English Boxes
to
115
1,164
10
172
690
302
10
178
57
28
55
30
27
17
5
3
5
7
5
4
271
191
110
71
17
13
13
11
9
7
7
3
2
1
647
626
297
208
195
592
523
42,063
6,655
1,684
1,647
1,646
Height
to
Width
to
1,174
1,165
1,167
12
10
8
7
7
Place of Origin: English
Dunhill Cork and Leather Tobacco Jar
By Dunhill
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Handsome cork and leather tobacco jar from London. Beautiful patina to the cork and leather. Jar can be used as a tobacco, weed, or stash jar. Cork is a clas...
Category
1950s Vintage English Boxes
Materials
Leather, Cork
Tunbridge Trinity Box
Located in Dallas, TX
A 19th century Turbridge Trinity box with exotic marquetry woods of ships etc. England, circa 1890.
Category
1890s Antique English Boxes
Materials
Silk, Wood
Nine Victorian Ormolu-Mounted Black Banded Agate Snuff Boxes, 19th Century
Located in Spencertown, NY
Nine Victorian ormolu-mounted black banded agate snuff boxes. Some in oval and others in square shapes.
Category
19th Century Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Agate
English Early 20th Century Hunting Scene on a Crystal Dresser Box Brass Lid
Located in Stamford, CT
Early 20th century crystal dresser box with a hunting scene painted on a brass lid. This crystal box is a nice size and good quality that would loo...
Category
Early 20th Century English Boxes
Materials
Crystal, Brass
Pair of Mixed Wood Tea and Coffee Vessels
Located in Greenwich, CT
Good pair of late 19th Century English or Scottish mixed wood treen coffee and tea containers, having compass star inlaid turned lids over turned bodies of ...
Category
Late 19th Century Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Birch, Mahogany
Early 19th Century English George III Tea Caddy with Shell Inlay
Located in Atlanta, GA
Early 19th Century English George III Tea Caddy with Shell Inlay
Category
19th Century George III Antique English Boxes
Materials
Wood
Early 19th Century Rosewood Sarcophagus Form Sewing Box
Located in Philadelphia, PA
Early 19th Century Rosewood Sewing Box. This beautiful and large box has a simple elegance, with its bombe, sarcophagus form and beautifully grained rosewood. The exterior is decorat...
Category
Early 19th Century Regency Antique English Boxes
Materials
Rosewood
Turned Lignum Vitae Tobacco Jar
Located in Greenwich, CT
Good early 19th Century turned Lignum Vitae tobacco jar, the stepped lid with acorn finial, over cylindrical ring turned body, the whole with good rich color and striking contrast wi...
Category
Early 19th Century Georgian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Wood
Amboyna Writing Slope
Located in Folkestone, GB
A good early 19th century lap desk or writing slope, unusually constructed in richly figured Amboyna wood. Fitted with brass corner brackets and ...
Category
19th Century Regency Antique English Boxes
Materials
Brass
English Calamander Hinged Tea Caddy with Flanking Brass Floral Handles, C. 1800
Located in Charleston, SC
English Calamander hinged tea caddy with removable two lidded interior bins, centered mixing bowl, flanking brass floral side handles, locking key with tassel, and terminating on the...
Category
Early 1800s George III Antique English Boxes
Materials
Brass
Hallmarked Silver Plated Keepsake Box, Sheffield, UK, circa 1900
Located in Colorado Springs, CO
Offered is a stunning silver plated keepsake box dating to 1900, with associated hallmark. This small box includes a wooden interior with two slots and a blank square on top where initials could have been engraved. A well maintained, elegant piece, this antique silver box is an excellent addition to any silver or home decor collection.
Trinket or keepsake boxes have taken on many forms since their first conception in ancient times. However their purpose remains the same; to store jewelry and other items precious to the owner. Originally, these boxes were used specifically for jewelry. These were in common use as early as 5000 BC in Ancient Egypt, when the majority of Egyptians, both male and female, wore jewelry. Boxes were used to keep these gemstone encrusted items safe. In Ancient Rome, jewelry was a status symbol. Rings and brooches were utilized to represent ones status in society. Again, boxes were needed for security and storage purposes. Finding early examples of these are quite rare.
Victorian and Edwardian examples of trinket boxes are far more common. This is because owning jewellery was a luxury until the Victorian era- let alone possessing so much a box was needed to store it all. Fine jewelry and other items became available to the masses after the industrial revolution due to the reduction in production costs. This led to a demand for trinket boxes, which were much smaller than jewelry boxes and therefore better suited to the needs of the middle class who did not yet possess an abundance of jewelry.
In Victorian households, collectables and other items of interested were also stashed inside these boxes. This is why they are known as trinket or keepsake boxes, rather than just jewelry boxes, although of course jewelry was also stored in them. Trinket boxes were produced in large numbers around this time. Many were lined with colored plush or velvet or rich wood. More elaborate designs had interior divisions and trays for rings and other pieces of jewellery. It was also common to see trinket boxes so small that they could only contain one item, such as a single ring. Ornate exteriors were created to reflect the value of the trinket boxes contents.
The Edwardian era saw the introduction of new styles of trinket box. These included small circular or oblong boxes...
Category
Early 1900s Art Deco Antique English Boxes
Materials
Silver
Art Deco Glass Lidded Powder Bowl, c1930
Located in Devon, England
For your consideration is this charming 1930's Art Deco glass powder bowl in pink glass. To the lid is flapper girl in the fashion of the day next to a fly...
Category
Mid-20th Century Art Deco English Boxes
Materials
Glass
A Pair of Yew Wood Stands
Located in Greenwich, CT
Good pair of 19th century English polished yew wood and mahogany turned stands for hats, the slightly dished mahogany top over balustrade turned yew shafts and standing on ring turne...
Category
Mid-19th Century Antique English Boxes
Materials
Mahogany, Yew
Atkin Brothers Antique 1920 Sterling Biscuit Box
By Atkin Brothers
Located in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne
An exceptional, fine and impressive antique George V sterling silver biscuit box; an addition to the ornamental silverware collection.
This exceptional, fine and impressive antique sterling silver biscuit box has a plain oval form.
The body of the antique silver biscuit box...
Category
1920s Vintage English Boxes
Materials
Sterling Silver
Antique English Playing Card Box
Located in Palm Beach, FL
19th century Victorian English wood playing card box with a Jack of Clubs painted on paper on the front and book paper all around.
Category
Late 19th Century Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Wood, Paper
Georgian Quarter Sawn Oak Candle Box with Burr Walnut Inlay
Located in Nantucket, MA
Quarter sawn oak slide lid candle box of rectangular form with the back board extending above and pierced for hanging. The nicely figured lid with reeded edges inlaid with a burr wal...
Category
Early 19th Century Georgian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Oak, Walnut
Brown Westhead Moore and Co. Majolica Belted Suitcase Box and Cover
By Brown, Westhead & Moore/Cauldon
Located in Chelmsford, Essex
Brown Westhead Moore Co. Majolica box and cover which features a suitcase (perhaps), with two belt straps either side of a twisted rope handle. Coloration: cobalt blue, brown, ochre,...
Category
1880s Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Majolica
George II period rococo design tea caddy suite made in London 1739 by John Pero
By John Pero
Located in London, London
Hallmarked in London in 1739 by John Pero, this stunning suite of George II Period, Antique Sterling Silver Tea Caddies and Sugar Caddy, are in the Rococo taste, featuring flat chase...
Category
1730s Rococo Antique English Boxes
Materials
Sterling Silver
English Leather and Tin Tobacco Caddy
By Frederic Hewitt
Located in Greenwich, CT
An English 19th century tobacco caddy of tin covered in stitched shagreen, of oblong hexagonal form with a lid surmounted by a silver whippet, retaining ...
Category
Mid-19th Century Early Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Brass
Antique Georgian English Sterling Silver Purse Vinaigrette
By John Lawrence & Co. 1
Located in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne
A fine and impressive antique Georgian English sterling silver vinaigrette in the form of a purse, an addition to our silver boxes collection
This antique Georgian silver vinaigrette...
Category
1810s George III Antique English Boxes
Materials
Silver, Sterling Silver
English 1920's Silver Plated Domed Oval Box
Located in Central England, GB
A Superb Quality Silver plated Domed oval box
This fine oval box was made in the 1920s. It is a good example made from heavy gauge copper with a domed lid which has decorative dragooned moulding at the top edge and also the rim where it opens on a stop hinge. The box has matching mouldings on its top edge and base. This pleasing piece was originally intended as a biscuit box but could have many other uses. The original silver plating is in good condition, its surfaces show a few minor age-related light scratches but overall a very pleasing high-quality item. Stamped on the base made in England EP...
Category
20th Century Art Deco English Boxes
Materials
Silver Plate
English Bird's Eye Maple Lap Desk
Located in Wilson, NC
English bird's eye maple lap desk , the entire desk with beautiful color and patina, the top has a shield medallion in the center; the front key hole is inlaid with an interesting di...
Category
1860s Antique English Boxes
Materials
Metal
Antique Sterling Biscuit Barrel by Liberty & Co Ltd
By Liberty & Co.
Located in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne
An exceptional, fine and impressive antique George V sterling silver Arts and Crafts style biscuit barrel made by Liberty & Co Ltd; an addition to the ornamental silverware collection
This exceptional, fine and impressive antique George V sterling silver biscuit barrel has a circular rounded form onto a plain circular spreading foot.
The body of the antique silver biscuit box has a subtly planished finish and is encompassed with two applied Arts and Crafts style borders.
The ornamentation to the barrel incorporates four applied circular designs, featuring further interlacing and bead designs, in addition to a central quatrefoil motif.
This antique box retains the original hallmarked push fit cover surmounted with a button style finial.
This exceptional antique silver biscuit barrel...
Category
20th Century Arts and Crafts English Boxes
Materials
Silver, Sterling Silver
English 19th Century Parnall & Sons Green Painted Tea Box with Glass Front
By Parnall & Sons
Located in Atlanta, GA
An English Parnall & Son green painted metal tea box from the 19th century with gilt painted floral frieze, glass front flat back and maker's mark. This English Parnall & Son green p...
Category
19th Century Antique English Boxes
Materials
Metal
A Liberty Tudric Patinated Pewter Cigar or Cigarette Box, c1910
By Tudric, Liberty & Co.
Located in Tunbridge Wells, GB
A Liberty Tudric Patinated Pewter Cigar or Cigarette Box, c1910
Additional information:
Date : c.1910 stamped 0125 beneath
Period : Edward VII - George V
Origin : London England
Dec...
Category
20th Century English Boxes
Materials
Pewter
Antique English Rosewood Teapoy Table with Complete Interior, Circa 1845-1865.
Located in New Orleans, LA
Antique English Victorian Rosewood Teapoy Table with Complete Interior, Circa 1845-1865.
Category
Mid-19th Century Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Rosewood
19th Century English Penwork Box with Lion’s Head Handles & Brass Ball Feet
Located in Atlanta, GA
19th Century English Penwork Box with Lion’s Head Handles & Brass Ball Feet
Category
19th Century Antique English Boxes
Materials
Wood
20th Century Antique Queen Anne Style English Sterling Silver Box
By Robert Frederick Fox
Located in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne
An exceptional, fine and impressive antique George V English sterling silver box made in the George I style, an addition to our ornamental silverware collection.
This exceptional antique George V sterling silver box has a plain circular form in the George I style.
The surface of the box is plain and encircled with applied molded decoration.
This impressive George I style box is fitted with a hinged hallmarked cover ornamented with a plain circular elevated panel to the center.
The hinge is ornamented with a shaped undulating design in conjunction with the cover and the body.
The box secures closed with a hallmarked hinged catch to the anterior edge, reflecting the same design to that of the posterior.
This impressive example of antique silverware is an exceptional replica of an early Georgian...
Category
1910s George I Vintage English Boxes
Materials
Silver, Sterling Silver
19th Century Inlaid Dome-Top Wooden Box
Located in Dublin 8, IE
19th Century inlaid dome-top wooden box with acanthus leaf detail, decorative brass lock and secret drawer.
Category
19th Century Antique English Boxes
Materials
Wood
British Campaign Style Mahogany and Brass Game Box on Base
Located in Essex, MA
Rectangular hinged top opening to various games and game pieces. Conforming lower case.
Category
1840s Early Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Brass
Regency Rosewood and Tulipwood Jewelry Box
Located in Kittery Point, ME
Of rectangular shape, inlaid with boxwood and ebony, with brass lion head handles on each side and a vintage satin-lined interior. With a key.
Category
Early 19th Century Regency Antique English Boxes
Materials
Rosewood
Antique Victorian Kenilworth Castle Sterling Silver Vinaigrette
By Gervase Wheeler
Located in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne
An exceptional, fine and impressive antique Victorian English sterling silver castle top vinaigrette depicting Kenilworth castle; an addition to our collectable box collection.
This exceptional antique Victorian sterling silver vinaigrette...
Category
1830s Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Silver, Sterling Silver
Liberty & Co Ltd Antique Edwardian Sterling Silver and Enamel Arts & Crafts Box
By Liberty & Co.
Located in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne
An exceptional, fine and impressive antique Edwardian English sterling silver and enamel box made by Liberty & Co Ltd in the Arts & Crafts style; an addition to our diverse range of antique silver boxes and cases.
This exceptional Edwardian sterling silver and enamel box has a plain rectangular form.
The body of this antique enameled box is plain and unembellished.
This antique silver box is fitted with the original domed hinged hallmarked cover ornamented with an exceptional and impressive hand painted enamel panel depicting a river bank scene incorporating a plain beam bridge with a simple handrail.
The enamel panel is encompassed with a paralleling scalloped border accented with rope twist ornamentation.
The chamfered portion of the cover is further ornamented with an iconic Arts & Crafts style applied lobed border.
The interior of the box retains the original gilding; this box can be refitted with a bespoke velvet jewelry box fitment upon request.
This impressive antique silver box was crafted by the collectable silversmith Liberty & Co Ltd.
Large Arts & Crafts style boxes with an enamel panel are uncommon and becoming increasingly rare to the market.
Note: The majority of such boxes have a wood lining to the interior; it is a sign of quality when boxes have gilded, unlined interiors in addition to a solid silver cover.
Condition
This antique silver and enamel box...
Category
Early 1900s Arts and Crafts Antique English Boxes
Materials
Silver, Enamel
Burlwood Erotic Snuff Box
Located in New Orleans, LA
There is much more to this exquisite Georgian snuffbox than meets the eye. Beautifully crafted of striking burlwood, this unassuming box features a lining of precious tortoiseshell and a false bottom, which, when gently unscrewed, reveals a miniature erotic painting of exceptional detail. Erotic antiques...
Category
19th Century Other Antique English Boxes
Materials
Tortoise Shell, Burl
Mid-19th Century English Turned & Carved Treen Twine Holder Box
Located in Chapel Hill, NC
Mid-19th century turned & carved treen twine holder box, English. Made of lignum vitae. The container & lid & base separately turned & screw together - the "jar" of a solid piece typ...
Category
Mid-19th Century Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Wood
18th Century Mahogany Inlaid Knife Box with Sterling Hardware
Located in San Francisco, CA
18th century mahogany inlaid knife box with sterling hardware
Rich patina, beautiful inlay, very good antique condition.
Dimensions: 9 1/2" x 12 1/4" x 15".
Category
Late 18th Century Antique English Boxes
Materials
Mahogany
English gilt metal mounted tortoise shell box with oil painting of Caesar
Located in Buchanan, MI
English gilt metal mounted tortoise shell box with oil painting of Julias Caesar.
Category
Late 18th Century Neoclassical Antique English Boxes
Materials
Metal
Super Stylish English Art Deco Sterling Silver Box
By Harman Brothers
Located in New York, NY
Art Deco sterling silver box. Made by Harman Bros in Birmingham in 1990. Rectangular with straight sides. Cover flat and hinged. Corner bracket supports. Engine-turned ornament in plain frames...
Category
1990s Art Deco English Boxes
Materials
Sterling Silver
Miniature Music and Jewelery Box, Asprey London, Movement by Reuge, Switzerland
By Asprey International Limited
Located in Norwich, GB
Music and jewelery box, Asprey London.
Movement by Reuge, Switzerland.
Miniature jewellery and music box in the style of a grand piano in a mahogany and walnut veneered case inlaid with marquetry throughout featuring musical instruments, raised on three turned tapered legs. The front opening to reveal a traditional keyboard with brass button slider. The top opening to reveal a green baize lined jewellery compartment bearing a brass plaque signed ‘Asprey, London’. c.1970
A separate compartment opening within to reveal a Swiss musical movement by Reuge playing three airs by Tchaikovsky:
March of the toy soldiers
Waltz of the flowers
Dance of the sugar plum...
Category
1970s Vintage English Boxes
Materials
Mahogany
Antique Lacquered Paper Mache Sewing or Jewelry Box with Inlaid Carved Shell
Located in Hamilton, Ontario
This large antique paper mâché and lacquered box is unsigned, but presumed to have been made in England in circa 1870 in the period Aesthetic Movement style. The box was made as a sewing chest, but could be adapted for other purposes such as a jewelry box. The box is composed of paper mâché with a glossy black lacquered finish. The stepped top has scalloped edges and a detailed border of inlaid mother of pearl done with a floral motif. The central portion of the box's top is done with large pieces of mother of pearl or abalone shell and accented with flaked gilt details. The front and sides of the box are accented with hand-painted gilt detailing and the inside of the top is hand painted with floral accents. The inner tray of this box is divided into several compartments, some having fabric covered lids with molded handles. The inside of the box is paper lined in the same blue patterned paper as the tray. There is small brass lock on the front of the box, but there is no key. The box is finished with round squat biscuit shaped feet.
Please note that due to the composition of this box, it may only be shipped within Canada.
Category
Late 19th Century Aesthetic Movement Antique English Boxes
Materials
Paper
Antique English Golden Oak Cigar Box, circa 1880
Located in New Orleans, LA
Lovely cigar box from the late 19th century. In excellent condition - you will not be disappointed.
Category
Late 19th Century Antique English Boxes
Materials
Oak
English 1790 George III Quill Work Scrollwork Decorated Tea Caddy
Located in Lowestoft, GB
A wonderful 18th century George III quill work (scrollwork) tea caddy of elongated hexagon form.
English circa 1790
Decorated with floral panels and ...
Category
Late 18th Century George III Antique English Boxes
Materials
Brass
Antique Victorian Traveling Desk With Ebony and Mother-of-Pearl Banding
Located in Morristown, NJ
Victorian English bird's eye maple lap desk, with ebony and mother-of-pearl inlay. The dome shaped top has a brass shield medallion in the center. The interior has a vibrant purple f...
Category
1880s Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Mother-of-Pearl, Birdseye Maple, Ebony
Tunbridge Wooden Trinket Box England, 1870
Located in Stamford, CT
Tunbridge wooden trinket box made in England in the 1870s. Tunbridge ware is a form of decoratively inlaid woodwork, typically in the form of boxe...
Category
19th Century Antique English Boxes
Materials
Hardwood
Antique Early 20th Century Black Leather Document Box Circa 1910
Located in London, GB
A stunning early 20th century black leather document box, circa 1910.
This box could serve as jewel box or for a watch collection having multiple lift out trays as shown, lined in su...
Category
1910s Vintage English Boxes
Materials
Brass
Painted Pine Brass Studded Box
Located in Wilson, NC
Painted pine brass studded box, the top, front, and sides are decorated with brass studs in rectangle shapes with concave corners; sides have brass carr...
Category
1860s Antique English Boxes
Materials
Brass, Steel
Rare & Beautiful Heirloom Mahogany Inlay Wall Candle Box with Slot on Top
Located in Hopewell, NJ
Rare and gorgeous Georgian English mahogany hanging wall box with satinwood inlay and elegant fretwork back, that once was used as a candle box. Unus...
Category
18th Century Georgian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Mahogany, Satinwood
Antique Sterling Silver Gilt Vinaigrette (1835)
By Nathaniel Mills
Located in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne
An exceptional, fine and impressive antique English sterling silver gilt castle top vinaigrette depicting Dryburgh Abbey; an addition to our collectable box collection.
This excepti...
Category
1830s Antique English Boxes
Materials
Sterling Silver
Antique Victorian 1900s Sterling Silver and Enamel Flag Vesta Case
By Joseph Walton
Located in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne
An exceptional, fine and impressive antique Victorian sterling silver and enamel flag vesta case; an addition to our maritime silverware collection.
This antique Victorian sterling silver vesta case has a plain rectangular rounded form.
The anterior surface is embellished with a central enamel design depicting British Navy Code of Signal flags: 'Blue Ball' - a white flag with a blue center, a red flag with a yellow St George's Cross and a blue field with a central horizontal white stripe.
These flags represent the individual letters 'S', 'R' and 'J'; their combined definition is untraced.
The posterior surface of this antique vesta case is plain and unembellished.
This fine silver flag...
Category
Early 1900s Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Sterling Silver
English Mahogany Wooden Box with Lid and Lock
Located in Marbella, ES
English Mahogany Wooden Box with Lid and Lock
Category
Mid-20th Century English Boxes
Materials
Mahogany
18th Century Cromwellian Bible Box
Located in Hudson, NY
18th century oak carved bible box. Intricate design, original hardware and still in good condition considering its age.
Category
18th Century Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Wood, Oak
Antique Georgian Oak Campaign Chest with Brass Accents
Located in Hamilton, Ontario
This antique hand-crafted chest is unsigned, but presumed to have originated from England and date to approximately 1785 and done in the period Georgian style. The chest is composed ...
Category
Late 18th Century Georgian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Brass
Art Nouveau Style Sterling Silver and Enamel Box
By Johnson, Walker & Tolhurst 1
Located in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne
An exceptional, fine and impressive antique Edwardian English sterling silver and enamel box in the Art Nouveau style; an addition to the ornamental silverware collection.
This exceptional antique Edwardian sterling silver box has a plain circular form.
The box is fitted with a subtly domed, hallmarked push fit cover, embellished with an exceptional hot enameled panel depicting a female character in the form of a water nymph, gazing through ripples and water lilies, all in the iconic Art Nouveau style; this is a highly desirable and collectable scene.
The sides and underside of this Art Nouveau box are plain and unembellished.
This impressive box was crafted by the London silversmiths Walter...
Category
Early 1900s Art Nouveau Antique English Boxes
Materials
Silver, Sterling Silver, Enamel
Three-Drawer Brass Bound Chest
Located in Wilson, NC
Three-drawer brass bound chest, with the original steel hasp and carrying handles, with brass bound corners and decorative brass stud work on the fr...
Category
1840s Antique English Boxes
Materials
Brass, Steel
Pair of Victorian Tole Tea Canisters
Located in Essex, MA
Octagonal form with Asian figures! Great old paint.
Category
1850s Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Other
A& J Zimmerman Ltd Antique Sterling Silver Tobacco Box
By A&J Zimmerman Ltd.
Located in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne
An exceptional, fine and impressive antique George V English sterling silver tobacco box, an addition to our smoking related silverware collection.
This exceptional antique George V sterling silver tobacco box has a plain circular rounded form.
The subtly convex anterior and reverse surfaces of the box are plain and unembellished.
This antique box retains the original hinged hallmarked cover with a plain thumbpiece to the anterior surface.
The interior of the box retains the original gilding.
Condition
This antique silver tobacco box...
Category
1920s Vintage English Boxes
Materials
Silver, Sterling Silver
Late 19th Century English Iron Strongbox on Stand as a Table with Key
Located in Charleston, SC
Late 19th century English iron strongbox mounted on a stand as a side table with original key. Crane foundries.
Category
Late 19th Century Antique English Boxes
Materials
Iron
English Papier Mâché Jewellery Sewing Cabinet Box Circa 1860
Located in Cheltenham, GB
English Papier Mâché Jewellery Sewing Cabinet Box Circa 1860
This charming and decorative papier mâché cabinet features two beautifully designed ...
Category
Mid-19th Century Victorian Antique English Boxes
Materials
Paper
