ...
Category
18th Century Antique Italian Chairs
Materials
Wood
Giuseppe Davanzo Set of Eight Dining Chairs 'Serena' in Elm
Located in Waalwijk, NL
Giuseppe Davanzo for Appiani Selezione, set of eight dining chairs 'Serena', elm, plastic, Italy, 1960s
This set of eight Italian dining chairs was d...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Plastic, Elm
Armchair Throne Pair Italian Walnut Red Mohair Velvet Armorial Renaissance
Located in BUNGAY, SUFFOLK
A rare pair of late-Renaissance, Italian, upholstered, walnut, throne, open, armchairs or coppia di seggioloni, retaining their original armorials
These throne armchairs are characteristic of those found in Palazzo's in the Renaissance. They are elegant and substantial, injecting gravitas into the period or contemporary interior. It is exceptionally rare feature that they retain the original armorials with Ducal coronets which are beautifully worked in gold threadwork. One bears three fleurs-de-lys above three swords and the other a lion rampant. They are sturdy and usable and have a wonderful, lustrous, rich patina.
The rectangular backs and seats re-upholstered in a c.1920 mohair...
Category
Early 1600s Renaissance Antique Italian Chairs
Materials
Walnut
Capotavola Solid Wood Chair, Walnut in Hand-Made Natural Finish, Contemporary
By Dale Italia
Located in Cadeglioppi de Oppeano, VR
The Capotavola solid wood chair embodies the refined elegance of Italian design. Made in Italy by hand, it features solid canaletto walnut structure with acrylic finish and lining in...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Walnut
Playful H Shape Orange Velvet Chair with Two Backrests by Pietro Franceschini
Located in Geneve, CH
Waldo chair by Pietro Franceschini
Materials: Mohair velvet
Dimensions: W 60 x L 94 x H 57-93cm.
Designed during a creative momentum in the relaxed It...
Category
2010s Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Velvet
Contemporary Dining Chair Made in Italy for Custom Finish
Located in Oakville, ON
Contemporary design wooden dining chair made in Italy of beech wood.
We offer custom finish of the wood, painted or wood stain and upholste...
Category
2010s Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Fabric, Wood
Customizable La Manufacture-Paris Melitea Outdoor Chair by Luca Nichetto
By Luca Nichetto
Located in New York, NY
Through the juxtaposition of industrial materials and a special attention to comfort, Melitea lounge chair aims to present itself as a new classic.
A linear metal structure, running...
Category
2010s Italian Chairs
Materials
Textile
Italian modern metal and wood Alien chair by Carlo Forcolini for Alias, 1980s
By Alias, Carlo Forcolini
Located in MIlano, IT
Alien model chair, Italian and modern, in metal and MDF wood, designed by Carlo Forcolini for Alias in 1980.
Alien chair with yellow metal rod structure and seat and back in MDF.
Pro...
Category
1980s Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Metal
Set of 6 Wooden Dining Chairs in the Style of Ico Parisi for Cassina, 1970s
By Cassina, Ico Parisi
Located in Padova, IT
Set of 6 wooden dining chairs in the style of Ico Parisi for Cassina 70s
Structure in light wood and coverings in light blue bouclé (just redone).
Category
1970s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Fabric, Wood
A Unique Set of 6 Italian 1950's Chairs
Located in London, Charterhouse Square
A unique set of 6 Italian 1950's chairs with wooden structure and fabric seats
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Fabric, Wood
Grey Soft Pill Armchair by spHaus
Located in Geneve, CH
Grey Soft Pill Armchair by spHaus
Designed by Filippo Dell'Orto
Dimensions: D 100 x W 120 x H 50 cm.
Materials: Moulded hard polyurethane.
Soft Pill is a lounge chair but is conside...
Category
2010s Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Other
Gufram, Green Detecma Lounge Chair By Tullio Regge
By Tullio Regge, Gufram Furniture
Located in Beverly Hills, CA
Its name, an acronym for Design, Technique and Mathematics, identifies by itself some of the characteristics that make this seat unique. These three values were united for the first ...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Fabric, Upholstery
Flow Aureo Chair by GIROTTI ENRICO
Located in Geneve, CH
Flow Aureo Chair by GIROTTI ENRICO
Dimensions: W 45 x D 43 x H 82 cm
Materials: Steel, Upholstery.
Weight: 5 Kg.
Enrico Girotti is an industrial designer who has found in the word ...
Category
2010s Post-Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Steel
Rattan Pair His and Hers Chairs, Italy, Mid Century
Located in New York, NY
Mid Century Italian pair of his and hers rattan chairs.
New cushions covered in vintage handwoven Belgian linen.
Very comfortable.
Category
Mid-20th Century Italian Chairs
Materials
Bamboo, Upholstery
Modern by Giueseppe Carpanelli Galileo Pierced Small Armchair
By Carpanelli
Located in Desio, IT
Armchair with curved and perforated structure and back, upholstered seat in fabric or leather. The structure is in oak available with natural finish (F101) or with slate finish (F104).
Category
2010s Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Oak
Afra & Tobia Scarpa English Red Leather Monk Dining Chair for Molteni, Set of 4
By Molteni & C, Afra & Tobia Scarpa
Located in Vicenza, IT
Set of four “Monk” dining chairs designed by Afra and Tobia Scarpa for Molteni in 1973.
Made of English red leather and walnut.
Fully restored in Italy.
Interesting is the ‘flat’ sh...
Category
1970s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Leather, Walnut
Italian Set of of two Little Ministerial Armchairs Midcentury, 1960s
Located in bari, IT
Superb set of two ministerial chairs (armchairs) in curved wood and sheepskin upholstery.
the price is fo only two chairs.
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Wood, Leather
Mini Bobbin by Laun
Located in Geneve, CH
Mini Bobbin by Laun ( Handmade in Los Angeles )
Bobbin Collection
Dimensions: H.36 D.74 W.180 cm
Materials: annodized or powdercoated aluminum, indoor/outdoor fabric
Also avail...
Category
2010s Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Aluminum
Four Black Lacquered Chairs by Paolo Buffa
By Paolo Buffa
Located in Kilmarnock, VA
Stunning modernist set of chairs by Paolo Buffa in black lacquer and full grain black leather.
Category
1950s Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Mahogany, Lacquer, Leather
Italian mid century modern beech wood and black metal school chair, 1960s
Located in MIlano, IT
Chair with seat and back in beech wood with black metal rod structure.
Coming from a Milanese school, produced in approx. 1960.
Good condition, signs of scattered use.
Measurements i...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Metal
Multicolor Adjustable Fiberglass Chairs, Italy, 1950
Located in Milan, IT
A multicolor adjustable swiveling fiberglass chairs. The legs are made out of light gray color painted iron. Used in a canteen-cafeteria or bistrot. Italy 1950. The seat of the chair...
Category
1950s Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Metal, Iron
Copper Baby Rabbit Chair with Metallic Finish, Designed by Stefano Giovannoni
By Stefano Giovannoni
Located in Beverly Hills, CA
Scroll down and click "view all from Seller" to see more than 400 other unique products. (2.2)
The idea of the rabbit, a gentle, lovable and shy animal, comes from the association o...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Plastic
Set of 4 pcs. Mid-Century Italian Chrome Chairs by Willy Rizzo
By Willy Rizzo
Located in Vilnius, LT
Set of 4 pcs. Mid-Century Italian chrome frame chairs by Willy Rizzo from 1970's.
The chairs are with olive green color upholstery.
Very good/excellent vintage condition.
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Chrome
Lucite And Chrome 1970s Folding Chair Made in Italy
By Brevettato
Located in Toronto, ON
Lucite and chrome folding chair is attributed to Brevettato. The body is made in chrome with lucite backrest and seat. The lucite seat is removable. It's made in the 1970s in Italy. The perfect chair for...
Category
1970s Post-Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Chrome
Black Ash Chaise Longue Sculpted by Lupo Horiōkami
Located in Geneve, CH
Black ash chaise longue sculpted by Lupo Horiokami
Dimensions: D 80 x W 250 x H 72 cm
Materials: Black ashwood
“The artwork [...] arises when the mind is willing to accept reality as it was the first time it meets it” (“aesthetics of the void”, g. pasqualotto, marsilio).
And if the futurists no longer wanted to have any relationship with the past but to concentrate on the dynamic present, lupo horiokami, with his art, seems to
want to focus on the theme of continuous impermanence.
East and west in comparison, in a synthesis where space (emptiness) and time (inconsistent) are the masters, where relativity and emptiness (“mu” in zen buddhism)
merge with heidegger’s planning of “dasein”.
Lupo’s emancipation naturally translates into space.
Empty space, in the most eastern sense of the term, devoid of mental conditionings (“mushin” in japanese), a preliminary presupposition for manifesting, producing,
originating from “nothing”. Empty space to accentuate the innate temporary beauty of things: from the traditional japanese tattoo...
Category
2010s Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Ash
Afra & Tobia Scarpa "Dialogo" Dining Chairs for B&B Italia, 1973, set of 4
By B&B Italia, Afra & Tobia Scarpa
Located in Lonigo, Veneto
Afra & Tobia Scarpa "Dialogo" dining chairs with armrests for B&B Italia, black leather, Italy, 1973, set of four.
The “Dialogo” chair is a return to the formal solution of the “121...
Category
1970s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Leather, Walnut
Tobia Scarpa Mastro Chairs for Molteni Pair
By Afra & Tobia Scarpa, Molteni & C
Located in Vancouver, BC
A pair of extremely uncommon Afra & Tobia Scarpa Mastro Chairs.
The Mastro design was created on the same structural principle as the Monk chair, but in...
Category
1980s Post-Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Metal
Italian mid-century modern wood black metal and beige leatherette chair, 1950s
Located in MIlano, IT
Italian mid-century modern wood black metal and beige leatherette chair, 1950s
Chair with rectangular seat. The seat and backrest are covered in beige imitation leather, on the sides...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Metal
Arcadia Leather Chairs by Paolo Piva for B&B Italia, 1980s, Set of 4
By B&B Italia, Paolo Piva
Located in Morazzone, Varese
Set of four dining chairs by designer Paolo Piva, manufactured by B&B Italia in Italy in the 1980s.
The chairs have a high back, which is co...
Category
1980s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Leather
Mid Century Postmodern Chrome Vecta Zermatt Sling Lounge Chair Newly Upholstered
By Vecta Group
Located in Chicago, IL
Mid Century Postmodern Chrome Vecta Zermatt Sling Lounge Chair by Vecta Group Newly Upholstered in a High End Black Hide - Pair
These stunning postmoder...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Chrome
Italian Modern Red Armchair Mod. Saghi by Kazuhide Takahama for Gavina, 1970s
By Gavina, Kazuhide Takahama
Located in MIlano, IT
Italian modern Red armchair mod. Saghi by Kazuhide Takahama for Gavina, 1970s
Iconic and elegant armchair mod. Saghi with steel ...
Category
1970s Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Steel
Pair of Bauhaus Style Chairs for Pizzi Arredamenti Upholstered in Yellow Cotton
Located in Madrid, ES
Pair of Italian Bauhaus style chairs made in the 70s for Pizzi Arredamenti. Tubular structure made in steel with the seat and backrest upholstered in yellow cotton velvet.
Pizzi Ind...
Category
1970s Bauhaus Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Steel
Afra & Tobia Scarpa "Africa" Chairs for Maxalto, Dark Brown, 1975, Set of 4
By Afra & Tobia Scarpa, Maxalto
Located in Lonigo, Veneto
Afra & Tobia Scarpa "Africa" dining chairs for Maxalto, dark brown leather, walnut, burl and brass, Italy, 1975, set of four.
Originally hand finished and assembled one-by-one, "Af...
Category
1970s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Brass
Pair of Italian Mid-Century Modern Lounge Chairs by Isa Bergamo & Att Gio Ponti
By ISA Bergamo, Gio Ponti
Located in New York, NY
An Elegant and Timeless Pair of Italian Mid-Century Modern Lounge Chairs / Armchairs or Bed-side Chairs attributed to Gio Ponti and by ISA Bergamo. The chairs show a strong resemblan...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Brass
Marco Zanuso, set of 4 Celestina foldable chairs for Zanotta, 1978
By Zanotta, Marco Zanuso
Located in Uppsala, SE
Set of four foldable Celestina chairs designed by renowned designer Marco Zanuso for Zanotta in 1978. Frame of black lacquered metal with seat and back of black cowhide over a nylon ...
Category
1970s Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Metal
Silver Baby Rabbit Chair with Metallic Finish, Designed by Stefano Giovannoni
By Stefano Giovannoni
Located in Beverly Hills, CA
Scroll down and click "view all from Seller" to see more than 400 other unique products. (2.2)
The idea of the rabbit, a gentle, lovable and shy animal, comes from the association o...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Modern Italian Chairs
Materials
Plastic
Set of Six Cassina Dining Chairs by Farina Morez Ruggero, Italy, circa 1952
By Cassina, Farina Morez Ruggero
Located in London, GB
A wonderful set of teak dining chairs designed by Farina Morez Ruggero. Originally designed for a restaurant in the northern Italian town of ...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Fabric, Teak
Italian Mid-Century Green Fabric Chair Elettra by Studio BBPR for Arflex, 1960s
By Arflex, Studio BBPR
Located in MIlano, IT
Italian mid-century green fabric chair mod. Elettra by Studio BBPR for Arflex, 1960s
Chair mod. Elettra with squared seat and curved rectangular back in forest green fabric...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Chairs
Materials
Fabric
Read More
The 21 Most Popular Mid-Century Modern Chairs
You know the designs, now get the stories about how they came to be.
Is Lionel Jadot the Willy Wonka of Upcycled Belgian Design?
From his massive collaborative workshop in a former paper factory, the designer concocts funky furniture from disused materials, as well as luxe hotel interiors like the new Mix Brussels.
Learn Why Designer Maarten Baas Set This Charles Rennie Mackintosh Chair on Fire
What happens when you do something to a piece of furniture that you shouldn’t? It becomes an entirely new object.
Kaleidoscopic Upholstery Makes This Edward Wormley Chair a Showstopper
What at first glance seems an unusual choice jibes perfectly with the designer's aesthetic.
Design Icon Ilse Crawford on Her Colorful New Hans Wegner Chairs
If anyone is brave, humble and adept enough to recolor these mid-century masterpieces, it’s Ilse Crawford. Here, she gives us the details on her five earthy paint choices and tells us how she feels about design collaborations.
How to Reupholster a Chair
Want to update an old chair that still has good bones? We spoke to experts to find out how they approach reupholstering antique furniture.
How to Spot Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI Chairs
A field guide for anyone who wants to brush up on their knowledge of French antiques
The Ball Chair, Eero Aarnio’s Space Age Masterpiece, Was Almost Never Made
Now considered emblematic of 1960s mod aesthetics, the Finnish designer's famous creation was far from an overnight success.