Art by Medium: Gouache

Cactus Landscape, ca. 1975-80. Gouache on Arches rag paper, Sheet measures 23 x 30 inches. Image measures 22 x 29 inches. Signed lower left. Excellent condition. Unframed.

Mane-Katz (1894-1962) Landscape with palm tree. Gouache on paper, signed lower right. Dimensions: (Frame) H 37.5" x W 31", (Sight) H 24.5" x W 18" Emmanuel Mané-Katz (Hebrew:מאנה כ...

A Duality of Ruby Elegance Jewelry Design circa mid 20th century by Paul Touzet (French b. 1917) original gouache painting, with pencil on tracing paper unframed left design overall ...

"Rouge Mouille (A00963)" is an abstract Post War gouache and ink on paper work by Alexander Calder in 1965. The artwork is 42 1/4 x 29 5/8 inches and is 49 1/4 x 35 1/2 x 1 7/8 inche...

The artist: Henri Aime Duhem (1860-1941) French *see notes below, signed Title: The Riverbank Medium: signed gouache on paper, loosely laid over card,...

Vivid and fresh representation of one of the most spectacular and last eruptions of Vesuvium, that of January 1-5, 1839. Wonderful conditions. Framed in walnut and with passepartout...

5104 Color Forms signed lower right Custom wood frame

Artist: Moshe Rosentalis, Lithuanian (1922 - 2008) Title: Running Figure Year: 1991 Medium: Gouache on Board, signed and dated Size: 27.5 x 19.5 inches

This artwork is a masterful landscape painting that captures the majestic grandeur of a mountainous region. The striking peaks dominate the composition, their jagged outlines juxtapo...

Original illustration artwork composed of watercolor and gouache on archival paper by Bridget used as a Christmas greeting card by the Fravessi Ca...

Movies, TV and magazines are constant source of inspiration. Fame, as fleckring and shallow it can be sometimes, is very intriguing to him. The worlds of fashion, society and pop cu...

Homage to Paul Klee by Catherine Ruth Church [2020] original Acrylic, Gouache, Pearlised Paint Image size: H:60cm cm x W:60cm cm Complete Size...

Village Scene by Fanch Lel (French b. 1930) size: 7 x 8.25 inches inscribed verso gouache painting on board, unframed condition: the painting is in very good condition. It has previo...

Desmond Mclean (1929-2015). Untitled, ca. 1960. Mixed media on paper. Sheet measuring 12 x 16 inches. Unframed. Born: Ireland Studied: Heatherly School of Art, London; American ...

Orange Grove Landscape, 1941, gouache on illustration board, 14 inches x 18 inches (image), 22 x 26 inches (framed) signed and dated lower right, newly framed with museum glazing ...

Eddy Lee’s figurative surrealist portrait paintings on exposed wood depict emotive sirens who evoke a sense of mystery and seductiveness. His original artworks combine geometric elements with innocent women portraits seeking to trigger emotions, rather than communicating specific explanations. He reconciles the unconscious with rational life, exploring the power of dreams, embracing automatism, and freeing his subjects from the constraints of conscious thought. This colorful, intriguing woman portrait is painted with acrylic and gouache on a hand-built cradled wood panel. This one-of-a-kind original artwork is 24 inches high by 48 inches wide and is signed by the artist on the back. It is wired and ready to hang. It does not require framing. Free local Los Angeles delivery. Affordable Continental U.S. and worldwide shipping available. A certificate of authenticity issued by the art gallery is included with this unique work. Originally from Seattle, Washington, Eddy Lee relocated to Los Angeles in late 2012 to pursue a full-time career as a fine artist. He started his career on the Venice Beach Boardwalk and quickly gained a large following across the United States with exhibitions in San Francisco, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles. The artist’s work is inspired by the works of Audrey Kawasaki...

Fantastic New York Central Park scene by Henry Ives Cobb Jr. Signed lower left. Gouache on paper. Titled "Six Gun". Henry Ives Cobb Jr. (March 24, 1883 – August 1974) was an America...

Original on Gouache on paper. Hand signed on front; signed, titled, dated with dedication on verso. Stamped "Composition originale". Frame size 30.5 x 26.5 inches. Artwork is in e...

"Micro Mini Token I" (2018) by Catherine Hart Acrylic and gouache on canvas; abstract miniature painting, pastels and bold saturated palette Framing available COA included

Ceri Richards Lyre Bird (Design for the cover of Poetry London), 1943 Ink, gouache and pastel on paper Bears original Jonathan Clark & Co. label on the back of the frame Unique Frame...

Watercolour landscape of a lake and surrounding mountains by Nano. The painting is signed bottom left and presented in a fine period gilt frame under glass. This painting portrays a...

Signed by Artist Lower Left The present work was published on the cover of the September 4th, 1948 edition of The Saturday Evening Post. An accompanying “Keeping Posted” article about Norman Rockwell’s process behind the painting was printed on page 10 inside the issue. (Image above) The Post described, “Boston baseball fans saw a strange spectacle at Braves’ Field early this summer. As the stands filled, two respectable-looking men stood on the field staring at the spectators. Every now and then they would point to someone, run up into the stands and invite the man or woman to sit in a box above the dugout. Then the thinner of the two would contort his face into an expression of wild delight or disgust and invite the spectator to do the same, while a photographer made pictures. The explanation is on our cover. The two suspicious characters were Kenneth Stuart, the Post’s art editor and the artist, Normal Rockwell. For a detailed description of how Boston...

This original circa 1910s plein air field study by celebrated Colorado landscape painter Charles Partridge Adams (1858–1942) beautifully captures the tranquil majesty of the Rocky Mo...

Basketball Player Gouache on card stock, c. 1940 Signed by the artist in ink lower center A study for the fresco mural in the Social Security Buildin...

Gloria Dudfield Mexican Fruit Bowl 1960s Oil Pastel and Gouache on Paper 36"x32" unframed $1600 *Custom framing available for additional charge. Please...

A female figure in red sits beside a pink and black butterfly, surrounded by brightly colored flowers in red and bright pink and a black urn next to a tree with green leaves in the c...

Edward Dufner is one of America's finest American Impressionists. This is an exceptional work by him. The technique is exquisite with the brushwork being refined and sophisticated,...

An illuminated page from a book likely in reference to palace life during Emperor Jahangir's reign over the Mughal Empire. circa 1750. Gouache and ink with heightening in gold on li...

Signed lower right, 'Ruth Peabody' for Ruth Eaton Colburn Peabody (American, 1893-1966) and painted circa 1955. Born in Highland Park, Illinois, Ruth Peabody was taught to paint as ...

The series Geometric Alphabet is part of my series Geometric Abstract, in which the abstract game is used in the form of asemic writing with geometric shapes. Here Peters recreates h...

Joseph Kardonne (1911-1985). Nude Woman, 1945. Gouache on paper, sheet measures 12.5 x 16 inches. Image measures 11.5 x 15 inches. Signed, dated and titled lower left. Unframed. ...

Charmion von Wiegand Pillar of Zen #124, 1959 Gouache on paper painting Hand signed, titled and dated on the front Unique Provenance: Andre Zarre Gallery, with label verso (Estate of renowned gallerist Andre Zarre, ne Andre Sowulewski) Measurements: Framed 26.5 inches vertical by 25.5 horizontal by 2 inches Artwork: 21 inches vertical by 22 inches horizontal Mid century modern, geometric, spiritual abstraction, mystical The Estate of the celebrated artist Charmion Von Wiegand has been represented exclusively by Michael Rosenfeld Gallery since 1998. From March 3 to August 13, 2023, Charmion Von Wiegand was the subject of an acclaimed retrospective at the Kunstmuseum Basel, and she has received major attention in the price, including a June, 2023 ArtNews feature entitled, "Who Was Charmion von Wiegand and Why Is She Important?". Her work was also featured in a solo presentation by Rosenfeld Gallery at the New York Art Show held at the Park Avenue Armory, which also received critical acclaim. Artists Biography - courtesy of Michael Rosenfeld Gallery: Known for her vibrant, geometric paintings that originate a deeply personal language of spiritual enlightenment expressed through a constructivist mode of abstraction, Charmion von Wiegand (1896–1983) was born in Chicago but spent much of her childhood traveling. The daughter of a journalist for Hearst, von Wiegand eventually settled in New York in 1915 to attend Barnard College and Columbia University, where she took classes at the School of Journalism while nurturing a growing interest in art history. In 1925, von Wiegand realized that she wanted to be an artist and set up a studio in Greenwich Village, teaching herself how to paint while pursuing a career as a journalist. In 1929, she secured a position in Moscow as a foreign correspondent for Hearst, the only woman at the desk at the time. In 1932, von Wiegand returned to New York and married Russian émigré Joseph Freeman, who co-founded and edited the leftist journal New Masses. Von Wiegand began writing art criticism for New Masses as well as for other publications, including New Theatre, ARTnews, and Arts Magazine. When the Abstract American Artists (AAA) held their inaugural exhibition, von Wiegand reviewed it. An early champion of abstract art, von Wiegand became close friends with AAA founder Carl Holty. In 1941, Holty introduced von Wiegand to Piet Mondrian, who would have a profound impact on her art. Fascinated by Mondrian’s artistic philosophy, von Wiegand played a key role in the introduction of his work to American audiences, translating many of the Dutch artist’s writings into English and assisting in the composition of his influential article “Toward the True Vision of Reality” (1941). Through her friendship with Mondrian, von Wiegand re-kindled her interest in Theosophy (a religion established in the late 19th century that combines aspects of Hinduism, Buddhism, occultism, and esotericism) and embarked on an extended study of neoplasticism. In her artwork, she incorporated Mondrian’s iconic grid but rejected the constraints of pure neoplasticism and embraced a wide range of influences including surrealism and German expressionism. In 1942, von Wiegand became a member of the AAA, exhibiting regularly with the group and eventually serving as its president from 1951 to 1953. In the late 1940s, sculptor and fellow AAA member Ibram Lassaw gave her a translation of The Secret of the Golden Flower: A Chinese Book of Life, which inspired von Wiegand to immerse herself in a study of Buddhist art. She began incorporating Buddhist motifs such as stupas and mandalas into her paintings, and her spiritual practice steadily intensified throughout the 1950s. In 1953, her husband gifted her a copy of the Taoist I Ching Book of Changes, a guide for divining meaning from randomly derived numbers arranged in a hexagram—a form the artist readily incorporated into her painting. Von Wiegand’s study of Theosophy also intensified over these years, bolstered by her increased access to the religion’s primary sources composed by the religion’s founders and their successors at the New York Theosophical Society’s library. Von Wiegand’s search for the sacred and transcendent ultimately led her to Tibetan Buddhism and, in 1967, von Wiegand met Khyongla Rato Rinpoche, a Gelugpa monk who had recently arrived in New York, who would mentor her spiritual study in the tradition of Mahayana Buddhism until her death. Her travels in the 1960s and 1970s took her to Tibet and India, where she had an audience with the Dalai Lama, who was living in exile in Dharamsala. Many works from these decades incorporate symbols and schematics drawn from Theosophical prismatic color charts, Chinese astrology and tantric yoga. In 1978, she was the subject of a PBS documentary titled The Circle of Charmion von Wiegand, which was scored by Philip Glass. In 1980, von Wiegand was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters and in 1982, the Bass Museum of Art in Miami Beach (FL) organized her first retrospective exhibition. She died the following year in New York, bequeathing her estate to Khyongla Rato and the Tibet Center of New York. In 1998, Michael Rosenfeld Gallery became the sole representative of her estate and has presented her work in four solo and multiple group exhibitions. Recent notable exhibitions that have included her work are The Third Mind: American Artists Contemplate Asia (Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY, 2009) and Constructive Spirit: Abstract Art in South and North America (Newark Museum, NJ, 2010). In March 2023, the Kunstmuseum Basel (Switzerland) opened the first comprehensive museum retrospective of von Wiegand’s work in Europe. Von Wiegand’s work is represented in numerous museum collections including the Addison Gallery of American Art, Phillips Academy (Andover, MA); Albright-Knox Art Gallery (Buffalo, NY); Arithmeum, University of Bonn (Germany); Birmingham Museum of Art (Alabama); Blanton Museum of Art, The University of Texas at Austin; Brooklyn Museum (NY); Carnegie Museum of Art (Pittsburgh, PA); The Cleveland Museum of Art (OH); Indianapolis Museum of Art (IN); Fondazione Marguerite Arp (Locarno, Switzerland); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Massachusetts); The Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, NY); The Museum of Modern Art (New York, NY); Newark Museum of Art (New Jersey); Seattle Art Museum (WA); Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, DC); Walker Art Center (Minneapolis, MN); Weatherspoon Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Wellin Museum of Art at Hamilton College (Clinton, NY); Whitney Museum of American Art (New York, NY); and Yale University Art Gallery (New Haven, CT). More about gallerist Andre Zarre A tribute in the New Criterion: Dispatch August 11, 2020 Andre Zarre, 1942–2020 by Dana Gordon On the late New York gallery pioneer. Art should never be aggressively explained; art should be felt. —Andre Zarre, 1977 Often, in the starlit New York cultural mecca, a longtime important figure fades away through the penumbra and dies without notice. Such was the fate of Andre Zarre, the contemporary art dealer, who passed away a few weeks ago. Andy, as he wanted friends to call him, opened his eponymous gallery in 1974 just off Madison Avenue on Sixty-ninth Street. He soon moved it to the omphalos of the art world in that era, 41 East Fifty-seventh Street, the Fuller Building. Over the years he moved to SoHo and then to Chelsea, as fashion and real estate prices pushed the art souk hither and thither. To understand his importance, all you need do is take a look at a list of artists who had solo shows at the Andre Zarre Gallery. This includes such names, from an early generation, as Sonia Delaunay, Nassos Daphnis, Sari Dienes, and Perle Fine. Among a subsequent generation are Pat Lipsky, Jay Milder, Thornton Willis, and Kes Zapkus.1 And this list does not include the many knowns and unknowns who were in his lively group shows. Zarre had a real “eye” and was a champion of abstract art from the moment he founded his gallery—even among the gathering storms of conceptual and political art, which he eschewed. He showed a good deal of figurative art as well. His galleries were always spacious and unpretentious, oriented simply to show the art. In the words of Dee Shapiro, who showed with the Zarre gallery many times, “He had a photographic memory and knew a lot about art and was always interested in the artist’s life.” Reliable biographical information on Zarre is scarce, but he said of his background that he was born in Poland in 1942 and that his parents were a diplomat and a socialite. He left home for the United States at the age of fifteen. During his decades as an art dealer in New York, Zarre did not appear to accumulate wealth, though he acquired a collection and lived on Park Avenue. “He was not personally aggressive in that way. People had to come to him,” Dee Shapiro said. He was honest in his financial dealings with artists, which not all art dealers are. For a long time while running the gallery he had a second job as a supervisor in an airline office and he kept little to no additional staff in the gallery. He supported a brother who remained in Poland. Among artists, Zarre was known to be quite ornery. After my show at his gallery in 1997, I refused to enter it for seventeen years. Then I ran into him in Chelsea and he offered me another show, an opportunity I gladly accepted, but he remained just as disagreeable. He showed the work of many women, probably more than any other gallery, save those devoted to showing only women. Collectors, curators, and writers found him mostly friendly. As Peter Reginato put it, Zarre was a “strange guy but I liked him. I think he was a dealer who was more interested in the art than in making money, but somehow he lasted forty-plus years.” Zarre is not known to have kept extensive or extant records of his gallery’s long history, though these may emerge in time. Scouring the Internet, one may compile a partial list of more than eighty artists who had solo shows at the Andre Zarre Gallery:Nancy Azara, Ellen Banks, Mary Barnes, Tony Bechara, Juan Bernal, Stephanie Bernheim, Randy Bloom, Elena Borstein, Michael Boyd, Fritz Bultman, Ed Buonagurio, Yoan Capote, Sonia Delaunay, Nassos Daphnis, Cathy Diamond, Sari Dienes, Joseph Dolinsky, Beata Drozd, Ronnie Elliot, William Fares, Perle Fine, Lynne Frehm, Ben Georgia, Mikel Glass, Dana Gordon, Juanita Guccione, Fred Gutzeit, Don Hazlitt, Amy Hill, Clinton Hill, Monroe Hodder, Budd Hopkins, Arlan Huang, Richard Hunt, Rhia Hurt, Buffie Johnson, Alexander Kaletski, Robert Kaupelis...

Movies, TV and magazines are constant source of inspiration. Fame, as fleckring and shallow it can be sometimes, is very intriguing to him. The worlds of fashion, society and pop cu...

The artist has covered New York collections for over 16 years and has interviewed, as a journalist, several fashion designers and personalities for different publications. He loves t...

Raoul Dufy 1877-1953 French Chevaux de courses (Racing Horses) Signed and dated "Raoul Dufy 1929" (lower right) Watercolor and gouache on Arches paper Raoul Dufy's fascination wi...

Rare Engraving "Cabane Des Hold, Terres Artiques, Fig CII," 1st edition "Description de l’Univers, page 281 This rare image depicts the Willem Barentsz expedition of 1597 to Novaya Zemlya, Russia. The engraving, with later hand-coloring, shows the cabin and ship of the Dutch arctic expedition of Barentsz on Novaya Zemlya (Nova Zembla), with the party being attacked (and in some cases apparently eaten) by bears and wolves. Dutch explorer, Willem Barentsz, reached the west coast of Novaya Zemlya in 1594, and in a subsequent expedition of 1596 rounded the northern point and wintered on the northeast coast. Barentsz died during the expedition, and may have been buried on the northern island. This artwork is a page from a book by 17th century cartographer and engineer, Allain Manesson Mallet (French, 1630-1706), "Description de L'Univers, contenant les differents systêmes du monde, les cartes générals et particulières de la géographie ancienne et modern." Paris: Denys Thierry, 1683. Presented in an cream colored mat. Text on verso shown in images. Mat Size: 11.5"H x 9.07"W Paper Size: 8.25"H x 5.44"W Image Size: 5.63"H x 3.75"W Alain Manesson Mallet (French, 1630-1706) was a 17th century cartographer and military engineer. He started his career as a musketeer in the army of Louis XIV, became a Sergeant-Major in the artillery and an Inspector of Fortifications. He later served under Alfonso VI, King of Portugal...

Judd Mercer's (US based) "066 - Plein Air-Golden, CO" is a gouache painting depicting a landscape. Artist bio/statement Judd Mercer is a contemporary landscape painter and Colorado...

Owl, Circa 1970 - Op Art-Inspired Geometric Composition Date: Approximately 1970 Medium: Gouache on cardboard with embossed stamp Dimensions: H 64 cm x W 49 cm approx. A stylized o...

Dancing Jesters or Clowns (colorful Chassidim dancing) Gouache on paper Sheet is 19.25 X 25.25 Image is 13.5 X 19.25 Moshé Raviv-Vorobeichic, known as Moi Ver, born Moses Vorobeichik (1904–1995) was an Israeli photographer and painter. Moi Ver (Moshe Raviv) was born in 1904 in Vilnius, Lithuania as Moshe Vorobeichic. Moshe Vorobeichic received his initial artistic training in the early 1920s in Vilnius, Lithuania, where he studied painting, architecture, and photography. Having become an important figure in the Yiddish avant-garde culture, he exhibited his first works. From October 1927, he studied at the Bauhaus school in Dessau (Germany), with photographer-visual artist Laszlo Moholy Nagy and painters Josef Albers, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, and Hinnerk Scheper. In his book Moi Ver: Paris, he produced avant-garde photomontages. Originally published in 1931 by Editions Jeanne Walter with an introduction by futurist Fernand Leger. In 1932 Raviv was sent by the weekly La Vie Parisienne to British Mandate Palestine as photo reporter. Raviv illustrated many books. Raviv was a founder of the Artists' Colony in Safed. At the height of 20th Century modernism and one of the followers of Laszlo Moholy Nagy and his concept of New Vision, Moin Ver was one of the rising stars in European photography. Born in Lebedeva, in Belarus, he wandered through Europe until he immigrated to Palestine in 1934. His well known yet partly forgotten three photographic projects in 1931, The Ghetto Lane in Wilna, Paris: 80 Photographies de Moi Ver and Ci-Contre – 110 Photos de Moi Ver (that was not published at the time), have remained milestones in the art of the 1930s as he created and imposed a new visionary style in photography. As a contemporary of artists such as Man Ray, Ilse Bing...

Title: French Gouache Painting of Sioux Scalp Dance Ritual in South Dakota by Emile GALLOIS (1882-1965, French) Signed: Yes Medium: Original gouache painting on thick unframed paper,...

Henri Pierre Fortier, Untitled (Autumn Landscape), gouache, c. 1940s. Signed in ink. Inscribed 'To my Friend CLINTON R. MULFORD'. A fine, painterly watercolor, with rich, layered colors, on heavy dark brown drawing paper with approximately 1/4 inch margins; an unfinished figurative sketch...

A French gouache on paper portrait of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza by Jean Paul Ducel. The painting is signed to the back where there is another painting of a clown. A strong and co...

Paul Pagk Untitled Geometric Abstraction, 1989 Gouache and watercolor on paper Signed, dated and inscribed "A Jacqueline". Frame included Excellent unique work on paper by contempora...

Abstract Composition Diptych, Mixed Media on Paper, laid on board, overlapping transparent circles with a flock of teardrops, apparently unsigned, unframed. Panel: 24" H x 24" W. Pro...

Mixed media abstracted landscape composition on handmade paper of a town on the edge of a lake, in monochromatic orange tones with white accents, by Grace Eichholz (American, b. 1927...

Petalled Grey [2021] Original Flowers Watercolour, gouache and gesso Image size: H:65 cm x W:49.4 cm Complete Size of Unframed Work: H:68 cm x W:53 cm x D:0.01cm Sold Unframed Please...

Abstract Expressionist painting of Bay Area Hills by Honora Berg Berkeley San Francisco Bay Area abstract expressionist landscape by Honora Berg (American, 1897-1985). A brilliant e...

Dancing Stems by Jo Haran [2020] original Gouache, watercolour ink and gesso. Image size: H:53.2 cm x W:62 cm Complete Size of Unframed Work: H:56 cm x W:64.5 cm x D:0.01cm Sold Unframed Please note that insitu images are purely an indication of how a piece may look 'Dancing Stems' by Jo Haran is an original paitnng of lively rose stems and dark inky leaves in a dynamic composition. I used touches of neon pink acrylic...

The idea of Ben Nicholson and his circle was to apply constructivist principles to public and private art. Especially, they were against ornaments and advocated for clean lines. Artworks were created with mathematical precision. “Geometric shapes...

Antique American modernist landscape oil painting. Oil on canvas, circa 1940. Signed illegibly lower left. Image size, 36L x 24H. Housed in a period modern frame.

Born in Worchester, Massachusetts, Karl Schmidt was a self-taught landscape artist who lived on the East Coast until the early 1900s. Schmidt then moved to Santa Barbara, CA, where h...

by Paul-Louis Bolot (French 1918-2003) signed & dated 1981 original gouache painting on thick paper/ card - double sided image (cat verso) unframed condition: very good and sound; th...

Geskel SALOMAN Tonder (Denmark) 1821 – Bastad (Sweden), 1902 Portrait of a woman with a book Gouache on bone 8.8 x 8.5 cm (16.5 x 15.5 cm with the frame) Signed lower right “G. Salom...

AKOS BIRO (HUNGARIAN 1911-2002) watercolour/gouache size: 7.75 x 11 inches Beautifully colourful, original painting by the very popular and highly regarded Hungarian/ French painter...

"Monument" is an original gouache, ink, colored pencil, and wood artwork by Henry Hablak measuring approx. 8"h x 5.5"w x .75". Henry Hablak is a tattoo artist and illustrator based ...

'The Pont Neuf, Sunset' by Rinaldo Cuneo. Paris, Académie Colarossi, Oakland, New York Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art ---- Signed lower right, 'Rinaldo Cun...

Very well executed watercolor and gouache on heavy card stock of a spring bouquet composed of mainly roses and pansies. Unsigned. Circa 1915. Original gold painted wood frame. Under...

The artist has covered New York collections for over 16 years and has interviewed, as a journalist, several fashion designers and personalities for different publications. He loves t...

Monogram lower left "RD" Exhibited Malborough-Gerson Gallery, New York Lee Gallery, Belmont-Massachusetts Galerie Rosengart, Luzern Richard Gray Gallery, Chicago/New York Liter...

Martin Eder was a Swedish drawing teacher, artist and ceramicist. Martin was born on the island of Gotland and spent a lot of time there, he also lived in Sala. Martin was a curious ...