1880s Photography
to
65
73
47
1
2
1
Overall Width
to
Overall Height
to
20
483
34,948
55,320
20
60
298
996
715
6,033
7,001
5,850
4,571
3,567
10
9
9
1
102
21
1
89
29
23
20
19
19
19
18
17
15
15
14
12
11
11
10
9
8
8
8
111
106
8
8
7
39
2
2
1
1
3
64
53
45
Period: 1880s
Ancient View of the Port of Ensenada Mexico - Original Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient View of the Port of Ensenada is a silver salt photograph realized by unknown photographer of the end of 19th Century.
Very good condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Ca...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$268 Sale Price
25% Off
Sammy - Signed limited edition landscape print, Black white, Contemporary
Located in Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona
An original signed archival pigment print on Hahnemühle Photo Rag® Baryta 315 gsm paper by Scottish artist Ian Sanderson (1951- 2020) titled ‘ Sammy ‘ from 1984.
A man takes his dog ...
Category
Contemporary 1880s Photography
Materials
Archival Ink, Archival Paper, Photographic Paper, Black and White, Giclé...
Princess Victoria and Prince Gustaf of Sweden - Ancient Photo - 1881
Located in Roma, IT
Princess Victoria and Prince Gustaf of Sweden is a photographic reinforced albumen print applied on cardboard.
Print of photographic studio on front and back of cardboard: "Thschuhmann & Sohn Karlsruhe ".
Slight abrasion on corners, otherwise excellent conditions.
Dim: cm 17 x 11
In the full-length portrait, Victoria and Gustaf of Sweden show the wedding rings in an informal pose.
The photograph was taken in Karlsruhe, the wedding venue of the two future royals of Sweden...
Category
Modern 1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
$357 Sale Price
25% Off
Jumping A Hurdle (1886) - Silver Gelatin Fibre Print
Located in London, GB
Jumping A Hurdle (1886) - Silver Gelatin Fibre Print
(Photo by Eadweard J. Muybridge/George Eastman Museum/Getty Images).
Jumping a hurdle; saddle; bay horse, Daisy, between 1884 a...
Category
Modern 1880s Photography
Materials
Black and White, Silver Gelatin
View of Honganji Temple in Kyoto - Ancient Hand-Colored Albumen Print 1870/1890
Located in Roma, IT
View of Honganji Temple in Kyoto is an hand-inked Albumen print with aniline applied on hardcover.
Very good conditions. Cardboard cm 26 x 34; Print cm 22x 27
Yokohama School print...
Category
Modern 1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
Animal Locomotion, Plate 531, Nude Collotype by Eadward Muybridge, 1887
Located in Long Island City, NY
Artist: Eadweard Muybridge, British/American (1830 - 1904)
Title: Animal Locomotion, plate 531
Year: 1887
Medium: Collotype
Image Size: 8.5 x 13 inches
Frame Size: 20 x 24 inches
Category
Naturalistic 1880s Photography
Materials
Black and White
Ancient Views of Guatemala City - Photos - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of Guatemala City is a set of two original albumen prints made in 1880s.
Prints in very good condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian ink hand-wri...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$402 Sale Price
25% Off
Gheishas During a Feast - Ancient Hand-Colored Albumen Print 1870/1890
Located in Roma, IT
Gheishas During a Feast is an hand-inked Albumin print with aniline applied on hardcover.
Very good conditions, there is a tear on the upper left margin with old restoration that do...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
$518 Sale Price
25% Off
Human and Animal Locomotion. Plate 769.
Located in New York, NY
Human and Animal Locomotion. Plate 769.
American eagle; flying.
14 x 20 inch original vintage collotype print from 1887
Image size 6 5/8 x 17 1/4 inches
Muybridge copyright imprint ...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
Repose - Signed limited edition Figurative pigment print, Contemporary, Sensual
By Geoff Halpin
Located in Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona
Repose - Signed limited edition archival pigment print - Edition of 5
London 1985
This image was captured on film.
The negative was scanned creating a digital file which was ...
Category
Contemporary 1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Film, Archival Paper, Black and White, Giclée, Pigment, Arc...
Human and Animal Locomotion. Plate 631.
Located in New York, NY
Human and Animal Locomotion. Plate 631.
Gallop; saddle; thoroughbred bay horse Bouquet
14 x 20 inch original vintage collotype print from 1887
Image size 7 x 16 inches
Muybridge copy...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
The Church S. Restituita, Naples, Vintage photo by Fratelli Alinari - 1886 ca
By Fratelli Alinari
Located in Roma, IT
The Church S. Restituita, Naples, Vintage photo is a photo realized in the 1886 ca., by F.lli Alinari.
The photo depicts the Church S. Restituita in Naples, the marble bas-relief w...
Category
Modern 1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
Ancient View of Guatemala City - Original Vintage Photos - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient View of Guatemala is a set of four original albumen prints made realized in 1880s.
Prints in very good condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian ink hand...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$536 Sale Price
25% Off
Human and Animal Locomotion. Plate 646.
Located in New York, NY
Human and Animal Locomotion. Plate 646.
Jumping a hurdle; saddle; rider, 105, nude; gray mare Pandora
14 x 20 inch original vintage collotype print from 1887
Image size 6 1/2 x 17 in...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
Ancient Views of Guatemala City - Original Vintage Photos - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of Guatemala City is a lot of three albumen prints made by unknown photographer in the 1880s.
Prints in excellent condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$402 Sale Price
25% Off
Jerry Hall, New York City 1985
Located in Berlin, DE
Printed in 2011. Signed in pencil; titled, dated, inscribed and with the photographers black copyright stamp, on the verso. Number 10 from a limited edition of 25.
Category
Contemporary 1880s Photography
Materials
Archival Pigment
Human and Animal Locomotion. Plate 733.
Located in New York, NY
Human and Animal Locomotion. Plate 733.
Elephant; walking.
14 x 20 inch original vintage collotype print from 1887 (image size 8.125 x 14.875 inches)
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
"Le Verdon à son entrée dans le lac de Sainte Croix – Coté Canyon" - France
Located in Montfort l’Amaury, FR
"Le Verdon à son entrée dans le lac de Sainte Croix – Coté Canyon", Provence, France
“The Verdon at its entrance to Lake Sainte Croix - Coté Canyon”, Provence, France
Oil on canvas s...
Category
French School 1880s Photography
Materials
Oil
Paris France, Miss Tic, French Woman Artist, Black-and-White Portrait Photograph
Located in New york, NY
French Poet, visual artist, and female figure of street art, graffiti artist Miss Tic (1956 - 2022), a contemporary French woman artist who printed her 'pocho...
Category
Contemporary 1880s Photography
Materials
Digital, Rag Paper, Archival Pigment, Digital Pigment
Ancient Views of Panama City - Vintage Photos - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of Panama City is a set of 2 albumen prints made realized in 1880s.
In excellent condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Itali...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$429 Sale Price
25% Off
The Key - Signed limited edition sensual fine art print, Contemporary photograph
By Geoff Halpin
Located in Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona
The key - Signed limited edition monochrome pigment print - Edition of 5
Brighton, UK, 2002
This image was captured on film.
The negative was scanned creating a digital file which was then printed on Hahnemühle Photo Rag® Baryta 315 gsm (Acid-free and lignin-free paper, Museum quality paper for highest age resistance and a popular alternative to analogue baryta paper) using pigment inks which are known for their longevity.
Signed + numbered by artist with certificate of authenticity
Please note. There are three sizes of this print; each is an edition of five (5) making the total that can be printed as fifteen (15). This will include any custom sizes requested.
Archival pigment print available sizes ( Image size , the white margin is not counted) :
52 x 31 cm / 20,74 x 12,20 in. - Edition of 5
75 x 45 cm / 29,53 x 17,72 in. - Edition of 5
117 x 70 cm / 46,06 x 27,56 in. - Edition of 5
Geoff Halpin...
Category
Contemporary 1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Film, Archival Paper, Black and White, Giclée, Pigment, Arc...
Ancient View of Guatemala City - Original Vintage Photos - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of Guatemala City is a set of two original albumen prints made in 1880s.
Prints in very good condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian ink hand-wri...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$402 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Views of S. Josè di Guatemala - Original Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of S. Josè de Guatemala is a set of two different original albumen prints made by an unknown photographer.
Prints in very condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Ca...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$357 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Views of Panama City - Original Vintage Photos - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of Panama City is a set of 2 original albumen prints realized in 1880s.
They show an ancient view of the Cathedral and, on rear, the Gardens...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$447 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Views of S. Josè, Guatemala - Vintage Photos 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of S. Josè, Guatemala, is a series of two original albumen prints made in 1880s.
Prints in very good condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian ink ...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$340 Sale Price
25% Off
Souvenir of Florence by Giacomo Broggi - Collection of Ancient Photos - 1880s
By Giacomo Brogi
Located in Roma, IT
Ricordo di Firenze by Giacomo Brogi is a photographic album composed of 50 albumen prints, realized with chromatic reinforcement treatment.
Excellent conditions, each black and whit...
Category
Modern 1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
Ancient Views of Montevideo, Uruguay - Original Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Montevideo is a set of two vintage original albumen prints made by unknown photographer in the 1880s.
Prints in very good condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Itali...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$313 Sale Price
25% Off
Human and Animal Locomotion. Plate 510.
Located in New York, NY
Human and Animal Locomotion. Plate 510.
Contortions on the ground.
14 x 20 inch original vintage collotype print from 1887
Image size 7 1/4 x 16 1/2 inches
Muybridge copyright impr...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
Ancient View of Conception - Chile - Original Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient View of Conception is an original albumen print realized in 1880s.
Print in very good condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian hand-written in ink on ha...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$340 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Views of Iquique, Chile - Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of Iquique is a set of two original vintage albumen prints made in 1880s.
Print in very good condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian ink hand-wri...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$313 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient View of Puerto La Unión, El Salvador - Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of Puerto La Unión (El Salvador) is a set of two original albumen prints made by unknown photographer.
Prints in excellent condition, applie...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$313 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient View of Buenos Aires, Argentina - Original Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient View of Buenos Aires is a set of two original vintage albumen prints made by unknown photographer in the 1880s, including the view...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$402 Sale Price
25% Off
Views of Talcahuano, Chile - Original Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Talcahuano is a group of two silver salt prints made by unknown photographer of the end of 19th Century.
They both show the bay of Talcahuano, Chile.
Prints in very condition, appl...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$313 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Views of the Strait of Magellan - Original Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of the Strait of Magellan is a lot of five different prints made by unknown photographer.
Prints in excellent condition, applied on ...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$313 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Landscapes near S. Josè Guatemala - Original Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Landscapes near S. Josè Guatemalais a lot of two different original albumen prints made in the 1880s.
Prints in very good condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption ...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$322 Sale Price
25% Off
Japanese Bath House - Ancient Hand-Colored Albumen Print 1870/1890
Located in Roma, IT
Japanese Bath - House is an hand-inked Albumin print with aniline applied on hardcover.
Very good conditions. Cardboard cm 26 x 34; Print cm 22x 27
Yokoha...
Category
Modern 1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
$447 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Views of Santiago - Chile - Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient views of Santiago - Chile is a set of two albumen prints made in 1880s.
Prints in excellent condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian hand-written in in...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$402 Sale Price
25% Off
Human and Animal Locomotion. Plate 563.
Located in New York, NY
Human and Animal Locomotion. Plate 563.
Hauling; broken leg chain; dark-gray Belgian horse Dusel.
14 x 20 inch original vintage collotype print from 1887
Image size 8 1/4 x 13 7/8 ...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
Japanese Woman Cooking by Shin E Do - Hand-Colored Albumen Print 1870/1890
Located in Roma, IT
Japanese Woman Cooking by Shin E Do is an hand-inked Albumen print with aniline applied on hardcover.
Very good conditions. Cardboard cm 26 x 34; Print ...
Category
Modern 1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
$581 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Views of Panama City - Original Vintage Photos - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of Panama city is a set of of 2 original albumen prints made in 1880s.
Prints in excellent condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian ink hand-written on hardcover under each print.
Prints 17.5 x 23 cm, 16.5 x 21.5 cm, cardboard 26 x 33.5 cm
In the photographs two different views of Panama City, Central Park and Cathedral Square...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$313 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Views of Panama and the District of Colon - Original Vintage Photo
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of Panama and the District of Colon is a set of two different prints made in 1880s
Prints in very good condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian in...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$322 Sale Price
25% Off
MIKE + MECHANICS - Signed limited edition still life fine ar print, Record cover
By Geoff Halpin
Located in Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona
MIKE + MECHANICS - Signed limited edition archival pigment print - Edition of 5
Record cover for Mike + The Mechanics 'Living Years’ 1988
This image was captured on film.
The...
Category
Contemporary 1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Film, Archival Paper, Black and White, Giclée, Pigment, Arc...
Ancient View of Valparaiso Chile - Original Vintage Photos - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of Vaparaiso, Chile, is a set of three albumen prints realized in 1880s.
Prints in very good condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian ink hand-wri...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$447 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Views of Santiago, Chile - Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient View of Santiago, Chile, is a set of two original albumen prints made by unknown photographer.
Prints in excellent condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Ital...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$536 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Customs and Traditions of Guatemala - Original Vintage Photos - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Customs and Traditions of Guatemala is a lot of six albumen prints made by unknown photographer.
Prints in very good condition, applied on a front/rear of a single cardboard...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$357 Sale Price
25% Off
Landscapes of Seto Islands, Japan - Albumen Print 1870/1890
Located in Roma, IT
Landscapes of Seto Islands is a lot of four hand-inked Albumen print with aniline applied on a single cardboard.
Very good conditions. Cardboard cm 26 x 34; Print cm 9 x 13.5
Yokohama School print (Yokohama Shashin), realized during the Meiji dinasty (1868-1912). From a collection printed in the Shin-E-Do studio, as evidenced by the ink stamp on some copies. These prints does not show visible stamps on the front. On the lower margin of the prints some hand-written captions in black ink Italian on the cardboard.
In the lot, four landscapes...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
$357 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Views of S. Diego, California - Original Vintage Photos - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient Views of S.Diego, California is a lset of 4 ancient albumen prints made in 1880s.
Prints in very good condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian ink hand-...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$536 Sale Price
25% Off
Repose - Signed limited edition sensual pigment print, Model, Panoramic photo
By Geoff Halpin
Located in Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona
' Repose ' - Signed limited edition archival pigment print - Edition of 5
London 1985
This image was captured on film.
The negative was scanned creating a digital file which ...
Category
Contemporary 1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Film, Archival Paper, Black and White, Giclée, Pigment, Arc...
Ancient View of Montevideo - Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient view of Montevideo is a set of two albumen prints realized in 1880s.
In very good condition and applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian ink hand-written on hardco...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$429 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient View of the Port of Buenos Aires - Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient view of the Port of Buenos Aires is an original albumen print realized in the 1880s.
Print in very good condition, applied on a single car...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$313 Sale Price
25% Off
Autographed Portrait and Dedication of Giuseppe Garibaldi - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Autographed Portrait and Dedication of Giuseppe Garibaldi is a double historical document, that includes an albumen portrait with autograph dedication and a cardboard tablet with dif...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
$1,252 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Views of Acapulco - Original Vintage Photos - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Views of Acapulco is a set of two different albumen print realized in 1880s.
Prints in very good condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian ink hand-written on ha...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$402 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient View of Conception - Calle Comercio - Chile - Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Ancient View Conception - Calle Comercio - Chile is a an albumen print realized by an unknown photographer in the 1880s.
Print in very good condition, applied on a single cardboard....
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$313 Sale Price
25% Off
Ancient Views of Acapulco - Landscape in Guatemala - Vintage Photos - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Guatemala is a lot of three album prints made by unknown photographer.
Prints in excellent condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian ink hand-written on hardcove...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$313 Sale Price
25% Off
Colon Bay and Colon Market - Original Vintage Photo - 1880s
Located in Roma, IT
Colon is a lot of two different prints made by photographers of the end of 19th Century.
Prints in excellent condition, applied on a single cardboard.
Caption in Italian ink hand-w...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Paper, Photographic Paper
$313 Sale Price
25% Off
Photo of the Great Comedian - Original Photo by Ermete Novelli - 1887
Located in Roma, IT
Photo of the Great Comedian is an original work by Ermete Novelli.
A wonderful photo on ivory-colored cardboard with autographed dedication.
Signed in pen on the lower right. In ad...
Category
Old Masters 1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
Devotional Portraits from Kyoto - Ancient Albumen Print 1870/1890
Located in Roma, IT
Devotional Portraits in Kyoto is a lot of four hand-inked Albumen print with aniline applied on a single cardboard.
Very good conditions. Cardboard cm 26 x 34; Print cm 9 x 13.5
Yo...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
$357 Sale Price
25% Off
Daily Life in Seto Islands, Japan - Albumen Print 1870/1890
Located in Roma, IT
Occupational Portraits in Seto Islands is a lot of four hand-inked Albumen print with aniline applied on a single cardboard.
Very good conditions. Cardboard cm 26 x 34; Print cm 9 x...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
$357 Sale Price
25% Off
Glimpses of Japanese Shrines in Kyoto - Ancient Albumen Print 1870/1890
Located in Roma, IT
Glimpes of Japanese Shrines in Kyoto is a lot of four hand-inked Albumen print with aniline applied on a single cardboard.
Very good conditions. Cardboar...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
$402 Sale Price
25% Off
Portraits of Women and Children in Nagasaki - Albumen Print 1870/1890
Located in Roma, IT
Portraits Women and Children in Nagasaki is a lot of four hand-inked Albumen print with aniline applied on a single cardboard.
Very good conditions. Cardboard cm 26 x 34; Print cm 9...
Category
1880s Photography
Materials
Photographic Paper
$322 Sale Price
25% Off
Read More
Welcome to the Surreal and Sensual World of Mona Kuhn
The photographer made her name shooting luminous nudes. Her latest works reframe what an image can hold.
This Twiggy and David Bowie Photo Has an Unusual Backstory
The photo shoot for an ill-fated British 'Vogue' cover brought the two British icons together.
Marianne Faithfull in Photos
The late ’60s it girl was beloved for her personal style as well as her artistic talents.
This Week-Old Calf Named Bug Is One of Randal Ford’s Most Adorable Models
In a recent collection of animal portraits, he brings fashion photography to the farm.
Elton John Is a Fan of this Richard Caldicott Tupperware Photo
Using a creative analog process, the British artist transformed the plastic containers into gleaming, minimalist abstractions and developed an illustrious fan base along the way.
Some of the Best Beatles Photos Were Taken by Paul McCartney
A trove of recently unearthed personal photos adds another dimension to the abundance of press images of the Fab Four.
Photographer to Know: Rinko Kawauchi
From toddlers playing to fires blazing, the Japanese lenswoman poetically captures fleeting dramas on planet Earth.
Photographer Jerry Schatzberg Remembers a Legendary Shoot with Bob Dylan
The acclaimed lensman and the folk-rock phenomenon clicked, and a captivating portrait followed.