1810s Art

John Nost Sartorius (1759–1828) Fox Hunter and Hounds Oil on canvas, circa 1810 Provenance: Ackermann & Johnson, London A fine and spirited example of early 19th-century English spo...

Attributed John Nost Sartorius (1759–1828) Fox Hunter and Hounds Oil on canvas, circa 1810 Provenance: Ackermann & Johnson, London A fine and spirited example of early 19th-century ...

Attributed to John Nost Sartorius (1759–1828) Fox Hunter and Hounds Oil on canvas, circa 1810 Provenance: Ackermann & Johnson, London A fine and spirited example of early 19th-centu...

Attributed toJohn Nost Sartorius (1759–1828) Fox Hunter and Hounds Oil on canvas, circa 1810 Provenance: Ackermann & Johnson, London Though the painting has impeccable provenance as ...

Francisco de Goya, Spanish (1746 - 1828) - The Custody is as Barbarous as The Crime, Year: circa 1810, Medium: Etching and burin on cream laid paper, Image Size: 3.75 x 3 inches, Si...

Outstanding English late 18th / early 19th century marine scene by one of Britain's best known and sought after painters. William (or Wiliam) Anderson (1757 – 27 May 1837) was a Scottish artist specializing in maritime and patriotic themes. He was well-regarded for his detailed and accurate portraits of ships under sail, exhibiting his works annually in London between 1787 and 1811 and then occasionally until 1834. Anderson influenced other artists, notably John Ward and others of the Hull school. Anderson's early life is obscure, but he is known to have trained as a shipwright before moving to London to become a maritime painter when he was about 30. His training served him well as a painter, providing "a practical nautical knowledge" of his subjects. He earned a reputation for "accuracy and refinement of detail" and was admired for his bright, clear colours. He worked in both oils and watercolours. He based his style on that of well-known Dutch maritime...

Attributed to John Nost Sartorius (1759–1828) Fox Hunter and Hounds Oil on canvas, circa 1810 Provenance: Ackermann & Johnson, London A fine and spirited example of early 19th-centu...

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Four hand colored etchings and aquatints depicting interiors within English royal residences, including "The Blue Velvet Room at Carlton House", "The Queen's Library at Frogmore", "T...

This stunning British Old Master exhibited pastoral oil on panel is by noted artist James Ward. Painted circa 1815 with superb provenance, it was e...

Jesus is an original artwork realized by Thomas Holloway (1748 - 1827). Original Etching from J.C. Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to promote the Knowledge and the Love o...

Henry William Pickersgill, attributed to (London 1782 – London 1875) Portrait of Captain Samuel Wright Oil on canvas H. 92 cm; L. 73 cm Circa 1810/1815 Provenance: – Brother of the ...

This accomplished portrait captures a distinguished young gentleman at the twilight of the Napoleonic era. His penetrating gaze and confident bearing betray not only his aristocratic...

Jim's of Lambertville Fine Art Gallery is proud to present this piece by Martha Walter (1875-1976). Born in Philadelphia in 1875, Martha Walter attended Girls’ High School followed by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. It was at the Academy that Walter’s artistic talent was discovered. An admiring instructor by the name of William Merritt Chase took young Martha under his wing, giving her both inspiration and direction. She additionally enrolled with Chase at his summer school in Shinnecock, Long Island and in 1903, was awarded the Cresson Traveling Scholarship by the Pennsylvania Academy. This sent Martha Walter on travels to France, Italy, Spain, and Holland, where she attended the Grand Chaumiere and the Academie Julian in Paris. Afterwards, she established a studio on the Rue De Bagneaux in France with several other American women artists. In 1909, Walter won the Mary Smith Prize from the Academy for a portrait she had painted while in Europe. At the onset of World War I, Martha returned home and began painting plein-air subjects, such as Ellis Island, the fishing village of Gloucester, scenes of cheerful children, and the quintessential American beach scenes which have brought her national acclaim. Throughout her life, Walter continued to travel with great regularity capturing in oil and watercolor a wealth of landscapes and cultures across the globe. Martha lived a charmed life...

Male portrait, 1810–1820, dark-haired young man with high collar and black cravat Oil on canvas, 50 × 61 cm; with frame 62 × 72 cm French/spanish school. Early 19th-century portra...

Wonderful Early 19th-century Still life of different fruits on an earth bank. Very much painted in the same way as George William Sartorius painted his still lives this piece has al...

Image dimensions: 21 x 27 cm. Liber Veritatis - Plate 150 is a beautiful black and white etching and aquatint on paper realized by the Italian artist ...

KARL YENS (1868 – 1945) (FLOWERS) 1919 Color monotype signed, dated and annotated: “monotype 1919.” 17 ½” x 11 ½” Monotypes are unique works of art that fall between printmaking a...

THOMAS ROWLANDSON (1757 - 1827) THE SUCCESSFUL FORTUNE HUNTER - Our Captain Shelalee Leading Miss Morrowfat to the Temple of Hyman, 1802 issued in 18...

Ichikawa Danjuro in the role of Chobei is an original modern artwork realized by Utagawa Toyokuni (Edo, 1769 – Edo, 1825). Original Woodcut Print. Oban from a Triptych, around 1810. The actor Ichikawa Danjuro sitting on a bench and fretting, behind him a green curtain with peony motif. Signed: Toyokuni ga. Publisher: Yamamotoya Heikichi. Excellent impression, cut, centrefold, a little bit rubbed and soiled. Utagawa Toyokuni (Edo, 1769 – Edo, 1825), also often referred to as Toyokuni I...

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Jobs for Fighters. Original post World War 1 vintage poster, linen backed. Artist: Gordon Grant. Printer: United States Department of Labor - United States Employment Service...

The Physiognomy - Skulls is an original etching artwork realized by Thomas Holloway for Johann Caspar Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to Promote the Knowledge and the Love...

Beautiful Artist’s Proof, representing the myth of Narcissius and the nymph Eco, draw by "the Metamorphosis" by Publio Ovidio Nasone. This aquatint, by Ludovico Caracciolo (engraver...

Costume of Civita Castellana is original Hand-colored etching artwork realized by Bartolomeo Pinelli in 1819. Good conditions. Included a white Passepartout: 34 x 49 The artwork r...

The painting depicts "Ossian tells Malvina about the exploits of his son Oscar" and is dated at lower right "Filippo Bellati did the year 1811" and the unframed measurements are 233 ...

Image dimensions: 21 x 27 cm. Liber Veritatis - Plate 190 is a beautiful black and white etching and aquatint on paper realized by the Italian artist Ludovico Caracciolo, after Clau...

Image dimensions: 21 x 27 cm. Liber Veritatis - Plate 176 is a beautiful black and white etching and aquatint on paper realized by the Italian artist ...

"The Queen Flower" by Dr. Robert Thornton from the quarto edition of "Temple of Flora." London, 1812. Mixed media engraving (aquatint, mezzotint, color...

Hippolyte LECOMTE (Puiseaux, 1781 – Paris, 1857) Colonel of Russian cuirassiers Oil on canvas H. 33 cm; W. 24 cm Signed and dated at the bottom towards the center 1817 Exhibition: S...

Desperation is an original artwork realized by Thomas Holloway for Johann Caspar Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to promote the Knowledge and the Love of Mankind", London, Bensley, 1810. This artwork portrays a historical woman...

This very charming British 19th century Old Master portrait oil painting is attributed to the circle of Thomas Lawrence. Painted circa 1810 it is a seated half length portrait of a l...

Attitudes of the Prussian Military is an original artwork realized by Thomas Holloway for Johann Caspar Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to...

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (1746 Fuendetodos – Bordeaux 1828), No se puede saber por qué – One can’t tell why ca. 1808–1814, etching, burnished aquatint, drypoint, an...

To see our other Oxford and Cambridge pictures, including an extensive collection of works by Ackermann, scroll down to "More from this Seller" and below it click on "See all from this Seller" - or send us a message if you cannot find the view you want. D Havell (1785 - 1822) after William Westall (1781 - 1850) The Library of St John's College, Cambridge (1815) Hand-coloured aquatint 24 x 29.5 cm Published by Rudolph Ackermann...

Pair of aquatints with stipple-engraving, printed in colours and finished by hand, made for Brookshaw's most famous work "Pomona Britannica" or a "Collection of the Most Esteemed Fru...

Portrait of men and women is an original etching artwork realized by Thomas Holloway after Lebrun and Chodowiecki, for Johann Caspar Lavater's "Essays...

The Physiognomy - The Bats is an original etching artwork realized by Thomas Holloway for Johann Caspar Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to Promote the Knowledge and the Lo...

Portraits , original Etching, 1810. The Physiognomy - The Noses is an original etching artwork realized by Thomas Holloway for Johann Caspar Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designe...

Portrait is an original artwork realized by Thomas Holloway (1748 - 1827). Original Etching from J.C. Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to promote the Knowledge and the Lov...

Skulls is an etching realized by Thomas Holloway for Johann Caspar Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to Promote the Knowledge and the Love of Mankind", London, Bensley, 1810. Good conditions. Johann Caspar Lavater was a swiss theologian and philosopher known throughout Europe for his studies on physiognomy. Following the physiognomy tradition of Della Porta and of many Renaissance and Baroque philosophers, he believed that the character of a person could be elucidated through examining their “lines of countenance" i.e. tracing a profile outline portrait. Being able to "read outside" was the key to "know the inside". Lavater's thought largely influenced Art in the late 18th and early 19th century, as in the case of Johann Fuseli and William Blake (who realized two etchings for Lavater's English edition of his Essay). Lavater was convinced that he could show his theories by analyzing the portraits of some of the main historical figures of the past, in some cases taken from paintings or (mainly for antiquity...

James Basire & John Carter Floor plan of St Albans Cathedral Engraving 61 x 95 cm This engraving was originally published by the Society of Antiquaries of London, an organisation ...

The Revelation is an original etching artwork realized by William Bromley for Johann Caspar Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to Promote the Knowledge and the Love of Mankin...

Elephants is an etching realized by Thomas Holloway, from J.C. Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to promote the Knowledge and the Love of Mankind", London, Bensley, 1810. ...

Kabuki Theatre Scene is a color woodblock print on paper, realized by Utagawa Toyokuni II around 1810 ca. This lovely ukiyo-e print depicts a kneeling actress, more precisely a geis...

Silhouettes is an original artwork realized by Thomas Holloway (1748 - 1827). Original Etching from J.C. Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to promote the Knowledge and the...

Portrait of Clemency is an original artwork realized by Thomas Holloway (1748 - 1827). Original Etching from J.C. Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to promote the Knowledge...

Image dimensions: 21 x 27 cm. Liber Veritatis - Plate 162 is a beautiful black and white etching and aquatint on paper realized by the Italian artist Ludovico Caracciolo, after Clau...

Portrait of Man while writing is an original artwork realized by Thomas Holloway for Johann Caspar Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to promote the Knowledge and the Love of...

Image dimensions: 21 x 27 cm. Liber Veritatis - Plate 148 is a beautiful black and white etching and aquatint on paper realized by the Italian artist Ludovico Caracciolo, after Clau...

The English dance of death - The dance of life is an original pair of rare and fine books written by William Combe (25 March 1742 – 19 June 1823) and illustrated by Thomas Rowlandson (13 July 1757 – 21 April 1827) in 1816/1817. Original First Edition. Published by Ackermann, London. Format: in 8°. The dimensions of the book are indicative. The book includes 3 volumes with 295 + 299 + 285 pages. 2 frontispieces and 96 handcolored etchings. 252 pages and 26 handcolored aquatints. Good conditions. Thomas Rowlandson (13 July 1757 – 21 April 1827), he was an English artist and caricaturist of the Georgian Era, noted for his political satire and social observation. A prolific artist and printmaker, Rowlandson produced both individual social and political satires, as well as large number of illustrations for novels, humorous books, and topographical works. Like other caricaturists of his age such as James Gillray, his caricatures are often robust or bawdy. Rowlandson also produced highly explicit erotica for a private clientele; this was never published publicly at the time and is now only found in a small number of collections. His caricatures included those of people in power such as the Duchess of Devonshire, William Pitt the Younger and Napoleon Bonaparte. William Combe (25 March 1742 – 19 June 1823) was a British miscellaneous writer. His early life was that of an adventurer, his later was passed chiefly within the "rules" of the King's Bench Prison. He is chiefly remembered as the author of The Three Tours of Doctor Syntax...

Historical Woman is an original artwork realized for Johann Caspar Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to promote the Knowledge and the Love of...

Artist: (after) George Fennell Robson (English, 1788-1833) Title: "Ben Lawers" (Plate 18) Portfolio: Scenery of the Grampian Mountains Year: 1819 (Second edition) Medium: Original Ha...

James Basire & John Carter St Albans Cathedral Engraving 62 x 46 cm This engraving was originally published by the Society of Antiquaries of London, an organisation dedicated to ...

To see our other Oxford and Cambridge pictures, including an extensive collection of works by Ackermann, scroll down to "More from this Seller" and below it click on "See all from this Seller" - or send us a message if you cannot find the view you want. John Hill (1770 - 1850) after Augustus Charles Pugin (1762 - 1832) St Sepulchre's - The Round Church (1814) Aquatint with original hand colouring 24 x 29 cm Published by Rudolph Ackermann (1764 - 1834). An engraving of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Cambridge, the round shape of which is inspired by the rotunda in the church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem. John Hill was born in London in 1770, and was an engraver's apprentice. He worked in aquatint and largely produced book illustration aquatints. He went to America in 1816 and produced the notable Picturesque Views of American Scenery amongst other books of prints. Augustus Charles Pugin was an Anglo-French artist and architectural draughtsman. Pugin produced views of London, jointly creating the illustrations for the 'Microcosm of London' published by Rudolph Ackermann in 1811, followed by plates for Ackermann's books about Westminster Abbey, Oxford and Cambridge universities, and Winchester College. His later works included illustrations for Specimens of Gothic Architecture (1821–1823), The Royal Pavilion at Brighton (1826), Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain (1826), Specimens of the Architectural Antiquities of Normandy (1827), Illustrations of the Public Buildings of London (1825 to 1828), Paris and its Environs (1829 to 1831), and Examples of Gothic Architecture (1831). He also produced a book of furniture designs called Gothic Furniture, and assisted architects with detailing for their gothic designs. He ran a drawing school at his house in Bloomsbury. Ackermann was an Anglo-German bookseller, inventor, lithographer, publisher and businessman. He attended the Latin school in Stollberg, but his wish to study at the university was made impossible by lack of financial means, and he therefore became a saddler like his father. He worked as a saddler and coach-builder in different German cities, moved from Dresden to Basel and Paris, and then, 23 years old, settled in London. He established himself in Long Acre, the centre of coach-making in London and close to the market at Covent Garden. Ackermann then moved to Little Russell Street where he published Imitations of Drawings of Fashionable Carriages (1791) to promote his coach-making. Other publications followed. In 1795 he established a print-shop and drawing-school at 96 Strand. Here Ackermann set up a lithographic press and began a trade in prints. He later began to manufacture colours and thick carton paper for landscape and miniature painters. Within three years the premises had become too small and he moved to 101 Strand, in his own words "four doors nearer to Somerset House", the seat of the Royal Academy of Arts. Between 1797 and 1800 Ackermann rapidly developed his print and book publishing business, encompassing many different genres including topography, caricature, portraits, transparencies and decorative prints. During the Napoleonic wars, Ackermann was an energetic supporter of the Allied cause and made significant contributions to British propaganda through his publication of anti-Napoleonic prints...

John Basire & John Carter St Albans Cathedral Engraving 62 x 46 cm This engraving was originally published by the Society of Antiquaries of London, an organisation dedicated to st...

The Physiognomy - The owl and peacock is an original etching artwork realized by Thomas Holloway for Johann Caspar Lavater's "Essays on Physiognomy, Designed to Promote the Knowledge...

To see our other Oxford and Cambridge pictures, including an extensive collection of works by Ackermann, scroll down to "More from this Seller" and below it click on "See all from th...

To see our other Oxford and Cambridge pictures, including an extensive collection of works by Ackermann, scroll down to "More from this Seller" and below it click on "See all from this Seller" - or send us a message if you cannot find the view you want. John Bluck (early 19th century) after Augustus Charles Pugin (1762 - 1832) All Souls...

The River Barge Pen and ink on paper on laid paper, mounted in English drum mount , c. 1810 Unsigned Condition: Slight sun staining to sheet and mount in the window (see photo) Image/sheet size: 5 1/4 x 6 11/16 inches Sight: : 5-3/4 x 7-1/4" Frame: 13-3/8 x 14-3/8" Provenance: Colnaghi, London (see photo of label) David Cox (29 April 1783 – 7 June 1859) was an English landscape painter, one of the most important members of the Birmingham School of landscape artists and an early precursor of Impressionism. He is considered one of the greatest English landscape painters, and a major figure of the Golden age of English watercolour. Although most popularly known for his works in watercolour, he also painted over 300 works in oil towards the end of his career, now considered "one of the greatest, but least recognised, achievements of any British painter. His son, known as David Cox the Younger (1809-1885), was also a successful artist. Early life in Birmingham, 1783–1804 Cox's birthplace in Deritend, Birmingham, illustrated by Samuel Lines Cox was born on 29 April 1783 on Heath Mill Lane in Deritend, then an industrial suburb of Birmingham. His father was a blacksmith and whitesmith about whom little is known, except that he supplied components such as bayonets and barrels to the Birmingham gun trade. Cox's mother was the daughter of a farmer and miller from Small Heath to the east of Birmingham. Early biographers record that "she had had a better education than his father, and was a woman of superior intelligence and force of character." Cox was initially expected to follow his father into the metal trade and take over his forge, but his lack of physical strength led his family to seek opportunities for him to develop his interest in art, which is said to have first become apparent when the young Cox started painting paper kites while recovering from a broken leg. By the late 18th century Birmingham had developed a network of private academies teaching drawing and painting, established to support the needs of the town's manufacturers of luxury metal goods, but also encouraging education in fine art, and nurturing the distinctive tradition of landscape art of the Birmingham School. Cox initially enrolled in the academy of Joseph Barber in Great Charles Street, where fellow students included the artist Charles Barber and the engraver William Radclyffe, both of whom would become important lifelong friends. At the age of about 15 Cox was apprenticed to the Birmingham painter Albert Fielder, who produced portrait miniatures and paintings for the tops of snuffboxes from his workshop at 10 Parade in the northwest of the town. Early biographers of Cox record that he left his apprenticeship after Fielder's suicide, with one reporting that Cox himself discovered his master's hanging body, but this is probably a myth as Fielder is recorded at his address in Parade as late as 1825. At some time during mid-1800 Cox was given work by William Macready the elder at the Birmingham Theatre, initially as an assistant grinding colours and preparing canvases for the scene painters, but from 1801 painting scenery himself and by 1802 leading his own team of assistants and being credited in plays' publicity. London, 1804–1814 In 1804 Cox was promised work by the theatre impresario Philip Astley and moved to London, taking lodgings in 16 Bridge Row, Lambeth. Although he was unable to get employment at Astley's Amphitheatre it is likely that he had already decided to try to establish himself as a professional artist, and apart from a few private commissions for painting scenery his focus over the next few years was to be on painting and exhibiting watercolours. While living in London, Cox married his landlord's daughter, Mary Agg and the couple moved to Dulwich in 1808. David Cox Travellers on a Path, pencil and brown wash. In 1805 he made his first of many trips to Wales, with Charles Barber, his earliest dated watercolours are from this year. Throughout his lifetime he made numerous sketching tours to the Home Counties, North Wales, Yorkshire, Derbyshire and Devon. Cox exhibited regularly at the Royal Academy from 1805. His paintings never reached high prices, so he earned his living mainly as a drawing master. His first pupil, Colonel the Hon.H. Windsor (the future Earl of Plymouth) engaged him in 1808, Cox went on to acquire several other aristocratic and titled pupils. He also went on to write several books, including: Ackermanns' New Drawing Book (1809); A Series of Progressive Lessons (1811); Treatise on Landscape Painting (1813); and Progressive Lessons on Landscape (1816). The ninth and last edition of his series Progressive Lessons, was published in 1845. By 1810 he was elected President of the Associated Artists in Water Colour. In 1812, following the demise of the Associated Artists, he was elected as associate of the Society of Painters in Water Colour (the old Water Colour Society). He was elected a Member of the Society in 1813, and exhibited there every year (except 1815 and 1817) until his death. Hereford, 1814–1827 In the summer of 1813 Cox was appointed as the drawing master of the Royal Military College in Farnham, Surrey, but he resigned shortly afterwards, finding little sympathy with the atmosphere of a military institution. Soon after that he applied to a newspaper advertisement for a position as drawing master for Miss Crouchers' School for Young Ladies in Hereford and in Autumn 1814 moved to the town with his family. Cox taught at the school in Widemarsh Street until 1819, his substantial salary of £100 per year requiring only two-day's work per week, allowing time for painting and the taking of private pupils. Cox's reputation as both a painter and a teacher had been building over previous years, as indicated by his election as a member of the Society of Painters in Water Colours and his inclusion in John Hassell's 1813 book Aqua Pictura, which claimed to present works by "all of the most approved water coloured draftsmen". The depression that accompanied the end of the Napoleonic Wars had caused a contraction in the art market, however, and by 1814 Cox had been very short of money, requiring a loan from one of his pupils to pay even for the move to Hereford. Despite its financial advantages and its proximity to the scenery of North Wales and the Wye Valley, the move to Hereford marked a retreat in terms of his career as a painter: he sent few works to the annual exhibition of the Society of Painters in Water Colours during his first years away from London and not until 1823 would he again contribute more than 20 pictures. Between 1823 and 1826 he had Joseph Murray Ince as a pupil. London, 1827–1841 He made his first trip to the Continent, to Belgium and the Netherlands in 1826 and subsequently moved to London the following year. He exhibited for the first time with the Birmingham Society of Artists in 1829, and with the Liverpool Academy in 1831. In 1839, two of Cox's watercolours were bought from the Old Water Colour Society exhibition by the Marquis of Conynha for Queen Victoria. Birmingham, 1841–1859 Greenfield House in Harborne, Birmingham – where Cox lived from 1841 until his death in 1859 . In May 1840 Cox wrote to one of his Birmingham friends: "I am making preparations to sketch in oil, and also to paint, and it is my intention to spend most of my time in Birmingham for the purpose of practice". Cox had been considering a return to painting in oils since 1836 and in 1839 had taken lessons in oil painting from William James Müller, to whom he had been introduced by mutual friend George Arthur Fripp. Hostility between the Society of Painters in Water Colours and the Royal Academy made it difficult for an artist to be recognised for work in both watercolour and oil in London, however, and it is likely that Cox would have preferred to explore this new medium in the more supportive environment of his home town. By the early 1840s his income from sales of his watercolours was sufficient to allow him to abandon his work as a drawing master, and in June 1841 he moved with his wife to Greenfield House in Harborne, then a village on Birmingham's south western outskirts. It was this move that would enable the higher levels of freedom and experimentation that were to characterise his later work. The elderly Cox pictured by Samuel Bellin in 1855. In Harborne, Cox established a steady routine – working in watercolour in the morning and oils in the afternoon. He would visit London every spring to attend the major exhibitions, followed by one or more sketching excursions, continuing the pattern that he had established in the 1830s. From 1844 these tours evolved into a yearly trip to Betws-y-Coed in North Wales to work outdoors in both oil and watercolour, gradually becoming the focus for an annual summer artists colony that continued until 1856 with Cox as its "presiding genius". Cox's experience of trying to exhibit his oils in London was short and unsuccessful: in 1842 he made his only submission to the Society of British Artists; one oil painting was exhibited at each of the British Institution and the Royal Academy in 1843; and two oil paintings were exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1844 – the last that would be exhibited in London during his lifetime. Cox showed regularly at the Birmingham Society of Arts and its successor, the Birmingham Society of Artists, becoming a member in 1842. Cox suffered a stroke on 12 June 1853 that temporarily paralysed him, and permanently affected his eyesight, memory and coordination. By 1857 however, his eyesight had deteriorated. An exhibition of his work was arranged in 1858 by the Conversazione Society Hampstead, and in 1859 a retrospective exhibition was held at the German Gallery Bond Street, London. Cox died several months later. He was buried in the churchyard of St Peters, Harborne, Birmingham, under a chestnut tree, alongside his wife Mary. Work Early work In the spring of 1811 Cox made a small number of notable works in oils during a visit to Hastings with his family. It is not known why he didn't continue working in this medium at the time, but the five known surviving examples were described in 1969 as "surely some of the most brilliant examples of the genre in England". Mature work Cox reached artistic maturity after his move to Hereford in 1814. Although only two major watercolours can confidently be traced to the period between Cox's arrival in the town and the end of the decade, both of these – Butcher's Row, Hereford of 1815 and Lugg Meadows, near Hereford of 1817 – mark advances on his earlier work. Later work Cox's later work produced after his move to Birmingham in 1841 was marked by simplification, abstraction and a stripping down of detail. His art of the period combined the breadth and weight characteristic of the earlier English watercolour school, together with a boldness and freedom of expression comparable to later impressionism. His concern with capturing the fleeting nature of weather, atmosphere and light was similar to that of John Constable, but Cox stood apart from the older painter's focus on capturing material detail, instead employing a high degree of generalisation and a focus on overall effect. The quest for character over precision in representing nature was an established characteristic of the Birmingham School of landscape artists with which Cox had been associated early in his life, and as early as 1810 Cox's work had been criticised for its "sketchiness of finish" and "cloudy confusion of objects", which were held to betray "the coarseness of scene-painting". During the 1840s and 1850s Cox took this "peculiar manner" to new extremes, incorporating the techniques of the sketch into his finished works to a far greater degree. Cox's watercolour technique of the 1840s was sufficiently different from his earlier methods to need explanation to his son in 1842, despite the fact that his son had been helping him teach and paint since 1827. The materials used for his later works in watercolour also differed from his earlier periods: he used black chalk instead of graphite pencil as his primary drawing medium, and the rough and absorbent "Scotch" wrapping paper for which he became well-known – both of these were related to his development of a rougher and freer style. Influence and legacy By the 1840s Cox, alongside Peter De Wint and Copley Fielding, had become recognised as one of the leading figures of the English landscape watercolour style of the first half of the 19th century. This judgement was complicated by reaction to the rougher and bolder style of Cox's later Birmingham work, which was widely ignored or condemned. While by this time De Wint and Fielding were essentially continuing in a long-established tradition, Cox was creating a new one. A group of young artists working in Cox's watercolour style emerged well before his death, including William Bennett, David Hall McKewan and Cox's son David Cox Jr. By 1850 Bennett in particular had become recognised as "perhaps the most distinguished among the landscape painters" for his Cox-like vigorous and decisive style. Such early followers concentrated on the example of Cox's more moderate earlier work and steered clear of what were then seen as the excesses of Cox's later years. During a period dominated by sleek and detailed picturesque landscape, however, they were still condemned by publications such as The Spectator as "the 'blottesque' school", and failed to establish themselves as a cohesive movement. John Ruskin in 1857 condemned the work of the Society of Painters in Water-colours as "a kind of potted art, of an agreeable flavour, suppliable and taxable as a patented commodity", excluding only the late work of Cox, about which he wrote "there is not any other landscape which comes near these works of David Cox in simplicity or seriousness". An 1881 book, A Biography of David Cox: With Remarks on His Works and Genius, was based on a manuscript by Cox's friend William Hall, edited and expanded by John Thackray Bunce, editor of the Birmingham Daily Post. There are two Blue Plaque memorials commemorating him at 116 Greenfield Road, Harborne, Birmingham, and at 34 Foxley Road, Kennington, London, SW9, where he lived from 1827. It can also be seen at the David Cox exhibition in Birmingham. His pupils included Birmingham architectural artist, Allen Edward...