$6,000 / set
Pair of Art Deco Wall Sconces by Sabino
By Sabino Art Glass
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Marius Ernest Sabino. Pair of Art Deco wall sconces from circa 1930, with five clear and frosted glass leaves mounted in a satin nickel frame.
Brass
Pair of French Art Deco Molded Glass Shell Sconces with Nickel Mounts
By Sabino Art Glass
Located in Hanover, MA
Pair French Art Deco wall sconces attributed to Sabino with a clear frosted molded glass shell-form diffusor shade and a nickeled bronze frame Backplate is 8" high by 2" wide.
Bronze, Nickel
$495
Art Deco Sconce
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Original Art Deco sconce.
Glass
Unique Bronze and Opaline Glass Art Deco Sconce
Located in Rome, IT
Stunning French Art Deco sconce. With opaline alabaster imitation glass , mounted in brass frames with geometric details. Excellent vintage condition. Wwith one E 14 light bulbs....
Art Glass
$3,500 / set
Signed French Art Deco Wall Sconces by Degue
By Verrerie D'Art Degué
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Shade in a flower basket shape supported by a minimal satin nickel-plated bronze frame. A few pairs are available.
Bronze
Set of Three Bronze and Opaline Glass Art Deco Sconces
Located in Rome, IT
Stunning set of three French Art Deco sconces. With opaline alabaster imitation glass , mounted in brass frames with geometric details. Excellent vintage condition. We can sell a...
Art Glass
$3,700 / set
French Art Deco Wall Sconces
By Genet & Michon
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Pair of French Art Deco wall-sconces by Genet et Michon Satin nickel bronze with acid etched glass shades probably by Charles Schnaider. Measures: Height 15", width 5", depth 8". ...
Bronze
$5,000 / set
French Art Deco Wall-Sconces
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Cast bronze wall-sconces.
Bronze
$4,000 / set
French Art Deco Wall Sconces
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Large wrought iron and glass wall sconces.
Wrought Iron
$3,600Sale Price|20% Off
Italian Art Deco Murano Wall Sconce
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Italian Art Deco brass and metal sconces decorated with brass leaves and glass globes. Wall sconce is stunning Italian antique design. This is a large wall sconce size . Shipping ...
Metal, Brass
$4,500 / set
Art Deco Wall Sconces by Lorrain
By Daum
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Pair of French Art Deco wall sconces by "Lorrain" (signed, Lorrain is the name used by the Daum company for their pressed glass production).
Glass
$7,500 / set
Monumental French Art Deco Wall Sconces
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Travail Francais. Pair of Art Deco wall sconces, 1930s. Chromed brass and frosted glass. Measures: Height 27”, width 18”, depth 9”.
Chrome
Monumental Art Deco sconces in alabaster, France , 1930, Style: Art Deco
Located in Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, C
Personalized Quotes: We would be delighted to advise you and provide a quote for any intervention according to your personal taste. Monumental Art Deco sconces in alabaster, 74 cm ...
Alabaster, Chrome
Art Deco Pair of Sconces by Sabino, stamped, France circa 1930
By Marius-Ernest Sabino, Sabino Art Glass
Located in Merida, Yucatan
Pair of Art Deco Wall Lights by Marius Sabino, France, Circa 1930 _Pressed Glass and Nickel-Plated Brass Sconces_ Large pair of French Art Deco wall lights by Marius Sabino, circ...
Brass, Nickel
$6,800 / set
Rare set of six Art Deco sconces
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A rare set of six Art deco sconces, the reddish on the metal is not that red, it is the camera who made it so red, the patina and the glass is so much nicer in person
Metal
$3,500 / set
Art Deco Sconces by Degue, a Pair
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Verrerie D'Art Degue. French Art Deco wall sconces, 1930s. Clear and frosted glass shades molded with a floral motif and mounted in a modern brushed nickel frame. Measures: Height 13...
Glass
Important Pair of Wrought Iron Wall Sconces by Degué, Art Deco, France, 1930's
By Degué, Verrerie D'Art Degué, David Gueron Degue
Located in VÉZELAY, FR
Important Pair of Wrought Iron Wall Sconces by Degué – Art Deco, France, circa 1930 Discover this remarkable pair of wall sconces signed by Degué, emblematic of the French Art Deco ...
Iron, Wrought Iron
French Art Deco Sconces circa 1930s Rewired
By Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann
Located in Atlanta, GA
Elegant Pair of French Art Deco sconces, France, circa 1930s. They have been rewired and are ready to be mounted.
Metal
$9,500 / set
Genet et Michon Art Deco Wall Sconces
By Gênet et Michon
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Large pair of one-armed Art Deco wall sconces with bronze bases surmounted by golf-ball shaped frosted glass shades by Genet et Michon, circa 1930.
Bronze
$4,400 / set
Pair of Art Deco Sconces
Located in New York, NY
Pair of circa 1930's single-light French patinated bronze sconces depicting Diana hunting. Measurements: Height: 10.5" Depth: 5.75" Width: 5.5".
Bronze
$7,500 / set
Pair of French Art Deco Alabaster Sconces
By Travail Francais
Located in Bridgewater, CT
A pair of patinated bronze with alabaster shades sconces, from circa 1935, with stylized floral motif.
Alabaster, Bronze
$3,500 / set
French Art Deco Wall Sconces
By Ezan
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Satin nickel-plated bronze sconces with opalescent glass shades. Shades signed Ezan, France. Two pairs available.
Bronze
$15,000Sale Price / set|31% Off
Art Deco Paul Kiss Sconces
By Paul Kiss
Located in Pompano Beach, FL
A pair of Art Deco wrought iron and alabaster two light appliques by Paul Kiss with trumpet shaped shades adn foliate pierced wall brackets.
Alabaster, Wrought Iron
One Cast Bronze Art Deco Wall Sconce
By Travail Francais
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Egyptian Revival two-tone patina cast bronze wall sconce. One single available.
Bronze
Pair of French Art Deco illuminated Theater Sconces
Located in North Bergen, NJ
A pair of French Art Deco iron sconces having nickel over bronze panels of classical mythological motif. Depicting a woman playing violin and mythical creature. When illuminated the ...
Pair of Geometric French Art Deco Wall Sconces
Located in North Bergen, NJ
Gorgeous pair of French Art Deco geometric cubist wall sconce. With four frosted glass panels. Having intricate geometric motif details throughout the polished nickel design frame. H...
Glass
$4,800 / set
Pair of Swedish Art Deco Marquetry Wall Sconces
By Mjölby Intarsia
Located in New York, NY
A pair of Swedish Art Deco two-light sconces made by Mjölby Intarsia. The detailed marquetry designs and penwork details depict two mythological figures in highly figured rosewood an...
Brass
$2,950 / set
Pair of French Art Deco Lucite Two-Arm Sconces
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Beautiful pair of Art Deco Lucite two arm sconces from France, 1930s. Curved Lucite arms with lovely brass detail. Newly rewired and newly added circular 4" brass back plate. Origina...
Brass
$3,800 / set
Pair of American Art Deco Sconces
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A stunning pair of American Art Deco sconces in glass and brushed nickel. Each sconce contains two candelabra sockets. Note the gorgeous deco design on the edge of the glass similar ...
Nickel
Pair of Exquisite Art Deco Wall Sconces by Petitot, France, circa 1930s
By Atelier Petitot
Located in Wiesbaden, Hessen
An exquisite pair of French bronze and glass wall sconces by Petitot (signed),France circa 1930s. Lamp socket: each two x b22 (french bajonett)
Bronze
Mid-West Art Deco Bronze Soleure Wall Sconce, 1930s
By Tiffany Studios
Located in South Bend, IN
A gorgeous Art Deco period bronze wall sconce In the manner of Tiffany Studios By Mid-West Manufacturing Co. USA, 1930s Measures: 5.25"W x 2"D x 11"H. Good original vintage cond...
Bronze
$3,600 / set
Pair of Art Deco Bronze Sconces
Located in New York, NY
Pair of circa 1930s French Art Deco patinated bronze double light sconces with glass bobeche. Measurements: Height 7" Width 12" Depth 9".
Bronze
French Art Deco Wall-Sconces "Palmes" by Rene Lalique
By René Lalique
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Clear and frosted glass wall sconces By Rene Lalique, signed.
Glass
$3,500 / set
French Art Deco Wall Sconces by Muller Frères
By Muller Frères
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Frosted glass and silvered bronze wall sconces, glass signed "Muller Freres."
Bronze
Pair of French Art Deco Wall Sconces by “Degue“
By David Gueron Degue
Located in North Bergen, NJ
A pair of French Art Deco wall sconces by the French artist “Degue“ in clear frosted molded glass shades held by geometric V shape bronze brackets design. Sconces can be re-plated up...
$1,440Sale Price / set|20% Off
Pair of Art Deco Forged Metal Candleholder Wall Sconces
Located in Pasadena, TX
Pair of Art Deco Wall Sconces Pair of beautiful hand forged wall sconces in iron.
Wrought Iron
Art Deco Corner Wall Sconces in Patinated Copper, 1930s
Located in Praha, CZ
An exceptional pair of Art Deco corner wall sconces made of patinated copper, produced in Czechoslovakia in the 1930s. Designed to fit seamlessly into wall corners, these sculptural ...
Copper
Pair of French Art Deco Sconces Signed by Degue
By David Gueron Degue
Located in North Bergen, NJ
A pair of French Art Deco wall sconces by the French artist Degue. With molded clear frosted glass decorated with floral motif. Each shade is marked Degue mounted in bronze frames wi...
French Art Deco Painted Brass Hand Sconce
Located in Palm Springs, CA
A nice French Art Deco candle wall sconce with a hand holding the candle holder. It is styled after a famous Andre Arbus design. This example is made of Brass with black painted area...
Brass
$1,780Sale Price / set|20% Off
Pair 1930s Art Deco Worlds Fair "Saturn" Nickel Sconces
Located in Opa Locka, FL
Pair 1930's Art Deco Worlds Fair Nickel "Saturn" Wall Sconces. Black shades included. Acquired from a high end lighting dealer.
Nickel
Art Deco Nickel Sconces Circa 1930s Rewired Mid Century Modern
Located in Atlanta, GA
Pair of Vintage Art Deco Nickel or Chrome Sconces, American, circa 1930s. They have been rewired and are ready to mount.
Metal
Pair of Swedish Art Deco Bronze Wall Sconces GAB (Guldsmedsaktiebolaget) 1930s
By GAB Guldsmedsaktiebolaget
Located in Stockholm, SE
Exceptional pair of heavy and substantial Swedish Art Deco wall sconces in patinated bronze, manufactured by GAB, Guldsmedsaktiebolaget, Stockholm, circa 1930s. Each sconce features...
Bronze
1930s Mid-West Art Deco Bronze Soleure Wall Sconces, 1930s
By Tiffany Studios
Located in South Bend, IN
A gorgeous pair of Art Deco period bronze wall sconces In the manner of Tiffany Studios By Mid-West Manufacturing Co. USA, 1930s Measures: 5.25"W x 2"D x 11"H. Good original vin...
Bronze
French Art Deco Triangular Form Steel Sconces, Set of Four
Located in Houston, TX
French Art Deco triangular form steel sconces, set of four. Handsome set of four period French Art Deco nickeled steel wall sconces. These French deco sconces are made to be used in ...
Steel
Swedish Art Deco Wall Lamp, Sconce in Brass, 1930s
Located in Esbjerg, DK
A fine 1930s Wall light in solid patinated brass. Made in Sweden during the 1930s, probably by ASEA, in a style reminiscent of Vilhelm Lauritzen and Louis Poulsen. Art Deco - Functio...
Brass
Pair of Art Deco Wall Sconces in Pewter – Sweden, 1930s
Located in Knivsta, SE
Pair of Art Deco Wall Sconces in Pewter – Sweden, 1930s A sleek and rare pair of wall sconces in pewter from the 1930s, made in Sweden in true Art Deco style. These sconces feature...
Pewter
4 Sconces in Murano, Style: Art Deco, 1930, Italian
Located in Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, C
Personalized Quotes: We would be delighted to advise you and provide a quote for any intervention according to your personal taste. 4 Sconces Style: Art Deco Year: 1930 To take car...
Murano Glass
French Art Deco Wall Pocket Sconces with Glass Inserts
By Edgar Brandt
Located in Troy, MI
Pair of forge wall pocket sconces with glass inserts in the manner of Edgar Brandt, circa 1930s.
Iron
Art Deco Chrome Sconces circa 1930s Rewired Mid Century Modern
Located in Atlanta, GA
Sleek pair of Art Deco chrome sconces, American, circa 1930s. Rewired and ready to mount.
Metal, Chrome
Pair of American Art Deco Theater Sconces with Ribbed Glass
Located in North Bergen, NJ
Spectacular pair of very large 48" American Art Deco sconces from a theater in St. Louis in the Benton Park West area. The sconces are constructed of cast aluminum and stainless stee...
Glass
Pair of French Art Deco Tubular Metal Wall Sconces
Located in Pound Ridge, NY
Simply dramatic, this pair of 1930s French Art Deco large scale tubular metal wall lights were originally gas lamps for a cinema. Can be fitted with candelabra shades, glass globes o...
Metal
Pair Of Art Deco Sconces Signed Boyreau In Bordeaux
Located in NANTES, FR
Pair of art deco wall lights circa 1930, wrought iron frame with black patina. Molded glass plates with floral decoration. Signed Boyreau company in Bordeaux, in perfect condition. E...
Wrought Iron
Sconce Art Deco, 1930, "Attributed to Gilbert Poillerat", France
By Gilbert Poillerat
Located in Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, C
Logistics and International Shipping We provide a comprehensive export service so that your only concern is enjoying your acquisition. • Door-to-Door Service: Pieces located in our A...
Iron
Big Sconce, Style: Art Deco, Year: 1930, Design: Sabino, France
By Marius-Ernest Sabino
Located in Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, C
Personalized Quotes: We would be delighted to advise you and provide a quote for any intervention according to your personal taste. Sconce Marius Ernest Sabino Style: Art Deco Year:...
Art Glass
Pair of French Art Deco Sconces by Verrerie des Hanots
By Verrerie des Hanots
Located in North Bergen, NJ
Gorgeous pair of French Art Deco sconces by Verrerie des Hanots in clear frosted glass shades with flower motif details throughout. Held by a silvered bronze design frame. Sconces ca...
Pair of French Art Deco Geometric Sconces Signed by Noverdy
By Jean Noverdy
Located in North Bergen, NJ
Pair of French Art Deco wall sconces signed by French designer Jean Noverdy. Having clear and frosted glass shades with geometric motif. Held by a frameless bracket. Has been rewired...
Glass
Italian Murano glass shade & brass Art Deco 1930s sconces
Located in Varese, Lombardia
This classic pair of sconces was manufactured in Italy around 1930. They are made of a sandblasted and "costolonato" Murano glass shade and gilted brass frame. Very good condition: g...
Gold Plate, Brass
Price Upon Request
R. Lalique "Poitou" Art Deco Wall Sconce
By René Lalique
Located in Bridgewater, CT
A single French Art Deco "Poitou" wall sconce by René Lalique, in clear and frosted molded glass, from circa 1935. Ref. "R. Lalique Catalogue Raisonne" by Felix Marcilhac, fig. 2066.
Glass
Daum Nancy art deco sconce 3 tulips in orange glass
By Daum
Located in Ternay, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Large French art deco wall sconce from the 1930s by the Daum factory in Nancy. Wrought-iron structure with fine manufacturing details. Shade in orange speckled glass paste. Beautiful...
Wrought Iron
Maurice Dufrêne Elegant Pair of Art Deco Wall Sconces
By Maurice Dufrêne
Located in Bridgewater, CT
Maurice Dufrêne (1876-1955) pair of one-armed gilded bronze wall sconces with glass shades molded with a stylized floral pattern, 1920s.
Bronze
Large Disc Art Deco Frosted Glass Sconce Wall Light
By Art Decor
Located in New York, NY
Exceptional 1930s large disc aluminum sconce with frosted glass wall light.
Elegant Art Deco Sconces
By Degué
Located in Vienna, AT
Three pieces of wall sconces in clear frosted glass shades with flowers motif details. Shades are held on both ends by decorative nickeled frames.
Glass
Pair of Art Deco Bronze Sconces
Located in Janvry, Essonne
A pair of horn shaped bronze sconces wired for US( can be wired for Europe)with new shades. Dimensions without shades: Measures: Height 14.17in, width 6.10in, depth 7.87in.
Brass, Bronze
Pair Large Jean Perzel Art Deco Sconces
Located in New Orleans, LA
Pair of large French Brass Art Deco Sconces by Jean Perzel Paris. Wired for U.S. Extend 17.50" from wall to edge of fixture.
Brass
Wrought Iron Art Deco sconces
By E. Michau
Located in Paris, FR
Large wrought iron art deco torcheres sconces with an alabaster cone for lighting. Signed E. Michau and dated 1931.
Alabaster, Wrought Iron
Unavailable
H 11.03 in W 5.91 in D 7.88 in
Pair of Art Deco Sconces Signed Perzel 'Art Deco Wall Lights : Rare'
By Atelier Jean Perzel
Located in Saint-Gilles, BE
Rare Pair of Signed Perzel Sconces Period 1930 Frosted optical glass cylinder model Brass frame signed Perzel on the edge Rare set and of superb quality!! The g...
Brass, Bronze
Jean Perzel Brushed Steel Art Deco Sconces
By Atelier Jean Perzel
Located in North Hollywood, CA
This great pair of wall lamps were created by Jean Perzel, the French lighting and furniture designer. Starting in the 1920s, Perzel fashioned some of the most iconic forms of the Ar...
Steel
Pair of Art Deco Sconces by Degue
By Degué
Located in Vienna, AT
Elegant sconces by Degue. Clear and frosted glass shades molded with a floral motif and mounted in a modern brushed nickel frame.
Iron
Set of Six Art Deco Milk Glass Sconces
Located in 3 Oaks, MI
Great Minimalist design on this set of Art Deco sconces. They have an aluminum or chromed steel wall-mounted structure that the piece of milk glass slides into. There is a set screw...
Pair of Brass and Iron Art Deco Sconces
Located in Stamford, CT
A wonderful pair of brass and iron art deco sconces. circa 1930.
Brass, Iron
Ezan Petitot 1930's Art Deco Wall Sconce
By Ezan & Petitot
Located in Fairfax, VA
1930's clear glass and bronze wall sconces by Petitot and Ezan .
Bronze
Unavailable
H 41.75 in W 19.75 in D 9.5 in
Monumental Polished Iron Art Deco Sconces with Opaline Glass
Located in New York, NY
Pair of Art Deco Polished Iron And Opaline Glass Sconces. Each Sconces Hold Six Edison Based Sockets.
Art Deco Sconces with Mica Shades
Located in Chicago, IL
These are wonderful machine age Art Deco sconces. The mica shades are all intact and cast a warm amber light.
Brass
Swedish Art Deco Acid Etched Wall Sconce, circa 1930
Located in Richmond, VA
Swedish art deco acid etched wall sconce with hammered edges. With heraldic etched motif. Attributed to Glössner. Sweden circa 1930 rewired for american use.
Art Glass
Art Deco Murano Gold Dust Leaf Wall Sconce
Located in New York, NY
Leaf wall sconce. Murano gold dust glass.
Murano Glass
Pair of 1930's French Art Deco Wall Sconces
Located in Fairfax, VA
Pair of clear frost glass art deco wall sconces with nickel on bronze hardware and back plate. Professionally rewired and ready for installation. Back plate measurement: 3.5" x 7.5"
Nickel
Pair of Art Deco wall sconces
Located in Toronto, ON
Solid brass Wall Sconces were refinished in brushed chrome finish.
Brass, Chrome
Exceptional Art Deco Pair of Nickled Bronze Wall Sconces
Located in Mount Penn, PA
High End Pair of French Art Deco nickeled bronze wall sconces
Bronze
Pair of 1930's French Art Deco Wall Sconces
Located in Fairfax, VA
Clear frost glass with silver on bronze frame 1930's art deco wall sconces. Cleaned and lacquered, professionally rewired and ready for installation. 100 watts max each.
Silver
Pair of 1930 Double Light Art Deco Wall Sconces
Located in Fairfax, VA
Pair of double light clear frost glass with silver on bronze frame art deco wall sconces. Professionally rewired and ready for installation. Back plate is attached with 4 screws and ...
Silver
Nice Vanity Art Deco Lighting Sconces Streamline Moderne
Located in Oakland, CA
Nice round original frosted tube glass. Chrome backplate and upper/lower supports all connected. Back plate mounts directly to the wall with four screws or bolts. Shown here with sma...
Metal
Pair of French Art Deco wall light sconces
Located in Hudson, NY
Each with chromed and gilded brass pair of conical arms decorated with pair of discs. Lyre shaped frosted glass cups.
Brass
Unavailable
H 21.66 in W 19.3 in D 7.88 in
Three Art Deco René Drouet Style Sculptural Full Brass Wall Sconces Lamps, Set
By René Drouet
Located in Brussels, Ixelles
Set of three extra large sized wall sconces from the 1930s in the style of René Drouet and originating from a Hotel near Deauville, outstanding curvy brass structures matched with ne...
Brass
Art Deco Muller Freres Wall Sconces with Molded Glass
By Muller Frères
Located in BE
Art Deco Muller Freres wall sconces with molded glass in the shape of exotic fruits. Molded metal frames. Signed "Muller Freres Luneville".
Metal
Art Deco Noverdy Wall Sconces with Pink Moulded Glass
By Jean Noverdy
Located in BE
Art Deco Noverdy wall sconces with pink moulded glass in the shape of a basket with stylised flowers. Moulded metal frame. Signed "Noverdy France".
Metal
Pair of Art Deco Wall Sconces by Jean Perzel
By Atelier Jean Perzel
Located in New York, NY
Architectural and moderne wall sconces by Jean Perzel. Signed by maker.
Chrome
Pair of French Art Deco Sconces, in Polished Nickel
By Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann
Located in Newburgh, NY
Impressive pair of French Art Deco sconces with geometric Egyptian revival front pattern. Architect, Sandy Littman of Duesenberg LTD. and The American Glass Light Company have been...
Nickel
Pair of Round 1930s Art Deco Bauhaus Sconces Flushmount
Located in Frisco, TX
A cool looking pair of round Art Deco ceiling lamps created during the famous "Bauhaus" era in 1930s, Germany. Visible aging spots on some of the metal. Each fixture requires one Eur...
Brass, Iron
From the kitchen to the bedroom and everywhere in between, there is one major part of home decor that you definitely want to master: lighting. Carefully selected vintage sconces and wall lights can do wonders in establishing mood and highlighting your distinctive personality.
We’re a long way from the candelabra-inspired chandeliers of the medieval era. Lighting is no longer merely practical, and lighting designers have been creating and reinventing lighting solutions for eons. Because of the advancements crafted by these venturesome makers, we now have the opportunity to bring unique, customizable lighting solutions into our homes.
It’s never been easier to create dramatic bedrooms, cozy kitchen areas and cheerful bars than it is today. Think of an elegant wall sconce as functional and as a work of art, adding both light and style to your hallways, whimsical kids’ rooms and elsewhere.
When choosing a lighting solution, first determine what your needs are: Will you opt for a moody or a bright feel? The room that will serve as your home office will need adequate lighting — think “the brighter, the better” for this particular setting.
For the bedroom, bedside wall lamps with warm-temperature bulbs instead of bedside table lamps could be the way to go to induce a sense of calm or intimacy. Try to match the style of the wall light or sconce that you’re installing to the overall design scheme of your room. It’s never “just a light.” You should approach the lighting of a room with a mindset that is one part practical and one part aesthetics-driven.
Let 1stDibs help you set the mood with the right antique and vintage wall lights and sconces for your home. Our collection includes every kind of fixture, from sculptural works by Austrian craftsman J.T. Kalmar to chic industrial-style wall sconces, from adjustable painted aluminum wall lamps designed by Artemide to a wide variety of minimalist mid-century modern masterpieces.
The 1920s design is a thrilling combination of saturated colors, ancient motifs and modern aesthetics.
Bespoke lighting is a hallmark of upscale interiors, and contemporary makers are increasingly ambitious in their materials and forms.