English Wall Decorations
to
338
1,567
1,106
2,566
126
86
Height
to
Width
to
350
176
167
91
76
58
44
44
34
33
15
9
9
5
4
1
1
248
1,379
939
212
350
225
195
129
34
52
44
22
24
54
36
34
26
1,338
696
448
381
336
42,139
33,469
14,537
12,757
10,077
2,778
2,687
2,774
81
45
29
23
22
Place of Origin: English
Portrait of Sir Edward Longville
Located in Cheshire, GB
A very good looking portrait of Sir Edward Longville with good detail to the face and hands.
Category
16th Century Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paint
Carved Frame
Located in Los Angeles, CA
This early Victorian fashion plate print is encapsulated within a richly carved oak wood frame, showcasing a meticulous attention to detail that reflects the era's fashion and crafts...
Category
1880s Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Oak
Watercolor painting depicting a poodle dog, cherry wood frame, England 1930s.
Located in Milan, IT
A watercolor painting, depicting a poodle. Signed. Solid cherry wood frame, polished and beeswaxed. England, 1930.
Category
1930s Vintage English Wall Decorations
Materials
Wood
Mid-Century Oil on Board Still Life Hyacinths in a Blue Vase C.1950
Located in London, GB
A mid-century oil on board still life hyacinths in a blue vase C.1950.
Set within a frame.
Good, vibrant colour.
Signed unclearly in bottom right corner.
Provenance: Private Lo...
Category
Mid-20th Century English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paint
19th c. English School Oil Painting on Canvas, of Saint Ives
Located in Lambertville, NJ
19th c. English School oil on canvas, untitled, depicts a street scene with mother and child standing in front of what appears to be Butcher Shop, with the ocean in the background, ...
Category
19th Century Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas, Giltwood
Large Set of Reclaimed Faux Library Books
Located in Wormelow, Herefordshire
A brilliant 6m total run of late 20th century faux library books, reclaimed from a museum exhibition. Arranged in runs of various sizes as pictured, the groups vary from single books to the longest run of 23 books.
Imitating old antique books...
Category
Late 20th Century Victorian English Wall Decorations
Materials
Resin, Wood, Hardwood
"Still Life with Flowers and Fruit after Jan Evert Morel I" by Gordon Cheung
By Gordon Cheung
Located in Atlanta, GA
Artwork by Gordon Cheung, "New Order Still Life with Flowers and Fruit (after Jan Evert Morel I, 1800-1808)", 2021, giclee on canvas
This pieces is ...
Category
2010s English Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas
Still Life Flowers in Vase, Oil on Board, Julian Gordon Mitchell
Located in London, GB
Still life flowers in vase, oil on board.
Contemporary Artist Julian Gordon Mitchell (b. 1968), a well listed English Artist. Having exhibite...
Category
20th Century English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paint
Artwork by Peter Gee
Located in Sagaponack, NY
Artwork?
Category
21st Century and Contemporary English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Alpine Ski Photograph, 'Panoramic View', Taken from Original 1930s Photograph
Located in Oxfordshire, GB
Vintage, antique Alpine Ski photograph.
'Panoramic View', a new mounted black and white photographic image after an original 1930s skiing photograph. Black and white alpine photos are the perfect addition to any home or ski lodge, so please do check out our other ski photos...
Category
1930s Sporting Art Vintage English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Gustave De Breanski Oil Painting
Located in Hamilton, Ontario
Gustave de Breanski (British 1856 - 1898)
The brother of Alfred de Breanski (Snr.) and a member of the famous family of painters. His style was more impressionistic than his broth...
Category
19th Century Antique English Wall Decorations
Watercolor print depicting an English Bulldog, England 1910.
Located in Milan, IT
A watercolor finished print, depicting an English lying bulldog. Solid cherry wood frame, polished and beeswaxed. England circa 1910.
Category
Early 20th Century English Wall Decorations
Materials
Wood
Pair of Early 19th Century Paintings
Located in Martlesham, GB
A lovely pair of early 19th century paintings of flowers within a gilt and red border, some paint loss and in later frames but very decorative, circa 1820.
Category
1820s Regency Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Glass
Large English Overdoor/ Pediment in Giltwood ca. 1840
Located in Atlanta, GA
A large English gilt-wood and mahogany overdoor/pediment with acanthus leaves and pears, originating during the first half of the 19th century.
Category
19th Century Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Mahogany, Giltwood
Winter Farmyard, 18th Century Oil on Canvas, Figures in Snow Landscape
By George Morland
Located in Prato, IT
A wonderfully painted oil on canvas by George Morland depicting a moment of life in a cottage on a snowy winter day. Signed lower right.
George Morland (26 June 1763 – 29 October 1804) was an English painter. His early work was influenced by Francis Wheatley, but after the 1790s he came into his own style. His best compositions focus on rustic scenes: farms and hunting; smugglers and gypsies; and rich, textured landscapes informed by Dutch Golden Age painting...
Category
Late 18th Century Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas, Wood
Pair of English Watercolor Landscapes with Gothic Castles on a River Bank
Located in Atlanta, GA
A pair of 19th century English framed watercolor landscapes each with a medieval castle towering a river. The first one depicts a castle illuminated by the sunshine breaking through the foliage on the opposite bank in the foreground. The crenellated towers stand out against an expansive sky reflected in the calm waters beneath. The second watercolor shows another Gothic castle...
Category
19th Century Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paint
A large portrait of Provost Samuel Leckie by William A. Donnelly 1901
Located in Lymington, Hampshire
A large portrait of Provost Samuel Leckie as he was presented to Queen Victoria in 1897, William A. Donnelly, 1901, gouache and watercolour showing a large bearded man in court dress...
Category
Early 20th Century English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paint
Hand Colored Copper Engraving "Ingleby Mannor" by Johannes Kip
By Johannes Kip
Located in Long Island City, NY
Hand colored copper engraving "Ingleby Mannor the Seat of the Honble. Sr. Wm. Foulis Bartt.," by Johannes Kip. From Kip's most significan...
Category
Early 1700s Antique English Wall Decorations
Pair of English Chippendale Carved and Painted Swan Wall Brackets, Circa 1790
Located in Charleston, SC
Pair of English Chippendale carved pine and painted wall brackets with shell and swan motif. Late 18th Century.
Category
1790s Chippendale Antique English Wall Decorations
Collinson and Lock. An Aesthetic Movement Satin walnut breakfront wall cupboard
By Collinson & Lock
Located in London, GB
Collinson and Lock. An Aesthetic Movement Satin walnut breakfront wall cupboard with a dentil cornice, and Japanese basket weave detailing to the brass handle.
Category
1880s Aesthetic Movement Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Walnut
Pair of English Nobel Figural Man & Woman Oval Oil on Canvas Portraits, C 1790
Located in Charleston, SC
Pair of English Nobel figural oil on canvas oval portraits of male posing with hunting canine companions and female sitting in garden posing with flowers and lamb. Paintings have bee...
Category
1790s George III Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Gesso, Canvas, Wood, Giltwood
Large Early 19th Century Painted and Silkwork Picture 'The Good Samaritan'
Located in Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire
The picture retains its original gilt frame. The image is rendered in a mixture of silkwork and hand painted decoration and depicts the injured traveler on the roadside being aided by the Samaritan while the Levite and the Priest are seen in the distance. This parable is told by Jesus in the Gospel of Luke.
A certain man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and he fell among robbers, who both stripped him and beat him, and departed, leaving him half dead. By chance a certain priest was going down that way. When he saw him, he passed by on the other side. In the same way a Levite also, when he came to the place, and saw him, passed by on the other side. But a certain Samaritan, as he travelled, came where he was. When he saw him, he was moved with compassion, came to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. He set him on his own animal, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him. On the next day, when he departed, he took out two denarii, gave them to the host, and said to him, 'Take care of him. Whatever you spend beyond that, I will repay you when I return.' Now which of these three do you think seemed to be a neighbor to him who fell among the robbers?"
This work is vastly bigger than 19th century silkwork pictures...
Category
Early 19th Century George IV Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Silk, Giltwood
Set of 12 Antique English Organ Pipes
Located in Wormelow, Herefordshire
A set of twelve antique English organ pipes, reclaimed and repurposed as stylish wall décor. Sourced from Stratford-upon-Avon, these organ pipes previously belonged to an organ resto...
Category
Mid-19th Century Victorian Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Metal, Zinc
Doylan Filtration Mixed Media Signed Contemporary Blue White Gold Black
Located in BUNGAY, SUFFOLK
Doylan : filtration, mixed media, signed lower right
41” square
Striking, decorative, contemporary, abstract, mixed media work, highly textured
Composition exploring the qualities...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage English Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas
I HOPE SO wall hanging sculpture
Located in Manchester, GB
I HOPE SO is a wall hanging sculptural piece made from English Elm and Rippled Sycamore. This unique and stunning piece of art was hand crafted by award winning designer and maker Ga...
Category
2010s English Wall Decorations
Materials
Elm, Sycamore
Oil Painting of a Deserted Continental Village Scene, Signed
Located in Chicago, IL
Very well executed Painting of a European village street scene, without a soul on the street. This fine Painting gives us the absolute feeling of standing alone on the street in this...
Category
Early 20th Century English Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas, Paint
A Fine 19th Century Dutch Seascape by William Adolphus Knell 1st, (1801-1875)
By William Adolphus Knell 1
Located in Ottawa, Ontario
A finely executed 19th century seascape depicting Dutch sailing vessels and figures in rowboats on a calm sea. Oil on canvas, signed bottom left, affixed to what appears to be its or...
Category
Mid-19th Century Victorian Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Paint
Late 19th Century Botanical Watercolor
Located in London, GB
A late 19th century watercolor and pencil study of a golden clematis, Clematis Tangutica.
Watercolor and pencil on paper set within a reeded giltwood frame.
Category
1890s Antique English Wall Decorations
Water Color of the Cambridge Skyline Signed Barclay
By John Rankin Barclay
Located in Vancouver, British Columbia
An atmospheric impressionist style water colour of the skyline of the English University Town of Cambridge all done in pastel inspired colours. The work is boldly signed Barclay at t...
Category
Late 19th Century Other Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
London 1744 Published Watercolour Antique Map of East Africa by Eman Bowen
Located in West Sussex, Pulborough
We are delighted to offer for sale this New and Accurate Map of Nubia & Abissinia, together with all the Kingdoms Tributary Thereto, and bordering upon them published in 1744 by Emanuel Bowen
This is a decorative antique engraved map of East Africa...
Category
1740s George III Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Plaque: Vulcan's Forge, Wedgwood C1860
By Wedgwood
Located in Melbourne, Victoria
Showing Venus and Cupid at the forge, while Vulcan forges armour for her other son, Aeneas.
In Roman mythology, the story of Vulcan forging armor for Aeneas is a significant episode...
Category
Mid-19th Century Neoclassical Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Stoneware
A Reclaimed Marble Mosaic Wall Plaque
Located in Wormelow, Herefordshire
This plaque was salvaged from a property in Bristol. The Latin translates as 'In Honour of Saint Philomena'
Category
Early 20th Century Victorian English Wall Decorations
Materials
Marble
Michael Kenna 'Trees-Richmond-Surrey-England', 1975
By Michael Kenna 1
Located in Hamilton, Ontario
Michael Kenna (American/British, born 1953)
Title: Trees-Richmond-Surrey-England, 1975
Medium: Selenium tone gelatin silver print.
Artist signed and dated in pencil. No. 43 of 90. Print Date: 1981.
Sheet size: 6.6" x 8.5"
Frame size: 16.75" x 20.75"
Biography:
Michael Kenna is a photographer who was born in Widnes, England, and is best known for his photographs of black-and-white landscapes. In his early years of education, he attended the Banbury School of Art, where he took up studies in painting and photography. He later became a student at the London College of Printing, where he began working as an artist and a photographer. Kenna is one of five children born to Irish-Catholic parents. Before discovering his passion for art, he aspired to enter the priesthood because of his Irish-Catholic background. Kenna moved to San Francisco in 1977.
The photographer took his first trip to Japan in 1987, and he was deeply impressed by the terrain of the country. Over the years, Kenna has visited and photographed almost every part of Japan. These visits spawned the book Japan, which featured more than 95 photographs of the country. This book is one of 18 published works by Kenna. Some of his other photography collections includeMont-Saint-Michel, Montecito Garden, Hokkaido, The Rouge, and The Hound of the Baskervilles...
Category
20th Century English Wall Decorations
Large Scale Joe Tilson, 'Apollo Pythion' 1990, Signed & Dated in Pencil
By Joe Tilson
Located in London, GB
Joe Tilson (British, born 1928), 'Apollo Pythion' 1990. Signed and dated in by the artist in pencil. Artist's proof.
Screen print and mixed media, hand embellished by the artist.
...
Category
Late 20th Century Modern English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Oliver Rhys (1854-1907), Painting 'A Cool Corner', England 1800s
By Oliver Rhys
Located in PARIS, FR
Superb oil painting by Oliver Rhys (1854-1907), signed and titled 'A Cool Corner'. Representation of two children sitting on a ledge with a Mediterranean backdrop.
Excellent conditi...
Category
19th Century Romantic Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paint
Gold Leaf Foil Pictorial Plan Map of the West Country of England Antique Style
Located in West Sussex, Pulborough
We are delighted to offer for sale this lovely Antique style pictorial plan map of the West Country of England etched in gold leaf foil
This is a very interesting and decorative p...
Category
20th Century Adam Style English Wall Decorations
Materials
Gold Leaf
Vintage English Engraving Print after Richard Barrett Davis / Engraved F Bromley
Located in Chicago, IL
Vintage English Engraving Print after Richard Barrett Davis / Engraved F Bromley
Removed from frame. Condition of print is quite nice outside of the wavering of the paper. The color...
Category
20th Century English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
20th Century Oil on Canvas Painting Entitled "Woodcock" by Colin Burns
Located in London, GB
Very fine Mid 20th Century oil on canvas painting of a resting Woodcock with good naturalistic colour, signed Colin Burns to lower right. Framed in original wooden veneered frame wit...
Category
20th Century English Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas
Pair of Georgian Silk Handstitched Oval Panels
Located in Basildon, GB
Pair of Georgian Silk Handstitched Oval Panels, circa 1800, one depicting a seated boy holding a bird, the other a girl with a lamb. Both in aged gold gi...
Category
1790s Georgian Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Silk
Cutter Sailing Lighthouse Spirit of Alfred Wallis
Located in BUNGAY, SUFFOLK
Cutter in full sail with one man visible on board riding a wave past a lighthouse
Oil on cardboard
Characterful naive picture in the spirit of Alfred Wallis...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern English Wall Decorations
Materials
Other
Big Framed Jasper Medallion, Clio by Bert Bentley, Wedgwood, circa 1925
By Wedgwood
Located in Melbourne, Victoria
Unusually large and fine example of the work of the well-known decorator Bert Bentley. Clio, the muse of History, is reproduced with the exceptional quality that has made his work so desirable.
Clio is the Greek muse...
Category
Early 20th Century Neoclassical Revival English Wall Decorations
Materials
Stoneware
Large Abstract Painting
Located in Gloucestershire, GB
Huge abstract oil on canvas, laid on board. Dark, atmospheric palette of interlocking geometric shapes. In its original polished metal frame. English, circa 1960s.
Category
20th Century Modern English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paint
‘Tea at the Vicarage’ by Margaret Dovaston, Dated 1952
By Margaret Dovaston
Located in Lymington, Hampshire
‘Tea at the Vicarage’ by Margaret Dovaston, dated 1952, an oil painting showing four gentlemen having an earnest conversation over a cup of tea on a terrace outside a cottage garden, Margaret Dovaston, dated 1952. English.
Margaret Isabel Dovaston (1884 – 1954) was a British artist who became particularly well known for her historical genre scenes, often depicting groups in Georgian costume. In the course of her education, she was taught by Thomas William Cole at the Ealing School of Art and Arthur Stockdale Cope at the South Kensington School of Art. Her crowning achievement was winning a five-year scholarship the to the Royal Academy Schools (1903-1908) where she won many medals. She exhibited at the Royal Academy (1908 and 1910) and helped set up The Ealing Art...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paint
Early 20th C Oil Portrait Maori Chief Kewene Te Haho manner of Vera Cummings
Located in Lowestoft, GB
A oil on canvas half length portrait of Maori Chief Kewene Te Haho, after the antique by Gottfried Lindauer that's housed in the Auckland Museum.
Housed in its original glazed green...
Category
Early 20th Century English Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas, Pine
"Mother" by Gordon Cheung
By Gordon Cheung
Located in Atlanta, GA
Artwork by Gordon Cheung, Mother, 2009, Laser pyrography, vaporised stock listings on plywood, 21 x 17 x 2cm
The laser pyrographic etchings are layered with financial newspaper be...
Category
Early 2000s English Wall Decorations
Materials
Wood
Nicholas Monro, "Born" Signed
By Nicholas Monro
Located in Hudson, NY
British pop art sculptor, print-maker and teacher, Nicholas Monro, completed this work in 1970. Titled "Born," it is one of several Monro signed sil...
Category
Late 20th Century Post-Modern English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
"The Bicester & Warden Hill" by Frank Stewart, Vintage Signed Print, 1935
By Frank Algernon Stewart
Located in Colorado Springs, CO
Presented is an original fox hunting print signed by the artist, Frank Algernon Stewart (1877-1945). This print depicts one of England’s most famous fox hunting events, the Bicester and Warden Hill Hunt. The scene depicts six men on horseback galloping across a field in mid-hunt. All coloring is still intact, with lush green fields and bright riders’ jackets. As evidenced here, Stewart’s renderings of horseback hunts are some of the most celebrated and collected in the world.
The beginnings of the Bicester Hunt started around the 1790s when John Warde Esq. bought a set of hounds and hunted in the Bicester area, with the main kennels located at Bainton. He hunted for 18 seasons. The first master of the Bicester Hunt was Sir Thomas Mostyn...
Category
1930s Vintage English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Rare Pair of Hunting Prints the Death & the Chase 1819 T Sutherland Sculpt
Located in West Sussex, Pulborough
We are delighted to offer for sale this lovely pair of rare hunting prints titled The Death and The Chase by T Sutherland Sculpt dated 1819
A very good looking and decorative pair...
Category
1810s Regency Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas, Wood
British School "Mountain Landscape", Watercolor, Framed, Unsigned, 19th Century
Located in Savannah, GA
19th century British School "Mountain Landscape", watercolor, framed, unsigned, inscribed in pencil: verso, illegibly.
Category
19th Century Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Watercolor signed by the 4th Earl of Aylesford (1751-1812)
Located in Kittery Point, ME
Inside of Church situated as St John’s Chester, Chancel (lower right).
At lower left, "Painted by Aylesfod".
Heneage Finch, 4th Earl of Aylesford, was a known watercolo...
At lower left, "Painted by Aylesfod".
Heneage Finch, 4th Earl of Aylesford, was a known watercolo...
Category
19th Century Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Antique English Minton Porcelain Painting in Frame Signed F.N. Sutton Circa 1880
Located in New Orleans, LA
Antique English Minton Porcelain Painting Signed "F.N. Sutton," Circa 1880-1890.
This porcelain is after the famous 18th century portrait painter Thomas Gainsborough. The porcelain ...
Category
Late 19th Century Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Porcelain
19th Century Pair of Coalport Cabinet Plates Attributed to Thomas Dickson
Located in Central England, GB
A Fine Pair of Coalport Cabinet Plates Attributed to Thomas Dickson
This superb pair of Coalport cabinet plates have white centres which are delicately hand-painted with flowers a...
Category
19th Century Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Porcelain
English Hand-Colored Armorial Engravings Set of Four
Located in New York, NY
Heraldry crests emblazoned with red, blue, and pale colors.
Hand-colored in watercolor.
Striking style and impressive detail.
Beautifully framed.
Titles of each engraving:
Earl of C...
Category
Late 18th Century Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Giltwood
Pair of 19th Century English Minton Framed Painted Ceramic Wall Plaques
By Minton
Located in Dallas, TX
Crafted in England circa 1880, and set in the original carved oak frames, each plaque is hand painted and stamped on the back Minton, London, England. Each porcelain, signed by the a...
Category
Late 19th Century Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Ceramic, Oak
"Ship Entering the Canal" by Dutch Artist Cossaar
By Jacobus Cornelis Wyand Cossaar
Located in Dallas, TX
"Ship Entering the Canal" / Boating on the Thames by Dutch painter Cossaar (1874-1966), signed lower left, in tones typical of a grey day, realistically depicted with an impressionis...
Category
Early 20th Century English Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas
Abstract Painting by John Taylor, England, Contemporary
Located in New York, NY
Abstract painting using acrylic on paper by
contemporary British Artist John Taylor.
Framed in a vintage frame.
Signed by the artist.
From a collection of four pieces.
John Tay...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary English Wall Decorations
Materials
Acrylic, Paper
English Hand Colored Lithograph by Wm Heath A Sketch of the Row in Parliment St.
Located in Savannah, GA
Titled " A Sketch of the Row in Parliment Street," this hand colored print was published in London by Thomas McLean, circa approximately 1830. Drawn by William Heath (1795 to 1840)...
Category
1830s Early Victorian Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Watercolor signed by the Reverend James Bourne (1773-1854)
Located in Kittery Point, ME
St Clair, Isles of Wight (as situated at back of drawing).
James Bourne was a known landscape artist specialized in watercolors who exposed his works at the Royal Academy in the earl...
Category
19th Century Antique English Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Read More
Whether Painted or Papered, Muraled Walls Make Bold Statements in the Home
The ancient practice of covering walls in artistic scenery is back.
In Francks Deceus’s ‘Mumbo Jumbo #5,’ the Black Experience Is . . . Complicated
Despite the obstacles, the piece’s protagonist navigates the chaos without losing his humanity.
12 Floral-Accented Rooms with a Handmade, Folkloric Feel
Who needs a flower garden? Just use your imagination — and some beautifully patterned wallpaper or fabric — to bring the outdoors in.
This Wolf Kahn Pastel Is the Epitome of Beauty at Its Most Essential
A longtime admirer of Kahn’s work, 1stDibs editorial director Anthony Barzilay Freund explores why it’s relevant now more than ever.
Why Jules Chéret Was the King of the Modern Poster
The streets of fin-de-siècle Paris were set aglow with colorful poster ads, thanks to the printing techniques invented by Jules Chéret. Now, the Milwaukee Art Museum is celebrating this undersung talent in America's first solo show dedicated his exuberant works.
Anna Condo’s Multifaceted Career Spans Film, Photography and NFTs
From her historic Manhattan townhouse, the talented creator and curator of 1stDibs' latest NFT exhibition tells us about the art in her home and how she got involved with cryptoart.
How Keith Rivers Went from NFL Linebacker to Blue-Chip Art Aficionado
The former football player is as serious about becoming a great contemporary-art patron as he once was about making tackles. Here, Rivers tells us how he got the collecting bug and how his tastes have evolved over the years.
More Than Ever, the Female Design Council Is Embracing Funked-Up Creativity
The organization's "Womxn’s History Month" collection celebrates female-identified creators pushing the boundaries of technique and material.