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Material: Gesso
19th/ 20th Century Giltwood Wall / Console / Pier Mirror, Rectangular
Located in Manhasset, NY
19th/ 20th Century Giltwood Wall / Console / Pier Mirror, Over the Mantle, Rectangular A finely carved and decorative gilt wood and gesso wall mirror having a 24 kt gold finish. ...
Category

Early 20th Century French Louis XVI Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Mirror, Wood

Venetian Painted Italian Louis XV Style Writing Table
Located in Forney, TX
A most charming vintage, circa 1960, Italian Venetian writing table (desk - vanity - console) with beautifully aged heavily worn distressed pati...
Category

Mid-20th Century Italian Rococo Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood, Paint

Antique Italian Florentine Hand-Carved & Gilt Finished Floor Lamp & Shade
Located in Hamilton, Ontario
This antique florr lamp is unsigned, but presumed to originate from Italy and date to approximately 1920 and done in a Classical Florentine style. The lamp base is composed of a softwood that have been heavily hand-carved with considerable decorative elements from the top to the base, and has three pull chain light...
Category

Early 20th Century Italian Classical Roman Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Softwood

19th Century Japanese Meiji Iki mask
Located in London, GB
19th Century Japanese Meiji Iki mask A Japanese Meiji period Iki mask dated from the late 19th Century, depicting a dynamic expressive human face, with glass eyes and hair and a burn...
Category

Early 1900s Japanese Victorian Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood

Antique Oval Mirror with Cimasa And Flowers, Gilded In Pure Gold, 19th Era.
Located in Breganze, VI
The Oval Antique Mirror with Cimasa rich with flowers, leaves and scrollwork offered here dates back to the mid-19th century.  The round antique mirror from the 1800s has a Gilded F...
Category

Mid-19th Century French Louis Philippe Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gold Leaf

Pair of Mid-Century Modern Gesso & Brass Accent Table Lamps
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Condition: Newly Rewired, New Shades Dimensions: 30.25”H x 8.75”W x 8.75”D Shade: 10"H x 13"W x 13"D
Category

1960s American Mid-Century Modern Vintage Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso

Regency style convex Mirror
Located in Denton, TX
Carved wood with gesso and gold metal finish Regency style convex mirror.
Category

20th Century North American Regency Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood

Chinese Carved Wood Bodhisattva Guanyin, Late Ming Dynasty, 17th Century
Located in Austin, TX
An attractive carved wood figure of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, known as Guanyin in China, late Ming Dynasty, early 17th century, China. Guanyi...
Category

Early 17th Century Chinese Ming Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood

Empire Neoclassical Gilt Mirror
Located in New York, NY
Empire Neoclassical gilt mirror. Antique Italian gilt Neoclassical mirror frame with interior leaf and dart holding with large ogee band and o...
Category

Early 19th Century Italian Empire Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Mirror, Giltwood

Antique late 19th century French black and gold painted Chinoiserie Mirror
Located in Casteren, NL
This beautiful antique mirror was made in central France at the end of the 19th century, around 1890. The mirror features a convex-concave-shaped top. The frame is made of pine wood ...
Category

Late 19th Century French Chinoiserie Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Mirror, Pine, Paint

Mid-Century French Wood Painted Ornate Art Frame
Located in Haddonfield, NJ
Fabulous wooden rectangular frame with fantastic patina. This wood frame will accommodate a 12x9 piece of artwork. Add some vintage charm to your favorite water color, print of oil p...
Category

Mid-20th Century French Rococo Gesso Furniture

Materials

Wood, Gesso, Paint

Ornate Gothic Style Gilded Mirror with Cherub and Masks
Located in Hopewell, NJ
Dramatic Gothic style aged mirror having central cherub at the top, ornate frame and two mask like faces on each side. Mirror has natural spiderwebs and mercury with fabulous moody ...
Category

1930s American Gothic Vintage Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood

Italian Gold Gilded Rococo Console Table with Rosso Verona Marble Top
Located in Casteren, NL
Beautiful Italian Rococo console table with inserted top of rosso verona marble. This console table has a pierced skirt centered by a rococo foliate ornament with complex volute fl...
Category

Late 19th Century Italian Rococo Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gold

1950s Italian Bar Cabinet with Dutch Maritime Oil Painting
Located in North Miami, FL
Dramatic 1950s Italian bar cabinet features an elegant curved body on tall, slender cabriole legs, gessoed and painted in Tiffany box blue and lined in rich European walnut. Center framed fold-down shelf features a classical maritime oil painting...
Category

1950s Italian Mid-Century Modern Vintage Gesso Furniture

Materials

Brass

After Fragonard French 19th Century Oil on Canvas Progress of Love-Lover Crowned
By (After) Jean-Honoré Fragonard
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A large French 19th century oil on canvas (laid down on a masonite) "Les progrès de l'amour dans le cœur d'une jeune fille" The Progress of Love: The Lover Crowned, after Jean-Honoré...
Category

19th Century French Rococo Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Masonite, Gesso, Canvas, Giltwood

Raoul Morren, Assembled Fragments Mixed-Media Wall Art
Located in High Point, NC
Raoul Morren, a self-taught artist and curator, explores a spectrum of artistic mediums, including collage, painting, photography, sculpture and video. Drawing profound inspiration f...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Acrylic, Plaster

Very Large Glamorous Rectangular Greek Key Hollywood Regency Style Mirror
Located in Hopewell, NJ
Spectacular large Hollywood Regency style gold leaf and ebonized rectangular mirror with bevelled mirror. Can be hung either vertically or horizontally.
Category

Early 2000s American Hollywood Regency Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gold Leaf

White Kidney Shaped Desk, Gesso, Antique Mirror Top
Located in Miami, FL
White kidney shaped desk with Gesso finish. The top is antiqued mirror glass. Ready for a new home.
Category

Early 2000s American Modern Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Mirror, Wood

Grand Italian Baroque Style Mirror, Late 18th - Early 19th Century
Located in San Francisco, CA
A large grand Baroque style carved wood, gessoed and gilded mirror with original faux marble finish. Mirror plate is old but possibly not original. This is a show stopper of a mirror...
Category

Late 18th Century Italian Rococo Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gold Leaf

French Rococo Carved Giltwood Palatial Oval Mirror
Located in Barcelona, ES
Outstanding finely carved palatial Rococo style mirror with gold leaf finish in a very big size. France, 1850. A superb example of gilt Rococo style framework. The frame has a beau...
Category

Early 19th Century French Rococo Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gold Leaf

Rare Unusual Antique Art Nouveau Arts and Crafts Figured Oak Parcel Gilt Mirror
Located in New York, NY
Rare and unusual Art Nouveau Arts and Crafts period figured oak and parcel gilt aquatic motifs wall mirror Circa 1890 Provenance: Estate of a Zigfield Follies, Broadway NYC actress T...
Category

Late 19th Century Art Nouveau Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood

Louis XV Style Giltwood Chaise Longue
Located in Pembroke, MA
Elegant French Louis XV style giltwood chaise longue, with nicely-carved flower cartouches on the head and foot, floral carvings on the seat rail and other rococo ornaments. Upholstered in lovely silk lampas fabric...
Category

Late 19th Century French Louis XV Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Silk, Upholstery, Giltwood

18th Century Water Gilded Processional Cross with Embroidered IHS
Located in Hastings, GB
Glorious 18th century water gilded baroque processional cross, with embroidered IHS panels inset. Time worn patina, gesso over wood. Height 61 cm, Width 37 cm, Depth 13 cm
Category

Mid-18th Century Italian Baroque Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood

Italian Recency Style Gilt Frame Trumeau Mirror
Located in New York, NY
Chic, voguish Trumeau style wall mirror, having a black and gold frame with a decorative raised classical style urn and foliate design, fluted columns, and raised molding trim. The ...
Category

Mid-20th Century Italian Regency Revival Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Mirror

18th-19th Century Oil on Canvas "The Triumph of Venice" After Paolo Veronese
By Paolo Veronese
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A very fine and Large Italian 18th-19th century oval-shaped oil on canvas titled "The Triumph of Venice" After the original work by Paolo Veronese (Venice, 1528-1588). The original of this painting hangs in the Palazzo Ducale, Venice. The 'Ricci' coloration suggests a late 17th-early 18th century date. In 1715 Charles de la Fosse advised Ricci to paint only "Veroneses and no more Riccis", Venice, circa 1800. Measures: Height: 45 1/4 inches (115 cm). Width: 29 inches (73.7 cm). Frame height: 58 1/4 inches (147.9 cm). Frame width: 43 1/4 inches (109.9 cm). Frame depth: 5 1/4 (13.3 cm). Provenance: Royal Academy of Scotland. Paolo Veronese (Born 1528, Verona, Republic of Venice - died April 9, 1588, Venice) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance in Venice, famous for paintings such as The Wedding at...
Category

Early 1800s Italian Renaissance Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Wood, Gesso, Canvas

Claydon Chimney Piece Mirror
By Luke Lightfoot
Located in Sturminster Marshall, Dorset
An exceptional carved chimney piece with mirror above, inspired by the Chinese room of Claydon. The elaborate carved decoration following the style of Luke Lightfoot...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary English George III Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood, Paint

19th Century Giltwood and Gesso Triptych Overmantle Mirror & Bevelled Edge Glass
Located in Reading, Berkshire
Beautiful Antique 19th century Neoclassical giltwood and gesso triptych overmantle mirror, with bevelled edge glass, classical chariot scene relief and Corinthian column pilasters.
Category

Early 19th Century French Neoclassical Revival Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Glass, Giltwood

Running Horses Abstract Impressionist Oil Painting
By Sheila Hendricks
Located in Rochester, NY
"Horses Running", a bold abstract impressionist oil painting with heavy impasto. By Sheila Hedricks. Signed. Oil on board. In a per...
Category

1940s American Mid-Century Modern Vintage Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood, Paint

Antique English School 19th Century Watercolor, Garden Pergola
Located in New Orleans, LA
A lovely 19th century English school watercolor on paper of "a garden pergola" rendered in beautiful colors of brick, green, tan and grey. Presented in a gilded gesso and wood frame.
Category

Late 19th Century English Late Victorian Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Glass, Wood, Paper

20th Century Golden and Lacquered Wood and Plaster French Frame, 1990
Located in Vicoforte, Piedmont
Large French frame from the late 20th century. Object of great size and impact, in wood, plaster and resin, carved, lacquered and gilded (bronze tint). Ideal frame to combine with a ...
Category

1990s French Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood

Late 19 Century Napoleon III Rococo Style Gilt Wood and Gesso Framed Mirror
Located in Vancouver, British Columbia
A rare and highly unusual French Napoleon III carved wood, gesso and gilded frame with a modern mirror in it. The frame is decorated with cartouches and is further embellished with...
Category

Late 19th Century French Napoleon III Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Giltwood, Mirror

Italian Green and Parcel-Gilt Carved Tassels Tea Height Table
Located in Chicago, IL
Shaped like a squared-off oval, this table is carved of wood, including tassel ornamentation and hoof feet crested with acanthus leaf trim. Painted a lovely teal blue-green, with an ...
Category

1960s Italian Vintage Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gold Leaf

Small Italian 18th Century Baroque Silvered Wall Mirror
Located in Haddonfield, NJ
An 18th century Italian Venetian-style wall mirror with original silvered patina.
Category

Mid-18th Century Italian Baroque Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Giltwood, Wood

Gilt Chinoiserie Mirror, circa 1940s
Located in Atlanta, GA
Gilt chinoiserie mirror, probably Italian, circa 1940s.
Category

1940s Italian Chinoiserie Vintage Gesso Furniture

Materials

Metal

George II Style Painted & Gilt Mirror in the Manner of William Kent
Located in Southampton, NY
George II style painted & gilt mirror in the Manner of William Kent. Gorgeous reproduction in a aged green painted finish with gilt embellishments on crown, shell and egg & dart moti...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary American George II Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Mirror, Giltwood

Antique Brown Arts & Crafts Gessoed Hardwood Beveled Mirror
Located in Malibu, CA
Antique arts & crafts/ late Victorian Wood and Gesso Frame with a decorative flat frame with acorns & leaf pattern. The inner frame with a string of chain. Ornate pattern on both the...
Category

Early 20th Century American Arts and Crafts Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Mirror, Hardwood

Antique 19th Century Gold Gilt French Louis Philippe Mirror with Rope and Tassel
Located in Casteren, NL
This is a rare large gold leaf gilt mirror that was made in northern France in the late 19th century. It features the upper rounded corners typical for the Louis Philippe style. Th...
Category

Late 19th Century French Louis Philippe Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gold Leaf

Pair of English Queen Anne Walnut Gilt Shell & Figural Wall Mirrors, Circa 1720
Located in Charleston, SC
Pair of English Queen Anne burl walnut beveled wall mirrors with central gilt wood shell and foliage decorations, flanking upper star etchings, scalloped gilt foliage interior and ex...
Category

1720s English Queen Anne Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Mirror, Walnut, Giltwood, Burl

Spanish Baroque Sunburst Mirror in Carved Giltwood, 1940s
Located in Barcelona, ES
Triple Layered carved wood sunburst mirror, Spain, 1930s. The three layers of rays surounding the central round glass highlight its beauty. This wall mirror has a terrific aged pa...
Category

20th Century Spanish Baroque Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gold Leaf

18th Century Spanish Virgin Mary of Immaculate Conception, Handcrafted Sculpture
Located in Madrid, ES
Completely hand-crafted in 18th century Spain, this sculpture of the Virgin stands 1.5 meters / 5 feet tall and was most certainly created for devotional purposes, to be displayed in a church or chapel. Besides its impressive size this sculpture is an excellent, museum-quality example of the Spanish “Estofado” polychrome technique, developed during the Gothic period to imitate rich brocade fabrics. The finely carved “fabric” areas of the sculpture would be first covered in gesso, and then a layer of gold leaf would be applied. The gold leaf would then be painted over with various colors of tempera paints. Once dry, the painted surface would be incised or scratched away in patterns, revealing the gold beneath. The sculpture was professionally restored in 2022 by a firm that is often hired by the Spanish government to work on historic building interiors and museum pieces. The virgin was carefully cleaned, repaired and its condition stabilized. A complete and fully-illustrated restoration report will be included with purchase. Often confused with the virgin birth of Jesus, the belief that the Blessed Virgin Mary herself was conceived “immaculately” without original sin has been variously defended and debated within the Catholic Church since the pre-Middle Ages. For centuries, artists struggled to create an acceptable visual representation of this highly abstract concept, in part taking inspiration from the Book of Revelation and other scriptural sources. We see the Virgin standing on a half moon (biblically inspired, though also an ancient symbol of chastity) with her long natural hair loose down her back, another indication of purity. Both her white tunic and flowing blue mantle...
Category

18th Century Spanish Baroque Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Silver, Gold Leaf

19th Century Venetian Rococo Style Bombe Chest Commode
Located in Chicago, IL
This 19th Century Venetian Rococo Style Bombe Chest Commode is richly hand-painted with bouquets of vibrant flowers, centered on ochre yellow surroun...
Category

19th Century Italian Rococo Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood, Paint

Palatial 19th C French Split Plate Gold Mirror of Enormous Proportions
Located in Hastings, GB
A magnificent over-mantle 19th century French mirror in the Louis Philippe style, the incredible split plate with superb foxing sits within the splendid wooden frame with gilt gesso ...
Category

1860s French Louis Philippe Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Mirror, Wood

Impressive Louis XVI Period Trumeau Mirror
Located in Pembroke, MA
A large and impressive French, 18th century Louis XVI period carved and giltwood trumeau mirror with antique mercury glass panels. A period oil on canvas painting of an expansive landscape with hunters is enclosed in a carved giltwood arched framework, surmounted by a stylized shell cartouche and supported by carved giltwood laurel...
Category

Late 18th Century French Louis XVI Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Mercury Glass, Paint, Gesso, Wood, Giltwood

Empire Style Rectangular Wall Mirror with Beige and Gilt Frame
Located in Barcelona, ES
Empire Style Mirror, France, 1930s. Beautiful Empire style rectangular mirror in beige patina with neoclassical relief foliage and floral ornamentation with gilded details . The fra...
Category

Early 20th Century French Empire Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gold Leaf

19th Century Renaissance Revival Giltwood Overmantle Mirror
Located in Hastings, GB
A showstopping 19th century Renaissance Revival giltwood and gesso overmantle mirror of incredible proportions. Circa 1850, England This truly spectacular mirror boasts egg and...
Category

1850s English Renaissance Revival Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood

Pair Italian Florentine Acanthus Leaves Giltwood Wall Brackets Shelves c. 1950
Located in Pearland, TX
A lovely pair of vintage Italian giltwood and gesso wall brackets or shelves from Florence, Italy, circa 1950. These stylish brackets have a hand carved scrolling acanthus leaf desig...
Category

1950s Italian Vintage Gesso Furniture

Materials

Giltwood, Gesso

Antique English Barbola Dressing Mirror
Located in Pearland, TX
A fine antique English barbola dressing table or vanity oval mirror with easel, circa 1920. This beautiful mirror has beveled glass and is crowned with a gesso floral swag. It would ...
Category

1920s English Vintage Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Mirror

French Neoclassical Style Carved Silver Giltwood & Marble Draped Urn Lamps, Pair
Located in Lambertville, NJ
Highly detailed pair of French neoclassical style silver leaf giltwood urn lamps featuring hand carved draped foliate garland motifs. These Louis XVI style lamps are mounted on marbl...
Category

20th Century European Neoclassical Gesso Furniture

Materials

Marble, Silver Leaf

19th Century Italian Giltwood Shelf with Carved Angels
Located in Dublin, Dalkey
19th century Italian giltwood shelf with angel and rococo-style carvings. The piece came from an important palazzo in Tuscany. It has faint green verdigris underlay with the gold l...
Category

19th Century Italian Rococo Revival Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gold Leaf

19th Century Louis XV Style Carved Giltwood Console Table with Marble Top
Located in Dusseldorf, DE
A 19th century Louis XV style wall console table with marble top. Probably from the Napoleon III epoch. Gesso and gold painted, openwork carved and rocaille-shaped wooden frame, car...
Category

19th Century European Louis XV Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Marble

Carved Caesar Bust
Located in Sturminster Marshall, Dorset
A finely carved wood bust of Julius Caesar taken from an original marble bust, carved in aged pine and gesso decorated. If required can be made to your specific size requirements. Th...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary English Regency Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood, Pine

Carved Caesar Bust
Carved Caesar Bust
$3,550 / item
Antique 19th-century French Faux Rosewood Painted Louis Philippe Mirror
Located in Casteren, NL
"This exceptional large mirror was crafted in Northern France at the end of the 19th century, around 1870. The mirror features the characteristic rounded upper corners typical of the...
Category

Late 19th Century French Louis Philippe Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Mirror, Pine, Paint

Hand Carved Wooden Sacred Heart With Red And Gilt Over Gesso 1889
Located in Hastings, GB
This beautiful Sacred Heart Sculpture dates to 1889 and would originally have hung near the altar in a German Church. The heart is crafted from wood with a gesso covering and hand pa...
Category

1880s German Rococo Revival Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Wood

19th Century French Louis XVI Style Gilt Wood Aubusson Parlor Set
Located in Swedesboro, NJ
Dimensions - (Settee) H: 44 3/4in W: 58 1/2in D: 30in SH: 17 3/4in Arm Chairs - H: 42 1/2in W: 24in D: 24in SH: 17in This 19th Century French Louis XVI Style Gilt Wood Aubusson Parl...
Category

19th Century French Louis XVI Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gold Leaf

Antique Centennial American Federal Gilded Carved Eagle and Mahogany Wall Mirror
Located in Swedesboro, NJ
This is a superb 1876 era Centennial American mirror with a gorgeous gilded eagle on top and garlands and detail on the rest of the mahogany frame. The frame is in good antique condi...
Category

1870s American Federal Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso, Mahogany

END OF THE 19th CENTURY SINGING ANGELS PLASTER BAS-RELIEF BY LUCA DELLA ROBBIA
Located in Firenze, FI
This beautiful life-size plaster cast of the singing angels by Luca della Robbia and part of a collection of plaster casts from a Florentine collector, faithfully represents the orig...
Category

Late 19th Century Italian Antique Gesso Furniture

Materials

Gesso

After Raffaello Sanzio 1483-1520 Raphael La Madonna della Seggiola Oil on Canvas
By Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino)
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A fine Italian 19th century oil painting on canvas "La Madonna della Seggiola" after Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino 1483-1520) The circular canvas depicting a seated Madonna holding an infant Jesus Christ next to a child Saint John the Baptist, all within a massive carved gilt wood and gesso frame (all high quality gilt is original) which is identical to the frame on Raphael's original artwork. This painting is a 19th Century copy of Raphael's Madonna della Seggiola painted in 1514 and currently exhibited and part of the permanent collection at the Palazzo Pitti, Galleria Palatina, Florence, Italy. The bodies of the Virgin, Christ, and the boy Baptist fill the whole picture. The tender, natural looking embrace of the Mother and Child, and the harmonious grouping of the figures in the round, have made this one of Raphael's most popular Madonnas. The isolated chair leg is reminiscent of papal furniture, which has led to the assumption that Leo X himself commissioned the painting, circa 1890-1900. Subject: Religious painting Measures: Canvas height: 29 1/4 inches (74.3 cm) Canvas width: 29 1/4 inches (74.3 cm) Painting diameter: 28 1/4 inches (71.8 cm) Frame height: 57 7/8 inches (147 cm) Frame width: 45 1/2 inches (115.6 cm) Frame depth: 5 1/8 inches (13 cm).   Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Italian, March 28 or April 6, 1483 - April 6, 1520), known as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period. Raphael was enormously productive, running an unusually large workshop and, despite his death at 37, leaving a large body of work. Many of his works are found in the Vatican Palace, where the frescoed Raphael Rooms were the central, and the largest, work of his career. The best known work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura. After his early years in Rome much of his work was executed by his workshop from his drawings, with considerable loss of quality. He was extremely influential in his lifetime, though outside Rome his work was mostly known from his collaborative printmaking. After his death, the influence of his great rival Michelangelo was more widespread until the 18th and 19th centuries, when Raphael's more serene and harmonious qualities were again regarded as the highest models. His career falls naturally into three phases and three styles, first described by Giorgio Vasari: his early years in Umbria, then a period of about four years (1504–1508) absorbing the artistic traditions of Florence, followed by his last hectic and triumphant twelve years in Rome, working for two Popes and their close associates. Raphael was born in the small but artistically significant central Italian city of Urbino in the Marche region, where his father Giovanni Santi was court painter to the Duke. The reputation of the court had been established by Federico III da Montefeltro, a highly successful condottiere who had been created Duke of Urbino by the Pope - Urbino formed part of the Papal States - and who died the year before Raphael was born. The emphasis of Federico's court was rather more literary than artistic, but Giovanni Santi was a poet of sorts as well as a painter, and had written a rhymed chronicle of the life of Federico, and both wrote the texts and produced the decor for masque-like court entertainments. His poem to Federico shows him as keen to show awareness of the most advanced North Italian painters, and Early Netherlandish artists as well. In the very small court of Urbino he was probably more integrated into the central circle of the ruling family than most court painters. Federico was succeeded by his son Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, who married Elisabetta Gonzaga, daughter of the ruler of Mantua, the most brilliant of the smaller Italian courts for both music and the visual arts. Under them, the court continued as a centre for literary culture. Growing up in the circle of this small court gave Raphael the excellent manners and social skills stressed by Vasari. Court life in Urbino at just after this period was to become set as the model of the virtues of the Italian humanist court through Baldassare Castiglione's depiction of it in his classic work The Book of the Courtier, published in 1528. Castiglione moved to Urbino in 1504, when Raphael was no longer based there but frequently visited, and they became good friends. He became close to other regular visitors to the court: Pietro Bibbiena and Pietro Bembo, both later cardinals, were already becoming well known as writers, and would be in Rome during Raphael's period there. Raphael mixed easily in the highest circles throughout his life, one of the factors that tended to give a misleading impression of effortlessness to his career. He did not receive a full humanistic education however; it is unclear how easily he read Latin. Early Life and Works His mother Màgia died in 1491 when Raphael was eight, followed on August 1, 1494 by his father, who had already remarried. Raphael was thus orphaned at eleven; his formal guardian became his only paternal uncle Bartolomeo, a priest, who subsequently engaged in litigation with his stepmother. He probably continued to live with his stepmother when not staying as an apprentice with a master. He had already shown talent, according to Vasari, who says that Raphael had been "a great help to his father". A self-portrait drawing from his teenage years shows his precocity. His father's workshop continued and, probably together with his stepmother, Raphael evidently played a part in managing it from a very early age. In Urbino, he came into contact with the works of Paolo Uccello, previously the court painter (d. 1475), and Luca Signorelli, who until 1498 was based in nearby Città di Castello. According to Vasari, his father placed him in the workshop of the Umbrian master Pietro Perugino as an apprentice "despite the tears of his mother". The evidence of an apprenticeship comes only from Vasari and another source, and has been disputed—eight was very early for an apprenticeship to begin. An alternative theory is that he received at least some training from Timoteo Viti, who acted as court painter in Urbino from 1495.Most modern historians agree that Raphael at least worked as an assistant to Perugino from around 1500; the influence of Perugino on Raphael's early work is very clear: "probably no other pupil of genius has ever absorbed so much of his master's teaching as Raphael did", according to Wölfflin. Vasari wrote that it was impossible to distinguish between their hands at this period, but many modern art historians claim to do better and detect his hand in specific areas of works by Perugino or his workshop. Apart from stylistic closeness, their techniques are very similar as well, for example having paint applied thickly, using an oil varnish medium, in shadows and darker garments, but very thinly on flesh areas. An excess of resin in the varnish often causes cracking of areas of paint in the works of both masters. The Perugino workshop was active in both Perugia and Florence, perhaps maintaining two permanent branches. Raphael is described as a "master", that is to say fully trained, in December 1500. His first documented work was the Baronci altarpiece for the church of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino in Città di Castello, a town halfway between Perugia and Urbino. Evangelista da Pian di Meleto, who had worked for his father, was also named in the commission. It was commissioned in 1500 and finished in 1501; now only some cut sections and a preparatory drawing remain. In the following years he painted works for other churches there, including the Mond Crucifixion (about 1503) and the Brera Wedding of the Virgin (1504), and for Perugia, such as the Oddi Altarpiece. He very probably also visited Florence in this period. These are large works, some in fresco, where Raphael confidently marshals his compositions in the somewhat static style of Perugino. He also painted many small and exquisite cabinet paintings in these years, probably mostly for the connoisseurs in the Urbino court, like the Three Graces and St. Michael, and he began to paint Madonnas and portraits. In 1502 he went to Siena at the invitation of another pupil of Perugino, Pinturicchio, "being a friend of Raphael and knowing him to be a draughtsman of the highest quality" to help with the cartoons, and very likely the designs, for a fresco series in the Piccolomini Library in Siena Cathedral. He was evidently already much in demand even at this early stage in his career. Influence of Florence Raphael led a "nomadic" life, working in various centres in Northern Italy, but spent a good deal of time in Florence, perhaps from about 1504. Although there is traditional reference to a "Florentine period...
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