19th Century Figurative Paintings
49
to
335
1,560
647
1,698
107
1,163
1,011
29
591
446
491
339
358
Overall Height
to
Overall Width
to
245
94
72
27
9
2
2
1
1,838
945
515
416
399
249
192
166
162
129
119
99
98
94
78
73
72
56
55
50
930
2,225
12,023
29,037
259
268
540
726
582
784
842
902
1,032
970
436
21
9
6
5
5
2,146
2,003
998
970
198
Period: 19th Century
Mid 19th Century English Oil Painting Portrait of Country Squire in Yellow Waist
Located in Cirencester, Gloucestershire
Portrait of a Country Squire
English School, mid 19th century
oil on canvas, unframed
canvas : 26 x 21.5 inches
provenance: private collection, UK
condition: basic good condition tho...
Category
Victorian 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Painted Wood Tavolette Book Cover Binding in the Biccherna Style Siena Tuscany
Located in Sutton Poyntz, Dorset
Icilio Federico Joni.
Italian ( b.1866 - d.1946 ).
Painted Gesso, Gilt and Wood Tavolette Book Cover Binding in the Sienese Biccherna Style
Book Cover size 11 inches x 8.1 inches ( ...
Category
Gothic 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Gesso, Oil, Tempera, Wood Panel
19th Century Oil - Fishing By Moonlight
Located in Corsham, GB
A charming 19th century oil depicting fishermen pulling in nets by moonlight. The boats are portrayed in choppy waters before a Dutch coastal town. The artist uses a dark palette to ...
Category
19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
The Love Letter
Located in Washington, DC
Signed and dated '1884' lower right
Category
Academic 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
Pastoral Country Landscape Travelers on a Forest Road 19th century Oil Painting
Located in Stockholm, SE
Brass plate leads to Russian artist Pavel Pavlovich Dzhogin (1834 - 1885). This 19th century oil painting beautifully captures a serene rural scene with travelers on a cart traveling...
Category
Realist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Wood, Oil, Wood Panel
Early 19th Century Oil - Greeting the Prince
Located in Corsham, GB
A charming classical scene depicting figures bowing before a prince. The artist uses sepia tones to capture the figures standing before a vast landscape. Unsigned. Part of a pair of ...
Category
19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Fine Early 19th Century British Oil Painting Moonlit River Landscape with Figure
Located in Cirencester, Gloucestershire
The Moonlit River
English School, early 19th century
circle of Sebastian Pether (1793-1844)
oil on canvas, unframed
canvas: 8 x 11 inches
provenance: private collection, Berkshire, E...
Category
English School 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Canvas
The Easter Bonnet - Romantic Portrait Oil Painting by Gustave Jean Jacquet
Located in Marlow, Buckinghamshire
Signed oil on panel portrait circa 1890 by French Romantic painter Gustave Jean Jacquet. The work depicts a young redheaded woman wearing a red velvet jacket lined with white fur. On her head she is wearing an Easter bonnet trimmed with leaves.
Signature:
Signed lower right
Dimensions:
Framed: 14"x11.5"
Unframed: 10"x7.5"
Provenance:
Baron Fine Art...
Category
Romantic 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Panel
Barbizon Landscape Painting on French Porcelain Charger 19th Century by Millet
Located in Rochester, NY
Barbizon landscape painting on porcelain. French. 19th century. Signed E. Millet. Porcelain measures 14.5" in diameter.
Category
19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Porcelain
Spanish School 19th Century Oil - A Musical Romance
Located in Corsham, GB
An exquisite oil study depicting a young couple by the open window of a villa. The woman plays a guitar while lovingly looking at the man behind her. The pair wear beautiful traditio...
Category
19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Gospel Scene on Sunrise Jesus Passing Peter 19th Century Oil Painting on Canvas
Located in Stockholm, SE
Gospel of Apostle Luke, Chapter 22:
61. and the Lord turned and looked at Peter; and Peter remembered the word of the Lord, how he had said to him, “Befor...
Category
Realist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Cotton Canvas, Oil
Adrien Moreau, Woman with Picked Flowers in a Basket Resting by the Sea
Located in Stockholm, SE
A beautiful watercolor by Adrien Moreau (1843-1906) showing a woman with freshly picked flowers in a basket resting in the grass by the sea. The colors are strong and it is mounted i...
Category
Romantic 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Paper, Watercolor
Huge Dutch Winter Scene 19th Century Oil Painting Figures Playing on Ice
Located in Cirencester, Gloucestershire
Cutting the Ice
Dutch School, circa 1880's
signed with initials AW and dated 1888
oil on canvas, unframed
canvas: 32.5 x 56 inches
provenance: private collection, England
condition: ...
Category
Victorian 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
19th century English landscape with a cottage, pond, trees at sunrise or sunset
Located in Woodbury, CT
Wonderful early to mid 19th century English Cottage landscape.
Oils on an oak wooden panel, this piece has a great feel and quality.
Framed in its original frame this piece is an e...
Category
Victorian 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Wood Panel
Motif From Långälven in Värmland, Sweden.
Located in Stockholm, SE
This enchanting Swedish painting, dated circa 1890, is believed to depict the tranquil waters of Långälven in Värmland, a testament to Ohlson's prowess in capturing the essence of the Swedish countryside.
The scene is a gentle narrative, where we witness a family moment frozen in time. Parents stand by their daughter on a wooden dock, poised to embark on a journey across the reflective waters. The young girl, dressed in period attire, appears eager and curious, a universal symbol of youth's anticipation for adventure. Her parents, dressed in the fashion of the late 19th century, exude a sense of calm and assurance.
Ohlson's brushwork brings the scene to life with a delicate interplay of light and shadow, mirroring the cloud-speckled sky on the lake's surface. The background is dotted with other vessels, suggesting the shared pleasure of the day's end on the water.
Oscar Ohlson (1847–1912), born in Linneryd, Småland, and later settling in Borås, was a multifaceted artist who, after pursuing law, found his true calling in the arts. A student of Alfred Wahlberg...
Category
Realist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
Pietro Krohn (Attributed), Interior With Woman Knitting, Oil Painting
Located in Cheltenham, GB
This late 19th-century oil painting attributed to Danish artist Pietro Krohn (1840-1905) depicts a gently lit interior with a woman knitting before a statue of the Venus de Milo. It’...
Category
Victorian 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
Antique Scottish Oil on Canvas Painting Tantallon Castle Ruin East Lothian 1850
By Horatio McCulloch
Located in Portland, OR
A fine & important Scottish oil on canvas painting; a landscape of Tantallon Castle in East Lothian, by Horatio McCulloch (1805-1867) R.S.A. The painting circa 1850.
This very hands...
Category
Romantic 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
Large BELLE EPOQUE French Impressionist Academic SENSUAL NUDE w/ Pearl Choker
Located in New York, NY
Gorgeous Antique Belle Epoque French ACADEMIC Sensual Nude by Jules F. Ballavoine (1855-1901). This is a large rare example by the artist, painted in the...
Category
19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Acrylic
The Baron's Charger - 19th Century Oil Painting English Soldier & Battle Horses
Located in Gerrards Cross, GB
‘The Baron’s Charger’ by John Frederick Herring Jr. (1815-1907).
The painting – which depicts a 17th century Caroline nobleman with his battle horses and attendant hounds – is sign...
Category
English School 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Vedutist Venetian painter - 19th century Venice view painting - Oil on panel
Located in Varmo, IT
Venetian painter (late 19th century) - Venice, view of the Riva degli Schiavoni with carnival masks.
30 x 40 cm without frame, 46 x 53 cm with frame.
Oil on panel, in a carved and ...
Category
Old Masters 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Canvas
19th century impressionist painting - Summer in the Countryside , a shepherdess
Located in Antwerp, BE
19th century impressionist painting, capturing a beautiful day in the countryside.
A young girl can be seen standing in front of her flock in the lush and beautiful countryside. A s...
Category
Impressionist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Canvas
The blue bow: a little boy with tousled hair naturalistic portrait oil painting
Located in Norwich, GB
This sweet little boy sits quietly like a well brought up child, but you can see in his eyes how much he likes to run and play. In this sensitive portrait painted in circa 1860 by Fé...
Category
Naturalistic 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
Enormous Religious German Oil Painting Adoration of Madonna & Christ Child
Located in Cirencester, Gloucestershire
Adoration of the Madonna & Christ Child
German Baroque artist, late 19th century
oil painting on canvas
framed within highly ornate gilt frame
overall size: 68 x 50 inches in total
c...
Category
Baroque 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
Holy Family with St Elizabeth and Young John Baptist 19th century Oil Painting
Located in Stockholm, SE
This tender depiction of the Holy Family represents a subject which was central to Raphael's oeuvre. The painting is based on the famous panel by Giulio Romano, called Madonna della ...
Category
Realist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Oil
Landscape, Original Oil on Panel, Impressionist Émile Louis Thivier (1858-1922)
Located in PARIS, FR
*Dimensions include the frame
This small work by Émile Louis Thivier (1858-1922) offers a verdant vignette of nature, characterized by a lively touch and a rich palette, bringing to...
Category
Impressionist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Panel
Preparation of the meal and punished child
Located in Genève, GE
Work on canvas
Plaster frame and gilded molded wood
44.3 x 51 x 5 cm
Category
Old Masters 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
PHEASANT SHOOTING
Located in Marlborough, GB
Samuel John Egbert Jones
(1797- 1861)
PHEASANT SHOOTING
Oil on canvas
Frame H. 38cm x W. 47cm Image H. 30cm x W. 40cm
A hunting scene in a beautiful early autumnal wooded landscap...
Category
19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
John White, The Big One, Oil Painting
By John White
Located in Cheltenham, GB
This late 19th-century oil painting by Scottish artist John White (1851-1933) depicts a boy fishing in a stream with the sea beyond.
With his line taut, he leans back and looks opti...
Category
English School 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
Antique Italian Oil on Panel Painting Costume Genre Dog & Beauty Franceso Vinea
By Francesco Vinea
Located in Portland, OR
A very good antique oil on panel costume genre painting by the celebrated Northern Italian artist, Francesco Vinea (1845-1902), the painting dated signed and dated 1873.
Vinea studied at The Academy of Fine Arts in Florence and then worked as a designer of illustrated periodicals, he returned to Florence and studied under professor Enrico Pollestrini. Vinea unapologetically produced incredibly high quality humorous and whimsical scenes that were always elegant and depicted figures in period costume situated in lavishly ornamented interiors. Vinea became quite famous and wealthy in his lifetime and his work was particularly sought after in France, England and The United States. The 19th Century American art collector James Jackson...
Category
Italian School 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Panel
Mercury Leading Psyche to Heaven
Located in Jacksonville, FL
Henri-Léopold Lévy (23 September 1840, Nancy - 29 December 1904, Paris) was a French painter of Jewish ancestry, known primarily for mythological and Biblical subjects.
He was the s...
Category
19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
The Village - Auvers-sur-Oise - Impressionist Landscape Painting - Victor Vignon
Located in Marlow, Buckinghamshire
Signed oil on canvas figures in landscape circa 1875 by French impressionist painter Victor Alfred Paul Vignon. The piece depicts a woman and girl pushing a cart filled with flowers on a track between walled gardens on a bright summer's day.
Signature:
Signed and lower left
Dimensions:
Framed: 15"x19"
Unframed: 10"x14"
Provenance:
Private French collection
Victor Vignon's mother has been incorrectly identified as the writer Claude Vignon...
Category
Impressionist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Canvas
English River landscape, with Church and River at Sunset, Abingdon on the Thames
Located in Woodbury, CT
English River landscape, with Church and River at Sunset, Abingdon on the Thames. England
Wonderful scene of Abingdon on the Thames by one of Englands best known landscape painters....
Category
Impressionist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
Portrait of Old Woman 1893 by Famous Russian Master Oil Painting on Canvas Frame
Located in Stockholm, SE
Attributed by Nikolay Alekseyevich Kasatkin (1859 - 1930). In this touching artwork, the artist perfectly conveyed the character of the old woman, who has seen a lot in her life. The hands, tired out and riddled with veins, lie helplessly on the knees. Her slouched body tells us about the load of years lived. The painter skillfully conveys a sense of wisdom, kindness, and humility through her wrinkled face and detached gaze. The painting exudes warmth with a subtle touch of sadness and reflection on a life lived. Thanks to moderately contrasting colors, the portrait comes to life and shows us the depth of the artist's intention. Kasatkin not only continued the traditions of the best masters of portraiture in Russia in the 19th century, but also introduced new principles into it. He sought to display on canvas not only the external features of a person, but also to demonstrate his spiritual world. Antique oil painting on canvas, signed bottom left, framed.
Size app.: 68.5 x 52.3 cm (roughly 27 x 20.6 in), frame is 80.5 x 63.5 cm (roughly 31.7 x 25 in). Very good condition, very well preserved recently conserved condition with minimal wear (notice few micro losses here and there). Please study good resolution images for cosmetic condition. In person actual painting may appear darker or brighter than in our pictures, strictly depending on sufficient light in your environment. Weight of app. 5.4 kg is going to measure 8 kg packed for shipment.
Nikolay Alekseyevich Kasatkin (1859 - 1930) was a Russian painter, considered to be one of the founders of Social Realism in Russia. From 1873 to 1883 he studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture with Vasily Perov and Illarion Pryanishnikov. Upon graduating, he received a medal for his painting "Beggars at the Church Door". In 1891, he began exhibiting with the Peredvizhniki and, from 1894 to 1917, was a teacher at his alma mater. For thirty years, beginning in 1883, he worked with Ivan Sytin, providing illustrations for his popular almanac/calendars and teaching lithography. He also contributed The Great Reform, an encyclopedia that celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the Emancipation (1861), and a collection called "Russian History in Pictures". In 1903, he became a member of the Imperial Academy of Arts. He participated in the Exposition Universelle (1900), where he won a silver medal, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904), among others. In 1923, following the Civil War, he was named the first "People's Artist of the Republic" and became a member of the AKhRR (Association of Artists). He is considered to be one of the forerunners of Socialist Realism in the arts and was sometimes called the "Gorky of Painters". In 1956, the Soviet Union honored him with a 40 kopeck commemorative postage stamp. In 1971, his painting of a female mine worker...
Category
Realist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Oil
Studies of three heads and an arm for the allegory of music, Paris, Opera
By Edouard Toudouze
Located in PARIS, FR
Edouard TOUDOUZE
Paris, 1848 - Paris, 1907
Studies of three women's heads and an arm for the allegory of music for a rotunda of the Favard foyer of the Opéra Comique (Paris)
Painting...
Category
Art Nouveau 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Antique 19th century Original oil painting on canvas, Children with pets, Framed
Located in Framingham, MA
Up for sale is a phenomenal 19th century original oil painting on canvas, depicting a genre scene - two children playing with pets.
No visible signature on the front.
Presented in...
Category
Impressionist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Dipinto con Scena di Ninfe e Satiri al Bagno XIX secolo
Located in Milan, IT
Olio su tela. Al retro è presente cartiglio d'epoca con scritta in francese "Paesaggio accademico; Il bagno delle ninfe disturbato dai satiri" e attribuzione a Hippolyte Lebrun (pitt...
Category
Other Art Style 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Sunset, Original Oil on Canvas, Impressionist Émile Louis Thivier (1858-1922)
Located in PARIS, FR
*Dimensions include the frame
In this small, evocative painting by Émile Louis Thivier (1858-1922), the soft gradations of color and light across the sky create a gentle, atmospheri...
Category
Impressionist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Canvas
Flowers Stil-Life
By Edouard Michel Lançon
Located in Pasadena, CA
Edouard Michel Lançon (1854-c.1930), Nice still-life painting with flowers
Category
Impressionist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Antique Dutch 19th century ships at sea, fishing boats, men rowing.
Located in Woodbury, CT
A very well-painted Dutch 19th century marine scene. The small boat is full of men who are rowing hard to get to the larger vessels, possibly to either take goods on or off the large...
Category
Victorian 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
Feria de Sevilla
Located in Madrid, ES
JOSÉ CAÑAVERAL
Spanish, 1833 - 1894
FERIA DE SEVILLA
signed "JCañaveral / Sevilla 1881." (lower right)
oil on canvas
29-1/3 x 19-1/2 inches (74.5 x 49.5 cm.)
framed: 38-1/2 x 29-1/2 ...
Category
Realist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
Before Storm Vivid Landscape by Swedish Master 19th century
Located in Stockholm, SE
Attributed by Wilhelm von Gegerfelt (1844—1920). The disheveled crowns of the trees indicate to us the raging wind, and the evening sky in the background...
Category
Impressionist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Wood, Oil, Cardboard
Antique Irish Oil Canvas Fishing Maritime Painting William P Rogers Dublin 1870
By William P. Rogers
Located in Portland, OR
A good & whimsical oil on canvas painting by the Irish painter William P. Rogers (fl 1846-1872). The work depicts a fisherman mending his nets, with baskets & ropes to the foreground...
Category
Victorian 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
19th century English landscape with Oak trees, a stream and sheep on a pathway
Located in Woodbury, CT
19th century English landscape with Oak trees, a stream and sheep on a pathway.
A wonderful classic English landscape dating from the middle of the 19th century. This style of paint...
Category
Victorian 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Wood Panel
The Grand Tour Venice - Large 19th Century Venetian Oil Painting Ducal Palace
Located in Gerrards Cross, GB
‘The Grand Tour, Venice’ by Josef Carl Püttner (1821-1881).
The painting – which depicts a group of 19th century Grand Tourists on the Riva degli ...
Category
Victorian 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Diana Nemorensis - 19th Century NeoClassical Oil Painting of Roman Goddess
Located in Gerrards Cross, GB
‘Diana Nemorensis’ by Max Nonnenbruch (1857-1922).
The painting – which depicts the Goddess Diana of the Woods beside Lake Nemi – is signed by the artist and presented in a fine gol...
Category
Pre-Raphaelite 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
19th century English landscape with trees, a Harvest Field during Summertime
Located in Woodbury, CT
19th century English landscape with trees, a Harvest Field during Summertime.
A wonderful classic English landscape dating from the middle of the 19th century. This style of paintin...
Category
Victorian 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Wood Panel
Francesco Guardi follower (Venetian school) - Late 19th century painting Venice
Located in Varmo, IT
Venetian painter (19th century) - Venice, view of the Punta della Dogana.
29 x 23 cm without frame, 46 x 31 cm with frame.
Antique oil painting on canvas, in a carved and gilded wo...
Category
Naturalistic 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
Bruges (Brügge), 1894 by Symbolist Painter Olof Sager-Nelson.
Located in Stockholm, SE
This painting by Olof Sager-Nelson, executed during his time in Bruges in 1894, is a splendid example of symbolism. It depicts a serene canal in Bruges, surrounded by sunlit houses w...
Category
Symbolist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Oil
Reclining Portrait of Henriette of France as Flora, After Jean-Marc Nattier
Located in San Francisco, CA
Reclining Portrait of Henriette of France as Flora, After Jean-Marc Nattier
Oil on canvas lined on wood panel
Painting: 36.75" h x 48" w
Frame: 42.25" h x 53.5" w
No visible ...
Category
19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Thames near Runnymeade - 19th Century Oil Painting Summer Sunset River Landscape
By Henry Dawson
Located in Gerrards Cross, GB
‘The Thames near Runnymede’ by Henry Dawson R.B.A. (1811-1878).
The painting – which depicts an angler fishing on the riverbank under a spectacular evening sunset – is signed by th...
Category
English School 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Guinevere - 19th Century Pre-Raphaelite Oil Painting of Arthururian Queen Legend
Located in Gerrards Cross, GB
‘Guinevere’ by Norman Prescott-Davies R.B.A, R.C.A. (1861-1915). The painting – which depicts an English mediaeval portrait of Queen Guinevere at Amesbury Priory contemplating her lo...
Category
Pre-Raphaelite 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Antique Dutch Impressionist Oil Painting Portrait of a Country Lady
Located in Cirencester, Gloucestershire
Portrait of a Country Lady
Dutch Impressionist, late 19th century
oil on wood - looks like a cigar box lid?
framed
framed: 11 x 8.5 inches
board: 8.5 x 6 inches
provenance: private c...
Category
Impressionist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Edwin Hughes, The Blacksmith, Oil Painting
By Edwin Hughes
Located in Cheltenham, GB
This late 19th-century oil painting by British artist Edwin Hughes (1842-1922) depicts a blacksmith holding a horseshoe while conversing with a gentleman through a window. His assist...
Category
Victorian 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Canvas
Cherubs Playing in a Park Grisaille
Located in Pasadena, CA
Framed oil on canvas depicting children. Pink grisaille of cherubs playing in a park. Subject often found over doors or piers in the manner of the 18th century.
Category
Baroque 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
1880's German/ French Impressionist Oil Painting Portrait of Man with Hat
Located in Cirencester, Gloucestershire
Portrait of a Man in a Hat
French/ German School, late 19th century
indistinctly inscribed verso, dated 1888
oil on canvas, unframed
canvas: 14 x 11.5 inches
provenance: private coll...
Category
Impressionist 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Canvas
19th century English village scene with cottages, horses landscape and people
Located in Woodbury, CT
Georgine Lara
English Village landscape
A painting by Georgina Lara depicting a 19th-century English village scene offers a charming and evocative portrayal of a bygone era, captur...
Category
Victorian 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil, Canvas
Landscape Oil Painting View of Rome Caste Sant'Angelo And River Tiber Grand Tour
Located in Roma, IT
Elaborately framed, isolated in black modern frames this painting represent a typically daily scene of Rome at the end of the 19th century in a perfect grand tour style; the view fr...
Category
19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
Vale of the Conwy, Snowdonia - Large 19th Century Welsh Landscape Oil Painting
Located in Gerrards Cross, GB
‘Vale of the Conwy’ by Samuel Lines (1778-1863). The painting – which depicts a single female figure in Welsh dress walking with a goat in an extensive mountain landscape – is signed...
Category
English School 19th Century Figurative Paintings
Materials
Oil
