Skip to main content

Prada Milano

Prada Metallic Plissé Midi Skirt with Logo Waistband, IT 40
Prada Metallic Plissé Midi Skirt with Logo Waistband, IT 40

Prada Metallic Plissé Midi Skirt with Logo Waistband, IT 40

By Prada

Located in Woodland Hills, CA

A refined contemporary design from Prada Milano, this metallic plissé midi skirt exemplifies the

Category

2010s Italian Pleated Skirts

Prada Black Overcoat Made in Italy
Prada Black Overcoat Made in Italy

Prada Black Overcoat Made in Italy

By Prada

Located in Moreno Valley, CA

overcoat, see through lace. Size 52. Garment length: 44 inches. Made in Italy. Like new. Prada Milano black

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Coats

Prada Cashmere Logo Blanket
Prada Cashmere Logo Blanket

Prada Cashmere Logo Blanket

$2,799

W 51.19 in L 70.87 in

Prada Cashmere Logo Blanket

By Prada

Located in London, GB

. Featuring the brand's signature triangle 'Prada Milano' logo embroidery to the corner. Contrasting black

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Pillows and Throws

Prada Reversible Lambskin Leather & Nylon Bomber Jacket
Prada Reversible Lambskin Leather & Nylon Bomber Jacket

Prada Reversible Lambskin Leather & Nylon Bomber Jacket

By Prada

Located in London, GB

from smooth lambskin to one side and nylon to the other side. Adorned with a 'Prada Milano' engraved

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Jackets

Prada Vitello Daino Leather Handbag
Prada Vitello Daino Leather Handbag

Prada Vitello Daino Leather Handbag

$1,263

H 10.63 in W 14.97 in

Prada Vitello Daino Leather Handbag

By Prada

Located in London, GB

Prada Vitello Daino Leather Handbag Beige bag crafted from leather with signature 'Prada Milano

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Top Handle Bags

Mid 2000's Prada Belted Little Black Dress
Mid 2000's Prada Belted Little Black Dress

Mid 2000's Prada Belted Little Black Dress

By Prada

Located in Toronto, Ontario

Classic Prada little black dress from the mid 2000's. Sleeveless with a clean bateau neckline and a

Category

Early 2000s Italian Cocktail Dresses

Prada 57Y Gold-Tone Metal Frame Logo Aviator Sunglasses
Prada 57Y Gold-Tone Metal Frame Logo Aviator Sunglasses

Prada 57Y Gold-Tone Metal Frame Logo Aviator Sunglasses

By Prada

Located in Scottsdale, AZ

logo, elegantly emblazoned with "Prada Milano" in off-white and gold tones, making a bold statement of

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Sunglasses

Prada SS2023 Camel Sculpted Jacket & Pencil Skirt Set – IT 38
Prada SS2023 Camel Sculpted Jacket & Pencil Skirt Set – IT 38

Prada SS2023 Camel Sculpted Jacket & Pencil Skirt Set – IT 38

By Prada

Located in Woodland Hills, CA

everyday wear. Details: • Designer: Prada Milano • Collection: SS2023 • Made in Italy • Size: IT 38 (US 2

Category

2010s Italian Skirt Suits

Prada Vitello Phenix Hobo Bag
Prada Vitello Phenix Hobo Bag

Prada Vitello Phenix Hobo Bag

$1,075

H 9.06 in W 11.03 in D 2.76 in

Prada Vitello Phenix Hobo Bag

By Prada

Located in Amman, JO

shade. Featuring the iconic Prada Milano gold logo, gold-tone hardware, and an adjustable striped

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Hobo Bags

Prada Blue Nylon Tessuto Messenger Crossbody Shoulder Bag
Prada Blue Nylon Tessuto Messenger Crossbody Shoulder Bag

Prada Blue Nylon Tessuto Messenger Crossbody Shoulder Bag

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

convenience, making it ideal for daily use or travel. The "Prada - Milano - Made in Italy" tag inside serves

Category

2010s Italian Crossbody Bags and Messenger Bags

Prada Red Tessuto Nylon Hobo Bag with Leather Strap
Prada Red Tessuto Nylon Hobo Bag with Leather Strap

Prada Red Tessuto Nylon Hobo Bag with Leather Strap

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

'Prada Milano - Made in Italy' tag speaks to its authentic heritage and enduring Italian craftsmanship. A

Category

2010s Italian Hobo Bags

Prada Grey Taupe Leather Tote Satchel Shopping Bag
Prada Grey Taupe Leather Tote Satchel Shopping Bag

Prada Grey Taupe Leather Tote Satchel Shopping Bag

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

organized. A 'PRADA Milano' tag and a discreet numbered label tucked inside the interior pocket ensure

Category

2010s Italian Tote Bags

Prada Vintage Brown and Red Leather Bowling Bag Satchel B10804
Prada Vintage Brown and Red Leather Bowling Bag Satchel B10804

Prada Vintage Brown and Red Leather Bowling Bag Satchel B10804

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

interior also showcases a "Prada Milano - Made in Italy" tag, ensuring authenticity and reflecting the

Category

Early 2000s Italian Top Handle Bags

Recent Sales

Prada Milano Saffiano Leather Travel Wallet PR-1202P-0003
Prada Milano Saffiano Leather Travel Wallet PR-1202P-0003

Prada Milano Saffiano Leather Travel Wallet PR-1202P-0003

By Prada

Located in Downey, CA

Prada Milano Saffiano Leather Travel Wallet PR-1202p-0003 This cute and sophisticated small Prada

Category

2010s Italian Wallets

Prada Milano Saffiano Leather Travel Wallet PR-W1005P-A003
Prada Milano Saffiano Leather Travel Wallet PR-W1005P-A003

Prada Milano Saffiano Leather Travel Wallet PR-W1005P-A003

By Prada

Located in Downey, CA

This cute and sophisticated small Prada Saffiano wallet features a durable Saffiano leather and

Category

2010s Italian Wallets

Prada Quilted Bomber Jacket with Embroidery
Prada Quilted Bomber Jacket with Embroidery

Prada Quilted Bomber Jacket with Embroidery

Unavailable

Size: not marked, about 6

Prada Quilted Bomber Jacket with Embroidery

By Prada

Located in New York, NY

. Embroidery on collar with crystals and velvet and 2 pockets. Black Prada label: Prada, Milano

Category

Early 2000s Italian Bomber Jackets

PRADA Purple Satin Rose Peep Toe Pumps Stiletto Shoes
PRADA Purple Satin Rose Peep Toe Pumps Stiletto Shoes

PRADA Purple Satin Rose Peep Toe Pumps Stiletto Shoes

By Prada

Located in Milan, Italy

. Brand: Prada Milano Material: silk/leather Color: purple Measurement: Label size 39 1/2 Italian

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Shoes

Prada Milano Tan Patent Leather Embossed Trim Handbag, circa 1990s
Prada Milano Tan Patent Leather Embossed Trim Handbag, circa 1990s

Prada Milano Tan Patent Leather Embossed Trim Handbag, circa 1990s

By Prada

Located in University City, MO

Prada Milano tan patent leather embossed trim handbag c 1990s The stylish Italian handbag is

Category

1990s Italian Top Handle Bags

Prada Milano "Intreccio Madra" MINI  Gold Woven Leather Handbag
Prada Milano "Intreccio Madra" MINI  Gold Woven Leather Handbag

Prada Milano "Intreccio Madra" MINI Gold Woven Leather Handbag

By Prada

Located in New York, NY

Prada Milano "Intreccio Madra" gold woven leather bag is simply charming, nice and compact with

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Handbags and Purses

Prada black leather satchel
Prada black leather satchel

Prada black leather satchel

By Prada

Located in Capri, IT

Prada black leather satchel Prada Milano black soft leather totally made in italy measurements: 28

Category

1990s Italian Shoulder Bags

Prada
Prada

Prada

Sold

Prada

By Prada

Located in Amman, JO

Material: Acetate Lenses: Dark-tinted with 100% UV protection Logo: Prada Milano printed on both temples

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Sunglasses

Prada blu with real fur coat
Prada blu with real fur coat

Prada blu with real fur coat

By Prada

Located in Capri, IT

Prada blu with real fur coat Prada Milano blu coat with real fur on the outer collare totally made

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Coats and Outerwear

Prada Logo Nylon Belt
Prada Logo Nylon Belt

Prada Logo Nylon Belt

Sold

L 45.67 in

Prada Logo Nylon Belt

By Prada

Located in London, GB

Prada Logo Nylon Belt Black belt designed with silver 'Prada Milano' engraved buckle. Featuring

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Belts

Prada Cat Eye Sunglasses
Prada Cat Eye Sunglasses

Prada Cat Eye Sunglasses

By Prada

Located in London, GB

wide white arms with black trim and gold 'Prada Milano' branding. Size – One Size Condition – Very

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Sunglasses

Prada Wallet Briefcases Leather Vintage Black, 1990s
Prada Wallet Briefcases Leather Vintage Black, 1990s

Prada Wallet Briefcases Leather Vintage Black, 1990s

By Prada

Located in Brindisi, Bt

Prada Milano vintage women's wallet, 100% leather black. Internal dividers for various papers and

Category

1990s Italian Wallets

1997 Prada Embroided Floral Silk Jacket
1997 Prada Embroided Floral Silk Jacket

1997 Prada Embroided Floral Silk Jacket

By Prada

Located in Gazzaniga (BG), IT

Stunning vintage four buttons jacket by Prada Milano 1997 Spring / Summer Collection Floral

Category

1990s Italian Jackets

Prada Saffiano Leather Logo Card Holder
Prada Saffiano Leather Logo Card Holder

Prada Saffiano Leather Logo Card Holder

By Prada

Located in London, GB

Prada Saffiano Leather Logo Card Holder Pink card holder crafted from the brand's signature

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Wallets

Prada Vintage Tessuto Bowling Bag
Prada Vintage Tessuto Bowling Bag

Prada Vintage Tessuto Bowling Bag

Sold

H 9.85 in W 14.97 in D 6.3 in

Prada Vintage Tessuto Bowling Bag

By Prada

Located in Glasgow, GB

hardware. Double rolled handles attached with gold D rings. Vintage signature Prada Milano logo in gold on

Category

Early 2000s Italian Top Handle Bags

2000 Prada Hobo Bag with Red Trimming
2000 Prada Hobo Bag with Red Trimming

2000 Prada Hobo Bag with Red Trimming

Sold

H 10.2 in D 1.2 in L 14.5 in

2000 Prada Hobo Bag with Red Trimming

By Prada

Located in Toronto, Ontario

crested PRADA MILANO logo woven into the face and is finished with silver hardware. Single zippered

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Hats

Prada Saffiano Leather Bauletto Bag
Prada Saffiano Leather Bauletto Bag

Prada Saffiano Leather Bauletto Bag

Sold

H 9.85 in W 13.78 in

Prada Saffiano Leather Bauletto Bag

By Prada

Located in London, GB

handles, ‘Prada Milano’ logo, and gold hardware. Zip closure opening to a black logo lined interior with

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Top Handle Bags

Prada Vintage Jacquard Studded Logo Clutch Bag
Prada Vintage Jacquard Studded Logo Clutch Bag

Prada Vintage Jacquard Studded Logo Clutch Bag

By Prada

Located in London, GB

embellished with gold studs. 'Prada Milano' signature embroidery to the front. Featuring press-stud closure

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Clutches

PRADA Brown Canvas & Leather Logo Crossbody Bag
PRADA Brown Canvas & Leather Logo Crossbody Bag

PRADA Brown Canvas & Leather Logo Crossbody Bag

By Prada

Located in San Francisco, CA

This classic PRADA crossbody comes in a golden brown canvas with large "PRADA MILANO DAL 1913" logo

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Crossbody Bags and Messenger Bags

Prada Logo Canvas & Leather Bowling Handbag
Prada Logo Canvas & Leather Bowling Handbag

Prada Logo Canvas & Leather Bowling Handbag

By Prada

Located in London, GB

features the signature Prada Milano logo at the center, one internal zip pocket, removable name holder

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Structured Shoulder Bags

Prada Cervo Lux Sfumata Leather Hobo Bag
Prada Cervo Lux Sfumata Leather Hobo Bag

Prada Cervo Lux Sfumata Leather Hobo Bag

By Prada

Located in London, GB

, adjustable shoulder strap. Detailed with 'Prada Milano' silver lettering to the front and gold logo engraved

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Tote Bags

Prada Paradigme Saffiano Leather Medium Tote Bag
Prada Paradigme Saffiano Leather Medium Tote Bag

Prada Paradigme Saffiano Leather Medium Tote Bag

By Prada

Located in London, GB

signature Saffiano leather. Featuring gold hardware with 'Prada Milano' signature to the front. Leather

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Top Handle Bags

1990s Prada Maroon Leather Clutch with Small Handles
1990s Prada Maroon Leather Clutch with Small Handles

1990s Prada Maroon Leather Clutch with Small Handles

By Prada

Located in Toronto, Ontario

. Exterior Prada Milano blind stamp in leather. Interior features matching maroon lining with all over Prada

Category

1990s Italian Clutches

Prada Mary Jane Pumps - EU 38.5
Prada Mary Jane Pumps - EU 38.5

Prada Mary Jane Pumps - EU 38.5

By Prada

Located in Amman, JO

pointed toe and slim mid-height heel. Featuring a modern strap across the instep with Prada Milano logo

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Low Heels

Prada Black Saffiano Leather Logo Nylon Card Holder Wallet
Prada Black Saffiano Leather Logo Nylon Card Holder Wallet

Prada Black Saffiano Leather Logo Nylon Card Holder Wallet

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

section and 1 middle section. 'Prada Milano' and 'Made in Italy' engraved inside. Details MATERIAL

Category

2010s Italian Wallets

PRADA Petalo pink Saffiano leather XL gold logo crossbody chain flap bag
PRADA Petalo pink Saffiano leather XL gold logo crossbody chain flap bag

PRADA Petalo pink Saffiano leather XL gold logo crossbody chain flap bag

By Prada

Located in Hong Kong, NT

saffiano leather. Gold-tone Prada Milano lettering embellished at front face. Detachable gold-tone shoulder

Category

2010s Italian Evening Bags and Minaudières

Prada Cream Green and Pink Geometric Print Pleated Cotton Linen Skirt
Prada Cream Green and Pink Geometric Print Pleated Cotton Linen Skirt

Prada Cream Green and Pink Geometric Print Pleated Cotton Linen Skirt

By Miuccia Prada, Prada

Located in San Francisco, CA

throughout. Signed 'Prada Milano' at metal zipper pull and 'Riri' at interior zip. 63% cotton, 37% linen

Category

Early 2000s Italian Pleated Skirts

Prada Beige Metallic Leather Ruffle Shoulder Bag Lucite Chain Strap
Prada Beige Metallic Leather Ruffle Shoulder Bag Lucite Chain Strap

Prada Beige Metallic Leather Ruffle Shoulder Bag Lucite Chain Strap

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

compartment with 1 side zip pocket inside. 'Prada Milano tag inside Condition Rating: A - EXCELLENTCondition

Category

2010s Bucket Bags and Drawstring Bags

Navy Cropped Prada Leather Jacket
Navy Cropped Prada Leather Jacket

Navy Cropped Prada Leather Jacket

By Prada

Located in London, GB

hem. This jacket features the Prada Milano label. Italian size 42

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Cropped Jackets

Prada Black Nylon Vela Draped Tote Handbag Shoulder Bag
Prada Black Nylon Vela Draped Tote Handbag Shoulder Bag

Prada Black Nylon Vela Draped Tote Handbag Shoulder Bag

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

signature lining. 2 side zip pockets inside. 'Prada Milano' tag inside. Small tag with code inside Details

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Tote Bags

Prada Black Nylon Vela Draped Tote Handbag Shoulder Bag
Prada Black Nylon Vela Draped Tote Handbag Shoulder Bag

Prada Black Nylon Vela Draped Tote Handbag Shoulder Bag

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

Prada black leather draped tote bag. Black pleated nylon and black leather handles and trim. Gold

Category

20th Century Italian Tote Bags

Prada Vintage Red Nylon Canvas Backpack Shoulder Bag
Prada Vintage Red Nylon Canvas Backpack Shoulder Bag

Prada Vintage Red Nylon Canvas Backpack Shoulder Bag

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

exterior pockets. PRADA fabric lining with 1 side zip pocket inside. 'PRADA Milano - Made in Italy' tag

Category

1990s Italian Backpacks

PRADA Black Leather SAFFIANO FIOCCO Ribbon STRAP WALLET Purse WOC 1M1437 BOX
PRADA Black Leather SAFFIANO FIOCCO Ribbon STRAP WALLET Purse WOC 1M1437 BOX

PRADA Black Leather SAFFIANO FIOCCO Ribbon STRAP WALLET Purse WOC 1M1437 BOX

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

17,1 x 3,8 cm Logos / Tags: 'PRADA - Milano' engraved on leather inside, gold metal PRADA lettering

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Wallets

Prada Black Quilted Nylon Tessuto Hobo Bag Plastic Strap B8360
Prada Black Quilted Nylon Tessuto Hobo Bag Plastic Strap B8360

Prada Black Quilted Nylon Tessuto Hobo Bag Plastic Strap B8360

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

Vintage PRADA quilted Hobo Shoulder Bag with black plastic chain shoulder strap. Crafted in black

Category

Early 2000s Italian Hobo Bags

Prada Tan Beige Leather Tote Shoulder Bag Handbag with Strap
Prada Tan Beige Leather Tote Shoulder Bag Handbag with Strap

Prada Tan Beige Leather Tote Shoulder Bag Handbag with Strap

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

handles, offering a comfortable hand-carry option. On the front, the iconic "PRADA MILANO" logo in gold

Category

2010s Italian Tote Bags

Prada Vintage Grey Wool Single Buckle Backpack Shoulder Bag
Prada Vintage Grey Wool Single Buckle Backpack Shoulder Bag

Prada Vintage Grey Wool Single Buckle Backpack Shoulder Bag

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

logo on the back. 'PRADA Milano- Made in Italy' tag inside, small tag with number inside the internal

Category

Early 2000s Italian Backpacks

Prada Black Nylon Tessuto Messenger Bag with Front Pocket
Prada Black Nylon Tessuto Messenger Bag with Front Pocket

Prada Black Nylon Tessuto Messenger Bag with Front Pocket

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

shoulder strap. 'Prada Milano - Made in Italy' tag inside Condition A - EXCELLENT Gently used. Please check

Category

Early 2000s Italian Bucket Bags and Drawstring Bags

Prada Red Tessuto Nylon Hobo Bag with Leather Strap
Prada Red Tessuto Nylon Hobo Bag with Leather Strap

Prada Red Tessuto Nylon Hobo Bag with Leather Strap

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

PRADA Hobo Shoulder Bag. Crafted in red tessuto nylon canvas with genuine leather shoulder strap

Category

Early 2000s Italian Hobo Bags

Prada Black Nylon Canvas Unisex Mint Quilted Backpack Shoulder Bag
Prada Black Nylon Canvas Unisex Mint Quilted Backpack Shoulder Bag

Prada Black Nylon Canvas Unisex Mint Quilted Backpack Shoulder Bag

By Prada

Located in Rome, Rome

. PRADA fabric lining with 1 side zip pocket inside. PRADA Milano - Made in Italy' tag inside, small tag

Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Backpacks

Get Updated with New Arrivals
Save "Prada Milano", and we’ll notify you when there are new listings in this category.

Prada Milano For Sale on 1stDibs

You are likely to find exactly the vintage or contemporary prada milano you’re looking for on 1stDibs, as there is a broad range for sale. Our collection includes a variety of colors, spanning black, brown, gray and more. Finding the perfect prada milano may mean sifting through those that were made during different time periods — popular versions were made as early as the 20th Century and a newer one, made as recently as the 21st Century, can also be found on the site. When shopping for these accessories, you’ll find that there are less available pieces for men or unisex today than there are for women.

How Much is a Prada Milano?

The price for a prada milano starts at $150 and tops out at $1,650, and on average, selling for $455.

Prada for sale on 1stDibs

The House of Savoy coat of arms and knotted rope on Prada’s seal herald that the iconic Italian luxury fashion house was named Official Supplier to the Italian Royal Household in 1919. Started in 1913 by Mario Prada, the brand’s original shop in Milan’s Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II still has the mahogany shelves that displayed its early wares such as travel items and handbags. Today, these fine leather goods are joined by the clothing, wallets and other various accessories that keep the brand on the cutting edge of fashion.

When Mario Prada’s granddaughter, Miuccia Prada (b. 1949), inherited the business from her mother in the late 1970s, Prada was recognized for its quality craftsmanship, yet it was still a modest-sized company. Miuccia, an enthusiast of unconventional Italian filmmakers who’d earned a Ph.D. in political science, introduced the concept of using pocone — a military-grade water-resistant nylon that feels like silk.

Nylon revolutionized the fashion house’s business, with the first Prada nylon backpack released to universal acclaim in 1984. Soon the durable, water-resistant material was incorporated into Prada’s ready-to-wear collections for both men and women. No one had previously considered nylon a part of luxury fashion, and it wasn’t long before the family-owned company best known for its luggage was leading modern style that emphasized function as much as form.

Characterized by clean lines and a refined elegance that signaled the new direction of the legacy brand, Miuccia Prada debuted her first ready-to-wear collection for women in Fall/Winter 1988. More inventive fashion would follow in the ensuing years, such as the 1993 launch of the more affordable, more playful Miu Miu line, which was aimed at a younger audience, and the introduction of Prada Sport in 1997 — a collection now widely seen as prescient for its embrace of athleisure.

Prada has regularly gone against the grain to elevate styles that have long been out of fashion. In 1996, there were dresses and skirts in clashing patterns and muted earth tones that seemed flat and outdated, all worn with chunky high wedge sandals. Fanny packs followed three years later, and elaborate lace in 2008. Each season continues to bring new eye-catching innovations for the historic brand, including enhanced attention to sustainability with Prada Re-Nylon, a new line of bags created from recycled ocean plastic.

Today, find a wide variety of vintage Prada evening dresses, bags and other items on 1stDibs.

Finding the Right Handbags And Purses for You

An integral part of fashion, handbags and purses have been indispensable accessories ever since we began to carry around personal items. Level of craftsmanship, style and shape matters — from coin purses in ancient Greece to early 20th-century opera bags and onward, handbags have evolved considerably over the years to meet our needs and desires, whether or not you happen to be prioritizing functionality over a flashy exterior.

Once, a single “It” handbag ruled each fashion season. No more. Today, lovers of vintage handbags are savvier and have a wider range of shopping options. Nevertheless, classics created by the likes of Louis Vuitton, Dior and Balenciaga still rule.

“It is not a fashion bag — it is a statement bag,” says Mightychic's Debra Kent of Hermès's widely beloved accessories. “When you carry an iconic Hermès bagBirkin, Kelly, Constance — no one knows how long you have been into this culture or if you are a newbie. Your status is validated immediately.”

First released in 1997, Fendi's Baguette rose to fame along with Carrie Bradshaw, the Sex and the City character portrayed by Sarah Jessica Parker. Recently, the design has seen such a resurgence in popularity that Fendi has reissued it.

They are part of design history, so owning a handbag has meaning. As New York–based fashion historian Sarah C. Byrd says, “You have made the choice to invest in this piece because you understand the value of it in the past and in the future to come.”

From a 1980s Chanel black leather quilted mini buckle bag to the rare Hermès Birkin 30cm Himalayan with diamond hardware to a range of 19th-century bags, find a rich variety of vintage and designer handbags and purses spanning numerous brands on 1stDibs — seasonal “It” designation no longer needed.