$1,051Sale Price|20% Off
Mid-Century Modern Cantilever Lounge Chair by Sam Larsson for Dux, 1972
By Sam Larsson, Dux of Sweden
Located in Amsterdam, NL
Stunning and rare Mid-Century Modern cantilever lounge chair. Design by Sam Larsson for Dux of Sweden. Striking Swedish design from the 1970s.
Chrome
“Fenix” Lounge Chair by Sam Larsson for Dux in Chrome and Fabric, Sweden, 1970s
By Sam Larsson
Located in Eskilstuna, SE
A rare “Fenix” lounge chair designed by Sam Larsson for Dux, Sweden, during the 1970s. The chair has a frame of chrome-plated tubular steel with canvas support and loose, deeply cush...
Steel
Model ’Sam’ Leather & Chrome Office Chair by Sam Larsson for DUX, Sweden, 1970s
By Sam Larsson, Dux of Sweden
Located in Karis, Nyland
Original and rare ’Sam’ office chair designed by Sam Larsson for DUX, Sweden, in the 1970s.
Chrome
Pair of Sam Larsson Metro Chairs
By Dux of Sweden, Sam Larsson
Located in Armadale, Victoria
Pair of Metro chairs in tan leather with beech frames. Designed by Sam Larsson for DUX, Sweden.
Leather, Beech
Leather Lounge Chair 'Fenix' by Sam Larsson for DUX, 1970
By Sam Larsson, Dux of Sweden
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Wonderful reclining lounge chair/chaise by Sam Larsson for DUX, 1970, in camel colored leather on a canvas covered metal frame.
Metal
Fenix Reclining Lounge Chair by Sam Larsson for Dux, 1970s Leather
By Dux of Sweden, Sam Larsson
Located in New York, NY
Bentwood 1970’s Fenix reclining lounge chair designed by Sam Larsson for DUX. upholstered in an original leather, the original ‘dux’ fabric lining has been retained for authenticity.
Metal
Leather Lounge Chair 'Metro' by Sam Larsson for DUX, 1970
By Sam Larsson, Dux of Sweden
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Wonderful leather lounge chair 'Metro' by Sam Larsson for DUX, Sweden, 1970, in cognac colored leather on a canvas covered birch bentwood frame, in good original condition with some ...
Leather, Canvas, Bentwood
Sold
H 34.65 in W 33.47 in D 29.53 in
Mid-Century Modern Cantilever Lounge Chair 'Sesam' by Sam Larsson for Dux, 1970s
By Dux of Sweden, Sam Larsson
Located in Karis, Nyland
Stunning and rare Mid-Century Modern cantilever lounge chair designed by Sam Larsson for Dux, Sweden.Striking Swedish design from the 1970s.
Chrome
1970s Swedish Leather Chaise by Sam Larsson for DUX
By Sam Larsson
Located in London, GB
This was made in Sweden in the 1970s by DUX, it was designed by Sam Larsson. It’s in lovely vintage condition, we have had the leather professionally hand coloured and revived to giv...
Chrome
Sold
H 34.26 in W 27.56 in D 33.47 in
Sam Larsson Metro Lounge Chair in Plywood and Canvas / Fabric for DUX Sweden
By Dux of Sweden, Sam Larsson
Located in Amsterdam, NL
Nice lounge chair (Metro) designed by Sam Larsson for DUX Sweden. Birch plywood frame with canvas cover and cushions with ochre fabric.
Fabric, Canvas, Birch
Sold
H 30.32 in W 18.9 in D 22.84 in
Sam Larsson set of four dining chairs in black leather Dux Sweden 1960
By Dux of Sweden, Sam Larsson
Located in Etten-Leur, NL
Beautifully shaped set of four dining chairs designed by Sam Larsson for Dux, Sweden 1960. These timeless chairs are upholstered in luxurious black leather, providing both comfort an...
Metal
Sam Larsson "Fenix" for Dux Chaise Lounge Chair
By Sam Larsson, Dux of Sweden
Located in Philadelphia, PA
Sam Larsson "Fenix" for Dux Adjustable Chaise Lounge.
Chrome
Sam Larsson Tufted Leather Lounge Armchair for DUX
By Dux of Sweden, Sam Larsson
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Sam Larsson tufted leather lounge chair for DUX with handsome patina.
Leather
Scandinavian Modern Fenix by DUX Lounge Chair
By Dux of Sweden, Sam Larsson
Located in Kramfors, SE
Sam Larsson lounge chair 'Fenix' for DUX. The chair is from the second half of the 20th century.
Leather
Sam Larsson for DUX Pair of Armchairs "1974" in Cognac Leather
By Dux of Sweden, Sam Larsson
Located in Waalwijk, NL
Sam Larsson for DUX International, set 8 armchairs model '1974', leather, fabric, metal, Sweden, 1970 Pair of side chairs designed by Sam Larsson and manufactured by DUX Internation...
Steel
Sam Larsson for DUX Armchairs Model ‘Sam’ in Cognac Leather
By Dux of Sweden, Sam Larsson
Located in Waalwijk, NL
Sam Larsson for DUX International, dining chairs model 'Sam', cognac leather, fabric, chrome-plated metal, Sweden, design 1974 Dining chairs model ‘Sam’ designed by Sam Larsson (1...
Metal, Chrome
Sold
H 32 in W 24 in D 21 in
Set of 4 Mid Century Modern Leather Chrome Dining chairs by Sam Larsson for DUX
By Dux of Sweden, Sam Larsson
Located in BROOKLYN, NY
Rare Set of 4 Vintage Mid Century Modern leather and chrome designed by Sam Larsson for Dux of Sweden. Leather cushion and backrest with belt strap connecting them together on a bent...
Chrome
Vintage Mid-Century Leather Chaise by Sam Larsson for DUX
By Dux of Sweden, Sam Larsson
Located in San Francisco, CA
This is a Mid-Century Modern 'Fenix' chaise longue by Sam Larsson for DUX with tufted black leather upholstery and a chrome frame.
Chrome, Metal
Sold
H 38 in W 24 in D 55 in
Midcentury "Fenix" Chaise Lounge, Sam Larsson for DUX in Cognac Leather + Chrome
By Dux of Sweden, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Sam Larsson, Milo Baughman
Located in Framingham, MA
Scandinavian modern reclining chaise lounge chair in chromed steel and cognac leather. Designed by Sam Larsson for DUX, Sweden circa 1970. Definite Bauhaus vibes.
Steel, Chrome
Sold
H 29.93 in W 18.51 in D 22.45 in
Sam Larsson For Dux Sweden ‘Sam’ Four Black Leather Dining Chairs Mid Century
By Dux of Sweden, Sam Larsson
Located in Cambridge, GB
New Stock ✅ Sam Larsson for Dux Sweden ‘Sam’ Four Black Leather Dining Chairs Mid Century Vintage Retro MCM Superb set of dining chairs designed by Sam Larsson and manufactured by ...
Other
Sold
H 36.62 in W 28.75 in D 32.68 in
Swivel Armchair by Sam Larsson for DUX, 1970s, Scandinavia, Sweden
By Dux of Sweden, Sam Larsson
Located in Kongens Lyngby, DK
Sam Larsson´s high backed armchair on the swivel stand. Cushion covered with deep orange leather and the back with canvas. Armrest and foot of beech. Folding leather on leather.
Leather, Beech
Sam Larsson Fenix Chair DUX Mid-Century Chaise Longue Leather, 1970s
Located in Longdon, Tewkesbury
A stunningly beautiful and totally original Sam Larsson vintage chaise Longue named the Fenix chair - 1970s original Scandinavian recliner by Sam Larsson for DUX Sweden, beautiful mo...
Vintage Mid-Century Tufted Leather Chaise by Dux
By Dux of Sweden
Located in San Francisco, CA
This is a Mid-Century Modern 'Fenix' chaise lounge by Sam Larsson for Dux with tufted black leather upholstery and a chrome frame.
Pair of Rare Rudolph Horn Lounge Chairs
By Rudolf Horn 1
Located in Brussels, BE
We had previously listed these as a design from Sweden by Sam Larsson for Dux but friends in Paris set us straight on the attribution.
Steel
Sam Larsson for DUX Reclining Lounge Chair
By Sam Larsson, Dux of Sweden
Located in Costa Mesa, CA
Rare Sam Larsson for DUX reclining lounge chair in original grey wool upholstery in excellent vintage condition.
Bentwood, Wool
1970's 'Fenix' by Sam Larsson for DUX Reclining Bentwood Lounge Chair
By Dux of Sweden
Located in Chicago, IL
Sleek and beautiful bentwood 1970s Fenix reclining lounge chair designed by Sam Larsson for DUX Sweden. Newly upholstered with a cream duck canvas, the original ‘dux’ fabric lining h...
Leather, Canvas, Bentwood
$1,200
H 31.5 in W 26 in D 28 in
1980s Charles Pollock for Knoll Office Desk Chair in Leather and Chrome
By Charles Pollock, Knoll
Located in St.Petersburg, FL
Iconic desk or office chair designed by Charles Pollock for Knoll. Extremely comfortable with soft black leather. Chair sits above a four star base, with chrome and black plastic acc...
Metal
$800
H 33 in W 19 in D 18 in
MCM Soft Pad Office Chair by Herman Miller, Leather, Chrome, USA, c. 1970s
By Herman Miller
Located in Rancho Cucamonga, CA
A distinctive office chair in the mid-century modern tradition, crafted from leather and showcasing ergonomic design with a polished aluminum base. This piece blends timeless Eames d...
Aluminum
$1,543
H 38.59 in W 28.35 in D 33.47 in
Scandinavian Mid-Century Modern Ingmar Relling Siesta Lounge Chair for Westnofa
By Westnofa Furniture, Ingmar Relling
Located in München, BY
Siesta armchair with high backrest and armrests in black leather and black bentwood frame. Designed by Norwegian design icon Ingmar Relling in the late 1960s and manufactured by West...
Leather, Linen, Wood
$1,211
H 31.89 in W 25.6 in D 31.5 in
Midcentury "Siesta" Lounge Chair by Ingmar Relling for Westnofa, Norway, 1970s
By Ingmar Relling, Westnofa Furniture
Located in Praha, CZ
- iconic model - very confortable
Leather, Fabric, Wood
Skye Lounge Chair by Tord Bjorklund , Sweden, 1970
By Tord Bjorklund
Located in Praha, CZ
This vintage chaise lounge by Tord Bjorklund, 1970 Sweden, combines comfort and timeless design. The upholstery of the chaise lounge was covered with black fabric and shows a good. A...
Fabric
$3,429
H 38.59 in W 33.47 in D 35.44 in
Bruno Mathsson Pernilla Lounge Chair. 25 years limited edition
By Bruno Mathsson, Dux of Sweden
Located in Esbjerg, DK
Bruno Mathsson Pernilla lounge chair with patinated leather. Frame in beech. Made by DUX. 25 years annivesary model
Leather, Beech
Midcentury Leather and Chrome Swivel Chair
By Steelcase, Gardner Leaver, Maison Jansen, George Mulhauser
Located in BROOKLYN, NY
Gardner Leaver for Steelcase Easy chair in saddle brown leather. Chrome is in good shape with no rust. Has just the right angle to be used as an office chair, reading chair or even l...
Chrome
$3,658
H 30.32 in W 37.8 in D 37.8 in
Johan Bertil Häggström Tubular Lounge Chair for Swed-Form, Sweden, 1970s
By Swed Furn, Johan Bertil Häggström
Located in Antwerp, Antwerp
A lounge chair by Johan Bertil Häggström for Swed-Form, produced in Sweden in the 1970s. An example of Swedish postmodern design, the piece is built around a tubular chrome frame tha...
Metal
$1,599
H 37.41 in W 27.17 in D 61.42 in
Midcentury Skye Chaise Lounge Chair for IKEA by Tord Björklund, Sweden, 1970s
By Tord Bjorklund, IKEA
Located in Praha, CZ
- very confortable - iconic model.
Chrome
$3,950
H 39.25 in W 23.75 in D 24.5 in
French Period Mid-Century Modern Desk Chair, Leather and Chrome, Circa 1980
Located in Austin, TX
Desk chair from the mid-century modern period in France. This piece is made with a chrome structure and leather upholstery. The leather is a supple brown tone with extra cushion for ...
Chrome
$10,400
H 34.45 in W 30.71 in D 30.71 in
L'Atelier Commander Office Chair, Jorge Zalszupin, Brazil, 1972-1973
By L'Atelier San Paulo, Jorge Zalszupin
Located in New York, NY
Created by Jorge Zalszupin (1922-2020) and his design team, the Commander chair was designed to attend to the growing market for office furniture. The first model was developed betwe...
Aluminum
Leather Office Chair by Ward Bennett for Bricket Associates
By Brickel Associates, Ward Bennett
Located in BROOKLYN, NY
A classic desk chair in black leather by Ward Bennett for Brickel Associates with original 5 star chrome base and rolling casters. Measurements taken at the lowest height setting. M...
Chrome
$12,003
H 28.75 in W 29.93 in D 41.34 in
Very rare 'Impala' lounge chair, Gillis Lundgren for IKEA, Sweden, 1970s
By IKEA, Gillis Lundgren
Located in Eskilstuna, SE
A true gem from the 1970s – the Impala lounge chair, designed by Gillis Lundgren for IKEA. The model was introduced in 1972 but discontinued just a year later due to high production ...
Steel
$2,495
H 30.5 in W 57.5 in D 24 in
Westnofa Chaise Lounge Chair by Ingmar & Knut Relling for Vestlandske, c. 1970's
By Knut Relling, Ingmar Relling, Westnofa Furniture
Located in Deland, FL
A Scandinavian Modern lounge chair by Ingmar and Knut Relling for Vestlandske/Westnofa. It has an ebony stained bentwood frame and chocolate brown leather upholstery. The lounger is ...
Leather
$3,429
H 38.59 in W 33.47 in D 35.44 in
Bruno Mathsson Pernilla Lounge Chair. 25 years limited edition
By Bruno Mathsson, Dux of Sweden
Located in Esbjerg, DK
Bruno Mathsson Pernilla lounge chair with patinated leather. Frame in beech. Made by DUX. 25 years annivesary model
Leather, Beech
Executive Leather Office Chair by Otto Zapf for Knoll
By Knoll, Otto Zapf
Located in Chicago, IL
c. 1980s. USA. Black leather upholstery with padded cushions
Leather
$22,000 / set
H 32.29 in W 31.5 in D 33.47 in
Marco Zanuso "Regent" Armchairs for Arflex, Sage Green Velvet, 1960, Set of 2
By Arflex, Marco Zanuso
Located in Lonigo, Veneto
Marco Zanuso "Regent" armchair for Arflex, sage green velvet, Italy, 1960, set of two. The "Regent" armchairs, designed by Marco Zanuso for Arflex in 1960s, capture the essence of ...
Velvet
Art Deco Hand-Painted White Scalloped Bowl by Arthur Percy, Gefle, 1930s
By Arthur Percy, Gefle
Located in Grythyttan, SE
Elegant Swedish Art Deco serving bowl designed by Arthur Percy (1886–1976) for Gefle Porslinsfabrik, from the Gyllen series. The organically scalloped, undulating form gives the bowl...
Stoneware
$4,115 / set
H 5.71 in W 3.86 in D 1.7 in
Pair of Christofle Silver-Plated "Poison" vases after Émile Reiber, ca 1874
By Christofle, Emile Reiber
Located in Stockholm, SE
Stylized fish standing upright on their crossed tails. The details are rendered in relief, allowing the silver-plated surfaces to alternate between strong reflections and deeper area...
Silver Plate
$3,920Sale Price|20% Off
H 76 in W 59.5 in D 19 in
Mid Century Paul McCobb Calvin Irwin Collection Shelf Bookshelf Room Divider
By Calvin Furniture, Paul McCobb
Located in New York, NY
Rare Mid Century sideboard, shelf unit, room divider, designed by Paul McCobb as part of the sought after Irwin Collection series for Calvin, circa 1950’s. This example features ble...
Brass
$25,000
H 13 in Dm 48 in
Contemporary Round Coffee Lime Mantis Green Table Translucent Resin by Ian Cochr
By Ian Cochran
Located in New York, NY
Plump Coffee Table by Ian Alistair Cochran Represented by Tuleste Factory Solid Resin H 13" x D 48" A continuation of the Plump series of sculptural furniture. The shapes play u...
Resin
$28,000 / set
H 24 in W 70 in D 31 in
Brazilian Modern Two-in-One Rosewood Sofa & Daybed in Deep Olive Mohair, Celina
By Celina Decoracoes
Located in New York, NY
A rare and intelligently engineered two-in-one sofa and daybed by Celina Decorações, Brazil, circa 1960—an exceptional example of Brazilian modernism where material nobility meets sp...
Chrome
Scandinavian Modern Pink Brass Pendant, 1950s
Located in Helsinki, Uusimaa
Scandinavian Modern pendant from the 1950s. Brass and painted metal. Pink metal shades. Good vintage condition, minor patina consistent with age and use.
Metal, Brass
Lalique France - Vase Serpent Snake Amazon Green Crystal - New In Box
By Lalique, René Lalique
Located in Boulogne Billancourt, FR
Vase "Serpent" made in amazon green crystal by Lalique France after a drawing by René Lalique from 1924. Engraved signature and numbered. Perfect condition. Extraordinary model! New...
Crystal
$12,700
H 17.72 in W 42.52 in D 25.6 in
1970s Italian Assymetrical Grid Coffee Table in Walnut and Glass
Located in Waalwijk, NL
Coffee table, walnut, lacquered wood, glass, Italy, 1970s This 1970s Italian coffee table is a geometric and highly organized composition, built from walnut, glass, and grey lacque...
Glass, Walnut
$12,000
H 10 in W 47 in D 24 in
Joaquim Tenreiro Rosewood & Crystal Coffee Table — Organic Form, Brazil, 1960s
By Joaquim Tenreiro
Located in New York, NY
Among the most celebrated figures of twentieth-century Brazilian design, Joaquim Tenreiro transformed furniture into an exercise in proportion, lightness, and sculptural restraint. T...
Glass, Rosewood
$2,857
H 59.45 in W 20.08 in D 7.88 in
Floor Lamp Model 41, Hans Bergström, Ateljé Lyktan, Åhus, 1940s
By Hans Bergström, Ateljé Lyktan
Located in Helsinki, Uusimaa
Scandinavian Modern floor lamp model 41, design Hans Bergström, manufactured by Ateljé Lyktan, Åhus, 1940s. Brass, painted metal and plastic. The metal shade is adjustable. Marked. G...
Metal, Brass
$26,500
H 30.52 in W 21.66 in D 21.66 in
Paavo Tynell for Taito Oy 'Concerto' Chandelier in Brass and Beige Glass
By Taito Oy, Paavo Tynell
Located in Waalwijk, NL
Paavo Tynell for Taito Oy, chandelier from the 'Concerto' series, model '9029/4', brass, glass, Finland, 1948 This majestic chandelier is designed by the master in the fields of lig...
Brass
$13,800
H 17.72 in W 36.23 in D 36.23 in
Ernesto Valabrega for Vittorio Valabrega Coffee Table in Chestnut and Glass
By Vittorio Valabrega
Located in Waalwijk, NL
Ernesto Valabrega for Vittorio Valabrega Studio, coffee table, chestnut, glass, Italy, 1930s A striking example of 1930s Italian design, this coffee table was designed by Ernesto Va...
Glass, Chestnut
$4,142
H 23.23 in W 62.21 in D 29.93 in
Mid-Century Danish Johannes Andersen Rosewood Three Legged Coffee Table
Located in Gloucestershire, GB
A large Mid-Century Danish stunning three legged dem-ilune coffee table. By Johannes Andersen for Silkeborg, 1958. The smooth, subtle organic curves make for a truly elegant table....
Rosewood
$18,176 / set
H 44.49 in W 42.52 in D 39.38 in
Rare Pair of Monumental Art Deco Skandilock Sheepskin Wingback Chairs 1930s
Located in Praha, CZ
An extraordinarily rare pair of monumental Art Deco wingback lounge chairs, newly upholstered in premium Skandilock genuine sheepskin in the elegant Honey color. Combining sculptural...
Sheepskin, Wood
$14,600
H 27 in W 27 in D 27 in
Contemporary Sculptural Accent Minimalist Side Table DeepOlive Transparent Resin
By Ian Cochran
Located in New York, NY
Plump Side Table by Ian Alistair Cochran Represented by Tuleste Factory Solid Resin H 27 x L 27" x W 27" A continuation of the Plump series of sculptural furniture. The shapes pl...
Resin
Today, Swedish manufacturer DUX’s most popular furniture lines — as well as the furnishings created by its first president, Folke Ohlsson — are synonymous with the work that vintage mid-century modern design obsessives love. Also important, the brand is known for some of the most commonplace means of furniture shipping and production in the modern era.
In Sweden, Studio Ljungs Industrier AB is the large family-owned parent company of Duxiana (in America, DUX). Initially a purveyor of bedding that is today celebrated for its ergonomically guided designs, Ljungs Industrier was founded by entrepreneur (and chocolate maker) Efraim Ljung in 1926. In 1950, Folke Ohlsson, then leading Ljungs Industrier’s design team, decamped to the States to explore how he could expand DUX’s business, which at that point included a wide range of furniture. Ohlsson established a DUX office not long after he arrived in California, first in San Francisco and later in Burlingame.
On the West Coast, the booming postwar American market was eager to embrace DUX’s affordable and practical bedroom furnishings, tables, armchairs and other seating. Characterized by sleek walnut and teak frames and low-slung silhouettes, the brand’s designs were emblematic of a generation of Scandinavian modernism that had gained popularity owing to visionaries such as product designer and architect Greta Magnusson-Grossman, who arrived in California from Sweden a decade prior to Ohlsson, and Finn Juhl, who created a Danish modern line for Michigan’s Baker Furniture Company in 1951.
DUX frequently collaborated with top-tier furniture design talent — among them Bruno Mathsson, Edward Wormley and Alf Svensson, a chief designer in the Malmö, Sweden, office of Ljungs Industrier — expanding the brand’s portfolio and establishing credibility as a design source. Ohlsson’s own designs, such as his comfortable leather lounges and wool-upholstered reclining rocking chairs, continue to be among the brand’s most desirable — and most imitated — however.
In 1949, DUX put into practice an idea that Ohlsson patented for the so-called “knock-down,” or “KD,” chair, a term referencing easy, flat-pack assembly. It saved DUX space in warehouses and money on transportation and was a concept that would provide inspiration to hundreds of subsequent companies — most notably fellow Swedish brand IKEA.
Today, vintage DUX sofas and dining chairs are valuable collector’s items. Find this coveted seating and other authentic DUX furniture on 1stDibs.
With entire areas of our homes reserved for “sitting rooms,” the value of quality antique and vintage seating cannot be overstated.
Fortunately, the design of side chairs, armchairs and other lounge furniture — since what were, quite literally, the early perches of our ancestors — has evolved considerably.
Among the earliest standard seating furniture were stools. Egyptian stools, for example, designed for one person with no seat back, were x-shaped and typically folded to be tucked away. These rudimentary chairs informed the design of Greek and Roman stools, all of which were a long way from Sori Yanagi's Butterfly stool or Alvar Aalto's Stool 60. In the 18th century and earlier, seats with backs and armrests were largely reserved for high nobility.
The seating of today is more inclusive but the style and placement of chairs can still make a statement. Antique desk chairs and armchairs designed in the style of Louis XV, which eventually included painted furniture and were often made of rare woods, feature prominently curved legs as well as Chinese themes and varied ornaments. Much like the thrones of fairy tales and the regency, elegant lounges crafted in the Louis XV style convey wealth and prestige. In the kitchen, the dining chair placed at the head of the table is typically reserved for the head of the household or a revered guest.
Of course, with luxurious vintage or antique furnishings, every chair can seem like the best seat in the house. Whether your preference is stretching out on a plush sofa, such as the Serpentine, designed by Vladimir Kagan, or cozying up in a vintage wingback chair, there is likely to be a comfy classic or contemporary gem for you on 1stDibs.
With respect to the latest obsessions in design, cane seating has been cropping up everywhere, from sleek armchairs to lounge chairs, while bouclé fabric, a staple of modern furniture design, can be seen in mid-century modern, Scandinavian modern and Hollywood Regency furniture styles.
Admirers of the sophisticated craftsmanship and dark woods frequently associated with mid-century modern seating can find timeless furnishings in our expansive collection of lounge chairs, dining chairs and other items — whether they’re vintage editions or alluring official reproductions of iconic designs from the likes of Hans Wegner or from Charles and Ray Eames. Shop our inventory of Egg chairs, designed in 1958 by Arne Jacobsen, the Florence Knoll lounge chair and more.
No matter your style, the collection of unique chairs, sofas and other seating on 1stDibs is surely worthy of a standing ovation.