Bay Area - Wall Decorations
to
166
42,217
30,400
793
51
23
Height
to
Width
to
139
127
27
18
17
14
11
5
4
2
1
1
1
1
60
114
619
74
92
281
151
6
2
5
8
3
15
40
57
28
11
402
260
248
170
127
426
394
241
84
77
867
862
865
11
9
9
9
7
Item Ships From: Bay Area
Early 20th Century Postcard with Framed Photograph of Geronimo Postmarked 1911
Located in San Francisco, CA
A postcard depicting the aging Native American chief Geronimo titled "Geronimo The Greatest Indian Chief as a US Prisoner" Copyright 1909 by W.H. Martin. Published by the North American Postcard Company Kansas City. The postcard is postmarked for May 22...
Category
Early 20th Century American Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Opaline Glass, Paper
Acrylic on Canvas Abstract Painting by Susan Morosky 'Neon Day Field 3'
Located in San Francisco, CA
Susan's energetic, colorful abstract contemporary paintings are based on her study of nature - from flowing water to rolling meadows; her use of thick brush strokes while adding and ...
Category
2010s American Expressionist Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Acrylic
Large Custom Floating Steel and Glass Shelf c. 2014
Located in San Francisco, CA
ABOUT
Original custom large steel and glass shelf designed to float against the wall. Modern and minimal design. Outer rectangular steel frame supporting four large shelves. The pie...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary American Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Steel
18th Century Botanical Seaweed Print from Natural Curiosities
By Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, Claude Aubriet
Located in Rio Vista, CA
Stunning 18th century colored botanical study print after Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (French 1656-1708) of Fucus algae seaweed sourced from "Elements de Botanique", printed in 1797....
Category
20th Century American Victorian Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Plexiglass, Wood, Paper
Four Vintage Educational Ford Motor Company Posters; Research & Information Dept
Located in San Francisco, CA
hard to find collection of four 1950's educational posters from the Research and Information Department at the Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan; each ...
Category
1950s American Mid-Century Modern Vintage Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Vintage City Athletic Club Poster, The Castro, San Francisco c.1981
Located in San Francisco, CA
ABOUT
An original large vintage poster from the former gay City Athletic Club gym located in the Castro, San Francisco.
CREATOR Photo by Fisher Ross.
DATE OF MANUFACTURE c...
Category
Late 20th Century American Sporting Art Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Renzo Vespignani, Sailboats on Shore, Limited Edition Lithograph, Signed 1960
Located in San Francisco, CA
ABOUT
Renzo Vespignani lithograph on paper of sailboats on shore. The piece is signed in pencil by artist, dated 1960, and is a limited edition 54/100. Vespignani was an Italian pai...
Category
Mid-20th Century Italian Mid-Century Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
19th Century "The Old Church" Original Oil Painting by R. Davenport
Located in San Francisco, CA
19th century oil on canvas signed R. Davenport.
A stately red brick church in a country town setting.
Oil on canvas dimensions 23 inches wide x 35 1/2 inches high.
Frame ...
Category
Late 19th Century American Antique Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas
Midcentury Etching With Aquatint, Titled, Great Glen, Signed, Artist Proof
Located in San Francisco, CA
ABOUT
A midcentury etching with color aquatint on wove paper entitled Great Glen that depicts an abstract meadow. Signed in pencil by artist, marked AP (artist proof) with title, "G...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Figurative Painting by Jean Halport-Ryder California
Located in Fulton, CA
1960's Figurative painting on canvas by San Francisco, California artist Jean Halport-Ryder. Artist titles "The Promenade". Signed lower left. Dated April 1961.
JEAN HALPORT-RYDE...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Paint
Ruth Leaf, Self Portrait, Embossed, Limited Edition Etching 12/25 Signed
By Ruth Leaf
Located in San Francisco, CA
ABOUT
Ruth Leaf, Self Portrait, signed and numbered in pencil, 12/25, embossed etching and aquatint on wove paper.
CREATOR RUTH LEAF(1923-2015).
DATE OF MANUFACTURE c.1940-...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
New York City Opera Costume Design Painting by Jose Varona
Located in San Mateo, CA
Final costume design drawing by Jose Varona for the New York City Opera's 1967 production of Le Coq d'Or (The Golden Cockerel). This design is for the title character. The drawing is ink, watercolor and gouache. Two other designs for this opera are in the collection of the McNay Museum in San Antonio, TX. Sight measurement is 19 1/4 x 14 1/8 inches.
Jose Varona American was born 1930 in Argentina. He began his art career in the 1950's and later became a renowned international costume designer mostly with opera and dance productions. He moved the the United States in 1962. He designed costumes for Beverly Sills, Joan Sutherland...
Category
1960s American Vintage Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paint, Paper
"At the Gates of Pinehurst" Original Oil Painting by Mansfield, circa 1885
Located in San Francisco, CA
At the Gates of Pinehurst original oil painting by Mansfield, circa 1885
Beautiful original oil painting of a family in horse-drawn carriage approaching the gates of Pinehurst est...
Category
Late 19th Century American Antique Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas
American Landscape Oil Painting "Youngsville, New York" by Mystery Artist
Located in San Francisco, CA
American landscape oil painting "Youngsville, New York" by Mystery Artist, circa 1925
A beautiful antique oil painting of a young woman with cattle n...
Category
Early 20th Century American Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Wood
Chinese Watercolor Winter Scene Mei Sheng 15" x 53"H
Located in San Francisco, CA
Chinese Watercolor Winter Scene Mei Sheng
15" x 53"H
Category
20th Century Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Fabric, Paper
Tom Phillips, 11 Elements of Violence, Screenprint, Edition 17/50, Signed
By Tom Phillips
Located in San Francisco, CA
ABOUT
Tom Philips, 11 Elements of Violence, 1977, signed and numbered in pencil, 17/50, screenprint. Unframed.
CREATOR Tom Philips 1937-2022.
DATE OF MANUFACTURE c.1977.
...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
20th Century Tuareg Wedding Tapestry from Niger, Africa
Located in Point Richmond, CA
Offered by Andres Moraga
Wedding blanket or tent hanging, "Arkilla Jenngo"
Woven by Fulani weavers for a Tuareg noble family
First half 20th century
Inland Delta Region, Niger or Mal...
Category
Mid-20th Century Nigerien Tribal Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Wool, Cotton
Frederick Smallfield, ARWS Watercolor Titled "Waiting"
Located in San Francisco, CA
An intriguing and well-painted watercolor, gouache and graphite on paper depicting a cavalier with a dagger, lying in wait, signed and dated lower left "F. Smallfield 1862", titled l...
Category
1860s English Victorian Antique Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Walnut, Paint, Paper
R.B. Kitaj, Portrait, 13/70 Color Silkscreen 1970-1974
By Ronald Brooks Kitaj
Located in San Francisco, CA
ABOUT
R.B. Kitaj, Portrait, Edition of 70, Color silkscreen. Signed and numbered 13/70 in pencil upper right. Unframed.
CREATOR R.B. Kitaj, United Kingdom and USA.
DATE O...
Category
Mid-20th Century British Folk Art Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Coronation by Jill Davenport Oil on Canvas, 1986
Located in Rio Vista, CA
Festive oil on canvas painting titled coronation by Jill Davenport (American 20th Century) features a blue gown with a red sash on a stand. Signed and d...
Category
20th Century American Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Wood, Canvas
Francisco (Frank) Rebajes Hand Wrought copper Comedy Tragedy mask wall hangings
By Francisco Rebajes
Located in Walnut Creek, CA
Rare pair of New York modernist Francisco (Frank) Rebajes hand wrought copper comedy and tragedy mask wall sculptures. Each mask is 11" tall by 10 1/2" wide. They are in nice vintag...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Copper
Symbolic Abstract Painting by Peter Lowe
Located in Fulton, CA
Late 20th century abstract oil painting depicting a bird by California artist Peter Lowe. Highly textured painting on canvas. Mounted in original painted wood rustic frame. Signed & ...
Category
1980s American Vintage Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas, Wood
Vintage Nude Oil on Canvas Painting by Savignol, circa 1930
By Savignol
Located in Napa, CA
Oil on canvas painting depicting a seated nude woman with red hair. Areas of unfinished canvas; signed by Savignol. Please see images for condition details.
Category
1930s Vintage Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas
Cytherea Peony by Michael Zeppetello
By Michael Zeppetello
Located in San Francisco, CA
Cytherea Peony by Michael Zeppetello
A photograph of a Cytherea Peony by Michael Zeppetello in a custom wood frame lacquered white with 5 ply rag mat.
Photographed on Fujifilm Fuji...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary American Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
19th Century Oil Painting of a Young Family in a Park
Located in San Francisco, CA
Late 19th century oil painting of a young family in a park
Fine antique oil painting of a young family drinking water from a fountain in a park.
Original oil on canvas. Dimensi...
Category
Late 19th Century American Antique Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas
Impressionist Landscape Painting, Signed Shreve 1923
Located in San Francisco, CA
Impressionistic landscape painting, oil on canvas, mounted in a wood and parcel gilt frame. Signed lower right Shreve, and dated 1923. Possibly Catherine Shock Shreve, (1900-2000).
Category
Early 20th Century American Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas
Emiel Hansen 'Denmark' Figures on a Cloudy Day Original Oil Painting, circa 1930
Located in San Francisco, CA
Emiel Hansen (Denmark) figures on a cloudy day original oil painting circa 1930
Brilliant 1930s original oil painting by listed artist Emiel Hansen.
...
Category
Early 20th Century Danish Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas
Antoni Tàpies Abstract Black & Red c1970s
By Antoni Tàpies
Located in Oakland, CA
Fantastic black and red abstract lithograph on paper beautifully framed in a shadow bow frame with museum glass. Hand signed and numbered.
Antoni Tàpies was born on December 13, 19...
Category
1970s Spanish Modern Vintage Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Art Glass, Wood, Paper
Ted Schuyler 40's Female Figure Oil Painting
Located in Fulton, CA
An original oil on canvas painting of a female figure wearing a stylized ladies hat. Painted by Theodore Roosevelt Schuyler (1904-1990) Trinidad, Colorado. Retains original frame. Canvas only measures 20"H 24"W.
Ted Schuyler:
Ted Schuyler was born in Trinidad, Colorado on November 2, 1904, which was the day Teddy Roosevelt was elected President, hence the name. Ted was the son of John and Frances Schuyler, and had five brothers and two sisters. He attended the Art Institute of Chicago in the late 1920's, as well as having some art education in New York. He met his wife, Lee Clarke...
Category
Mid-20th Century American American Classical Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Paint
Tom Phillips, Ein Deutsches Requiem After Brahms, Screenprint, Limited Edition 9
By Tom Phillips
Located in San Francisco, CA
ABOUT
Tom Phillips, Ein Deutsches Requiem, Screenprint, Limited Edition 9/20, Signed, 1972, Unframed.
CREATOR Tom Philips 1937-2022.
DATE OF MANUFACTURE c.1972.
MATERI...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Portrait Painting of Young Girl by Dana Coomans
Located in San Francisco, CA
Portrait Painting of Young Girl by Dana Coomans
40.25 x 26.25
Category
20th Century Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paint
Fred Lundy CA Great Depression Cartoon Illustration, circa 1938
Located in San Francisco, CA
Rare original cartoon illustration by listed American cartoonist Fred Lundy.
Fred Ralph Lundy (1902-1989) studied art at the University of Oregon before moving to California in 1924. Following further study at the CCAC, he was an artist with the Oakland Tribune from 1935-1935 and an editorial cartoonist for the San Francisco Examiner from 1935 until retirement in 1976. His cartoons appeared in Saturday Evening Post, Colliers, Esquire, New Yorker, and other national magazines. He died in Daly City...
Category
Early 20th Century American Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Des Souris Et Des Hommes "Of Mice & Men" Steinbeck, French Movie Poster
Located in San Francisco, CA
Des Souris Et Des Hommes "Of Mice & Men" Steinbeck, French Movie poster, circa 1949
Classic film starring Lon Cheney Jr and Burgess Meredith.
This large scale French movie post...
Category
Mid-20th Century French Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Hand-Colored 18th Century Homann Map of Denmark and Islands in the Baltic Sea
By Johann Baptist Homann
Located in Alamo, CA
An 18th century copper plate hand-colored map entitled "Insulae Danicae in Mari Balthico Sitae utpote Zeelandia, Fionia, Langelandia, Lalandia, Falstria, Fembria Mona" created by Joh...
Category
Early 18th Century German Antique Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Pair of Etchings by Peter Max V3 X and XI
By Peter Max
Located in Rio Vista, CA
Fantastic pair of rare framed etchings by Peter Max (American b. 1937) V3 X and XI. In the manner of Picasso each color pencil signed lower ce...
Category
20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Linen, Plexiglass, Giltwood, Paper
Large Mid-Century Nude Figural Painting, California Artist Signed Ladin
Located in San Francisco, CA
Large impressive painting of nude figures. Oil on canvas, recently framed, signed Ladin (California Bay Area artist).
American, mid-20th century.
...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas, Paint
Leonard Thorpe "Nelson's Column" Original Oil Painting, circa 1960
Located in San Francisco, CA
Leonard Thorpe "Nelson's Column" original oil painting, circa 1960
Nelson's Column is a monument in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, Centra...
Category
Mid-20th Century English Mid-Century Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas
Signed Rick Chapman Photographs, 1996
Located in San Francisco, CA
ABOUT
Black and white photographs. Signed WEB #1 San Francisco, CA 2/40 and WEB #2 San Francisco, CA 2/40, 1996.
Sold as a pair only.
CREATOR Rick Chapman (American, b. 1966....
Category
Late 20th Century American Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Tom Phillips, Six Pieces Opus X, Screenprint, Limited Editions, Signed, 1968
By Tom Phillips
Located in San Francisco, CA
ABOUT
Two prints are available. Price per piece. Editions: 136/150 and 150/150.
Tom Philips, Six Pieces Opus X, 1968, signed and numbered in pencil, screenprint. Unframed.
C...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
American 19th c. Oil Portrait of a Gentleman, c.1800s
Located in San Francisco, CA
ABOUT
A 19th century oil portrait on canvas of a gentleman. Unsigned.
CREATOR Unknown.
DATE OF MANUFACTURE c.1800s.
MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES Oil on Canvas. Unframed.
...
Category
19th Century Victorian Antique Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Wood, Paint
Antique Medical Class Anatomy Scroll of a Pelvis c.1920-1940
Located in San Francisco, CA
ABOUT
An antique scroll of a foot used in a medical teaching classroom mounted a thick dowels. Original writing on the back.
CREATOR Rys. J. Fuschowis.
DATE OF MANUFACTURE...
Category
Early 20th Century American Industrial Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Paint
William Norris Dakin California School of Fine Art Painting
By William Norris Dakin
Located in Fulton, CA
1950s painting depicting the California School of Fine Art in San Francisco in 1953. Dakin was a student of this school. Notice California Art Tile...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Post-Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paint
Herman Volz Lithograph 3 Figures
By Herman Roderick Volz 1
Located in Fulton, CA
Black and white lithograph by Herman Roderick Volz of 3 standing figures, Circa 1960's. Pencil signed. Unframed.
Works held: National Gallery of Art. Crystal Bridges Museum of Art...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
West Africa Entitled "Guinea Propria": An 18th Century Hand Colored Homann Map
By Johann Baptist Homann
Located in Alamo, CA
This is a scarce richly hand colored copper plate engraved map of Africa entitled "Guinea Propria, nec non Nigritiae vel Terrae Nigrorum Maxima Pars" by Johann Baptist Homann (1664-1...
Category
Mid-18th Century German Antique Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
City View of Nuremberg, Germany: An 18th Century Hand-Colored Map by M. Seutter
By Matthew Seutter
Located in Alamo, CA
An 18th century hand-colored city view of Nuremburg, Germany entitled "Geometrischer Grundris der des Heiligen Römischen Reichs Freyen Stadt Nürnberg" by Matthaus Seutter from his "A...
Category
Mid-18th Century German Antique Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Green Olds 442 Muscle Car Original Americana Watercolor
Located in Rio Vista, CA
The magnificent 1972 Oldsmobile 442 convertible green muscle car. Striking Americana painting to commemorate the last Olds 442 American muscle car era in a ...
Category
20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Metal
"Provincetown Dock", Watercolor Painting, Framed, Marston Dean Hodgin, US
Located in San Francisco, CA
Marston Dean Hodgin, 1902-2003, was born in the mid-west and is best known as a painter and art teacher from the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts. He painted both watercolors and oil...
Category
Mid-20th Century North American Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paint, Paper
Ernest Augustus Native American Bronze Signed and Dated 1982 Numbered 5 of 50
Located in San Francisco, CA
Ernest Augustus Native American Bronze Signed and Dated 1982
Numbered 5 of 50
26"H x 20"W x 2"D
Category
1980s Vintage Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Bronze
Antique Medical Class Anatomy Scroll of Foot c.1920-1940
Located in San Francisco, CA
ABOUT
This piece can be rolled and shipped parcel. Please contact us for a shipping quote:
S16 Home San Francisco.
An antique scroll of a foot used in a medical teaching classroo...
Category
Early 20th Century American Industrial Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Paint
Large Landscape Painting by California San Francisco Artist Peter Ilyin
Located in San Francisco, CA
Large nocturnal winter landscape painting by California artist Peter ILYIN.
Framed oil on canvas titled 'First Snow'. This painting hung in the Bohemian Club in San Francisco, and r...
Category
Early 20th Century Mexican Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas
Set of Ten Qing Style Porcelain Plates after Lang Shining
Located in Rio Vista, CA
Magnificent set of ten hand painted enameled porcelain plates made in the Qianlong period style after Lang Shining (July 1688-July 1766 Italian). Born in Milano, Italy Giuseppe Castiglione...
Category
20th Century Chinese Qing Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Brass
Mammoth Antique Plate Albumen Photograph, Framed, Roman Coliseum, 19th Century
Located in San Francisco, CA
This large Antique Albumen Photograph, Framed, Roman Coliseum, 19th Century is quite incredible and would be a fascinating historical artifact. Albumen prints were a popular photogra...
Category
1870s Italian Antique Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Wood, Paper
Watercolor on Paper 'Northwind, Bodega Bay, California' by Michael Dunlavey
Located in San Francisco, CA
From the artist: Old fishing boats have always fascinated me. Those on the verge of falling apart, and sinking into the sea seem to call me, and I cannot pass one by without shooting...
Category
2010s American Other Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
South America: Hand-colored 18th Century Framed Map by Thomas Jefferys
By Thomas Jefferys
Located in Alamo, CA
This detailed hand-colored map of South America by Thomas Jefferys was published in London in 1750. The map shows countries, early colonial possessions, towns, rivers, mountains, and...
Category
Mid-18th Century English Antique Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Paper
Max Luber (Munich 1879-1950) Floral Still Life; Oil on Canvas
Located in San Francisco, CA
the lushly painted still life depicting a woven basket full of finely painted bearded irises, parrot tulips, hydrangeas and peonies with discreetly painted bees and a snail; all rest...
Category
Early 1900s German Rococo Revival Antique Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Canvas
Painting of Woman on Chair, Oil on Panel, Unframed, Artist Unknown, US
Located in San Francisco, CA
Sweet painting of a woman sitting on a chair, oil on woodpanel, unframed. Found art. Perfect contemplative portrait to place in a bath, boudoir or vanity or wherever you design leads...
Category
20th Century North American Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Wood, Paint
Cliff Astin British folk artist painting circa 1971
Located in San Francisco, CA
Cliff Astin British folk artist painting
circa 1971
Oil on masonite
Memories of Burnley
Category
1970s Vintage Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Masonite
Mixed-Media and Resin Collage by Rex Ray
By Rex Ray
Located in San Francisco, CA
A mixed media and resin collage by Rex Ray, signed by the artist.
USA, 2007.
Category
21st Century and Contemporary American Modern Bay Area - Wall Decorations
Materials
Resin, Wood, Paper
Read More
Whether Painted or Papered, Muraled Walls Make Bold Statements in the Home
The ancient practice of covering walls in artistic scenery is back.
In Francks Deceus’s ‘Mumbo Jumbo #5,’ the Black Experience Is . . . Complicated
Despite the obstacles, the piece’s protagonist navigates the chaos without losing his humanity.
12 Floral-Accented Rooms with a Handmade, Folkloric Feel
Who needs a flower garden? Just use your imagination — and some beautifully patterned wallpaper or fabric — to bring the outdoors in.
This Wolf Kahn Pastel Is the Epitome of Beauty at Its Most Essential
A longtime admirer of Kahn’s work, 1stDibs editorial director Anthony Barzilay Freund explores why it’s relevant now more than ever.
Why Jules Chéret Was the King of the Modern Poster
The streets of fin-de-siècle Paris were set aglow with colorful poster ads, thanks to the printing techniques invented by Jules Chéret. Now, the Milwaukee Art Museum is celebrating this undersung talent in America's first solo show dedicated his exuberant works.
Anna Condo’s Multifaceted Career Spans Film, Photography and NFTs
From her historic Manhattan townhouse, the talented creator and curator of 1stDibs' latest NFT exhibition tells us about the art in her home and how she got involved with cryptoart.
How Keith Rivers Went from NFL Linebacker to Blue-Chip Art Aficionado
The former football player is as serious about becoming a great contemporary-art patron as he once was about making tackles. Here, Rivers tells us how he got the collecting bug and how his tastes have evolved over the years.
More Than Ever, the Female Design Council Is Embracing Funked-Up Creativity
The organization's "Womxn’s History Month" collection celebrates female-identified creators pushing the boundaries of technique and material.