Skip to main content

Very Large Ceramic Table Lamp

to
84
371
276
595
413
195
133
87
83
43
30
22
18
13
13
12
6
6
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
21
20
19
13
12
Sort By
A pair of large Coastal Style Harris Lamps Ceramic Table Lamps- Circa 1980's
By Harris Lamps
Located in Miami, FL
A pair of large Coastal Style Harris Lamps Glazed Ceramic Table Lamps- Circa 1980s. Feature a
Category

Vintage 1980s American Post-Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Large Ceramic Asian Influence Lotus Form Table Lamp
By The Marbro Lamp Company
Located in New York, NY
Chic and stylish ceramic table lamp of impressive scale in the Asian taste. The lamp has a Lotus
Category

Mid-20th Century American Hollywood Regency Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Very Rare Large Golden Ceramic Table Lamp Base, Italy 1960s
Located in Nürnberg, Bayern
These ceramic table lamp was designed in the 1960s. The pictures with the lampshades are for
Category

Vintage 1960s Italian Space Age Table Lamps

Materials

Metal

Very Rare Large Orange Ceramic Table Lamp Base, Italy 1960s
Located in Nürnberg, Bayern
These ceramic floor lamp was designed in the 1960s in Italy. The pictures with the lampshades are
Category

Vintage 1960s Italian Space Age Table Lamps

Materials

Metal

Large Oversize Marbro Italian Ceramic Pottery Leafy Scroll Table Lamp
By The Marbro Lamp Company
Located in Philadelphia, PA
Mid-20th century large oversize Marbro Italian ceramic pottery leafy scroll table lamp. Item
Category

Mid-20th Century Italian Hollywood Regency Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Wood

Large Ceramic Table Lamp
By Temde Leuchten, Rosenthal, Goebel Company, Kaiser Leuchten, Uno & Östen Kristiansson
Located in München, DE
Very nice ceramic table lamp from the 1960s. Wonderful design and workmanship. The lamp with the
Category

Vintage 1960s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Raffia

Large Ceramic Table Lamp
Large Ceramic Table Lamp
H 33.47 in Dm 19.69 in
Large Ceramic Table Lamp
By Goebel Company, Luxus Vittsjö, Uno & Östen Kristiansson, Rosenthal, Kaiser Leuchten
Located in München, DE
Very nice ceramic table lamp from the 1960s. Wonderful design and finish. The lamp with the hand
Category

Vintage 1960s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Fabric

Large Ceramic Table Lamp
Large Ceramic Table Lamp
H 32.68 in Dm 14.57 in
Large Ceramic Table Lamp
By Luxus Vittsjö, Rosenthal, Goebel Company, Kaiser Leuchten, Uno & Östen Kristiansson
Located in München, DE
Beautiful table lamp from the 1960s. The lamp has a great structure and is wonderfully designed
Category

Vintage 1960s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Fabric

Large Ceramic Table Lamp
Large Ceramic Table Lamp
H 32.68 in Dm 14.57 in
Marbro Mid Century Modern Large Green Ceramic Pottery Leafy Scroll Table Lamp
By The Marbro Lamp Company
Located in Philadelphia, PA
Vintage Marbro Mid Century Modern Large Green Ceramic Pottery Leafy Scroll Table Lamp. Item
Category

Mid-20th Century Unknown Hollywood Regency Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Porcelain, Wood

Very Large Ceramic Drip Glaze Lamp with Original Shade
Located in New York, NY
Large bulbous ceramic drip glaze lamp with original shade. Shade 21.5" D x 21" H. Height to top of
Category

Vintage 1950s American Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Pair of Large Porcelain Ceramic Dancing Very Fine Figurines Table Lamps MINT!
By Royal Dux
Located in Rockaway, NJ
Pair of Large Porcelain Ceramic Dancing Very Fine Figurines Table Lamps MINT!
Category

20th Century Austrian Bohemian Table Lamps

Materials

Porcelain

Large Antique Oriental Ceramic Table Lamp
Located in London, GB
A stunning and very impressive large antique oriental ceramic table lamp. We can’t work out if it’s
Category

Antique 1890s Chinese Chinese Export Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Wood

Large Ceramic Table Lamp from Goebel
By Goebel Company
Located in München, DE
Very nice ceramic table lamp from the 1960s. Wonderful design and finish. The lamp with the hand
Category

Vintage 1960s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Fabric

Very Large Stunning Brutalist Postmodern MCM Ceramic Handmade Lamp 70s, 3 lights
Located in Basel, BS
Very stunning 1970s large French, brutalist handmade lamp featuring a 3 light switch, you can have
Category

Vintage 1970s French Brutalist Table Lamps

Materials

Brass

very large vintage French ceramic lamp from the 50's not identified
Located in Ternay, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Nice ceramic table lamp of the 50's unidentified. Structure of the base in ceramic glazed in brown
Category

Vintage 1950s French Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

A very large 1960s ceramic lamp by unique French ceramicist Georges Pelletier
By Georges Pelletier
Located in London, GB
A very large 1960s ceramic lamp by French ceramicist Georges Pelletier for the world acclaimed
Category

Vintage 1960s French Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Brass

African Woman Ceramic Large Table Lamp, 1960s, Italy
Located in Hagenbach, DE
African Woman Ceramic Large Table Lamp, 1960s, Italy Lamp is in very good vintage condition. The
Category

Vintage 1960s Italian Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Marble

Pair Large Ceramic Table lamps Schoonhoven Plateel 1970s
By PZH - Plateelbakkerij Zuid-Holland
Located in Den Haag, NL
Very nice elegant pair of Ceramic Table Lamps ,Hand painted Flowers . Light Blue base color
Category

Vintage 1970s Dutch Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Large MCM Ceramic Table Lamp on Walnut Base
Located in San Diego, CA
Large MCM ceramic table lamp on walnut base, circa 1960s. The lamp is in very good working
Category

Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Walnut

Vintage Large Ceramic Table Lamp Flower, Italy, 1970s
Located in Miklavž Pri Taboru, SI
Vintage large ceramic table lamp Flower made in Italy in the 70s. This nice lamp will brighten up
Category

Mid-20th Century Italian Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Large French ceramic Table Lamp, Vallauris Huguette BESSONE
By Huguette Bessone
Located in L’ISLE-SUR-LA-SORGUE, FR
Exceptional French ceramic table lamp by Huguette Bessone. Lamp base in chamotte earth, circular
Category

Vintage 1970s French Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Very Rare Orange Ceramic Table Lamp Base from Kaiser Leuchten, Germany 1960s ---
By Kaiser Leuchten
Located in Nürnberg, Bayern
These ceramic table lamp was designed in the 1960s. We have a total of six table lamp bases from
Category

Vintage 1960s German Space Age Table Lamps

Materials

Metal

Very Rare Orange Ceramic Table Lamp Base from Kaiser Leuchten, Germany 1960s -
By Kaiser Leuchten
Located in Nürnberg, Bayern
These ceramic table lamp was designed in the 1960s. We have a total of six table lamp bases from
Category

Vintage 1960s German Space Age Table Lamps

Materials

Metal

Very Rare Orange Ceramic Table Lamp Base from Kaiser Leuchten, Germany 1960s ---
By Kaiser Leuchten
Located in Nürnberg, Bayern
These ceramic table lamp was designed in the 1960s. We have a total of six table lamp bases from
Category

Vintage 1960s German Space Age Table Lamps

Materials

Metal

Large Mid-Century Ceramic Table Lamp Blue and Beige
Located in Miami, FL
Large and very decorative ceramic table lamp from France. Very attractive mid-century modern
Category

Mid-20th Century French Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Large Mid-Century Sculptural Ceramic Table Lamp Beige & Brown
Located in Miami, FL
Large and very decorative table lamp from Vallauris, France. Very attractive mid-century modern
Category

Vintage 1960s French Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Large Italian Ceramic Fish Lamp
Located in San Francisco, CA
A very large cast ceramic and hand modeled fish lamp with hand cut open work. Excellent quality and
Category

Mid-20th Century Italian Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Large Italian Ceramic Fish Lamp
Large Italian Ceramic Fish Lamp
H 22.5 in W 18.5 in D 6 in
Large Vintage Kostka Ceramic Table Lamp with Bespoke Lampshade
By Robert Kostka
Located in Herentals, BE
height of the table lamp is 84 cm. The lamp base is 51 cm high and has a diameter of 30 cm. The
Category

Vintage 1970s French Bohemian Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Fabric

Vintage 1980s Black Ceramic Barrel Large Glaze Table Lamp
Located in Lomita, CA
The geometric feel and sheer size of this vintage black overlaid pottery and fabric table lamp is
Category

20th Century Italian Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Paper

Large Ceramic Bedside Porcelain Flower Pattern Table Lamp
Located in Bastogne, BE
imprints all over that will impress everybody who sees it. The Large Table Lamp is ideal for traditional
Category

1990s German Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Porcelain, Fabric

Marbro Pair of Large Chinoiserie Urn Table Lamps with Imari Decor
By The Marbro Lamp Company
Located in Clifton Springs, NY
Vintage pair of Chinoiserie porcelain urn table lamps by The Marbro Lamp Company features hand
Category

Mid-20th Century American Chinoiserie Table Lamps

Materials

Gold, Brass

Large 1950s Sculptural Ceramic Table Lamp by Marianna Von Allesch
By Marianna von Allesch
Located in Winnipeg, MB
A unique mid-century ceramic table lamp by Marianna von Allesch. This piece features a beautiful
Category

Vintage 1950s American Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

1970s Italian Pair of Large Ceramic Table Lamps Floral Motif
Located in Bochum, NRW
1970s Italian floral motif ceramic large table lamp. A tall ceramic table lamp, baluster shaped
Category

Vintage 1960s Italian Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

large Jean Austruy 50's red enamelled ceramic table lamp
By Jean Austry
Located in Ternay, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Table lamp from the 50s by French ceramist Jean Austry. Ceramic base glazed in red with an abstract
Category

Vintage 1950s French Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Large Haico Nietzsche Ceramic Table Lamp, Søholm Stentøj, Denmark, 1960s
By Søholm Stentøj, Haico Nitzsche
Located in The Hague, NL
This striking table lamp was designed by Haico Nietzsche in the 1960s and produced as model 1219 by
Category

Vintage 1960s Danish Scandinavian Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Fabric, Ceramic

Martz Mid Century Large Scale Brown Glazed Ceramic Table Lamp
By Gordon & Jane Martz
Located in San Francisco, CA
Martz mid century large scale brown glazed ceramic table lamp Handsome mid century table lamp by
Category

Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Beautiful large Ceramic Table Lamp Foot Bertoncello, Italy, 1960s Vintage
By Bertoncello
Located in Nuernberg, DE
An amazing ceramic Mid-Century Modern large table lamp foot, made in Italy, circa 1960s. This is a
Category

Vintage 1960s Italian Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Scandinavian Large Ceramic Table Lamp with Wicker Shade, Denmark, 1960s
Located in Frankfurt am Main, DE
A large ceramic table or floor lamp designed and produced in Denmark in the 1960's. Clean lines and
Category

Mid-20th Century Danish Arts and Crafts Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Wicker

Mid-Century Modern Ceramic large Table Lamp from Axella, Denmark
By Axella Stentøj
Located in Skarpnäck, SE
A rather large and substantial handmade ceramic stoneware lamp base made by Axella, Denmark. It
Category

Vintage 1970s Danish Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Stoneware, Ceramic

Very Large Bjørn Wiinblad Table Lamp Hand-painted with New Shade 1978 Denmark
By Bjørn Wiinblad
Located in Silkeborg, Silkeborg
Very tall and huge ceramic table lamp by the Danish ceramist and artist Bjørn Wiinblad (1918-2006
Category

Vintage 1970s Danish Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Fabric

Very beautiful pair of ceramic "pearl necklace" lamp. Italy circa 1980
Located in ROUEN, FR
Very beautiful large pair of ceramic "pearl necklace" lamps. Italy circa 1980. Off-white and coral
Category

Vintage 1980s Italian Art Deco Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Wood

Large Red Space Age Flower Ceramic Mid Century Table Lamp, 1970s
Located in ROTTERDAM, ZH
Large red ceramic table lamp with beige textile shade. The fat lava style base has a thick red
Category

20th Century Space Age Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Large MCM Figural Ceramic Table Lamp in the Style of Bitossi
By Bitossi
Located in San Diego, CA
Large MCM figural ceramic table lamp in the style of Bitossi, circa 1960s. The lamp is in very
Category

Mid-20th Century Italian Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Large Ceramic Mid Century Modern Brutalist Lamp
Located in Leicester, GB
A very large sculptural mid-century modern ceramic lamp. The pottery lamp is hand built with an
Category

Vintage 1960s Danish Brutalist Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Pottery

Large Figural Ceramic Table Lamp by D. Polo Uiato, Capodimonte Style
Located in Chillerton, Isle of Wight
Large figural ceramic table lamp by D. Polo Uiato, Capodimonte style This is a large and rare
Category

Mid-20th Century Japonisme Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Mid-Century Modern Rare and Large Ceramic Table Lamps, Sweden, 1960s
By Armatur Hantverk Tibro
Located in Hillringsberg, SE
This set of rare and large table lamps was produced in Sweden during the late 1960 early 1970s
Category

Vintage 1960s Swedish Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Brass

Large Pair 1970s Ceramic Table Lamps, Original Finials & Shades, Coral / Pink
Located in Kansas City, MO
Large striking pair of ceramic table lamps with the original matching finials and original lamps
Category

Vintage 1970s American Hollywood Regency Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Linen

Large Bruno Karlsson Speckled Ceramic Table Lamp, Ego Stengods, Sweden, 1960s
By Bruno Karlsson, Ego Stengods
Located in The Hague, NL
This rare, substantial table lamp was designed by Bruno Karlsson and produced by Ego Stengods
Category

Vintage 1960s Swedish Scandinavian Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Fabric

Large Ceramic Table Lamp by Gordon & Jane Martz for Marshall Studios
By Gordon & Jane Martz
Located in Minneapolis, MN
Here is perhaps the largest of all the table lamps designed by Gordon and Jane Martz for Marshall
Category

Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Brass

Large post-modern ceramic table lamp by François Chatain, France 1990s
By François Châtain 1
Located in STRASBOURG, FR
Large ceramic table lamp in post-modern style by François Chatain, France circa 1990. Highly
Category

1990s French Post-Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Brass

Indigenous Tribal Theme Ceramic Table Lamp
Located in Las Vegas, NV
Large solid and very HEAVY ceramic table lamp with indigenous tribal theme depicted in dimensional
Category

20th Century Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Amazing Pair of Thick Lava Glaze Orange Ceramic Lamps with Walnut Finger Bases
By Sunset Lamps
Located in Pemberton, NJ
Amazing pair of thick lava glazed ceramic lamps with gorgeous walnut finger bases. These lamps are
Category

Vintage 1960s American Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Wood

Large Ceramic Jane and Gordon Martz Lamp
By Gordon & Jane Martz, Marshall Studios
Located in St.Petersburg, FL
Very large Martz lamp by ceramicist duo Jane and Gordon Martz for Marshall Studios. Beautiful
Category

Vintage 1960s American Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

1970s Large Ceramic Space Age Table Lamp with Cut-Outs by Ravelli
By Ravelli
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Large Space Age UFO shaped ceramic table lamp with a matte beige glaze, orbiting circle cut-outs, a
Category

Mid-20th Century Dutch Space Age Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Fabric

1970s Pair of Large Glazed Ceramic Table Lamps by Tommaso Barbi, Italian
By Tommaso Barbi
Located in London, GB
A striking pair of very large table lamps, designed by the renowned Italian designer Tommaso Barbi
Category

Vintage 1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Nils Kahler Ceramic Table Lamps, Denmark
By Herman A. Kahler Keramik
Located in San Francisco, CA
Nils Kahler design ceramic table lamps for Herman A Kahler, Denmark. Impressive and large scale
Category

Vintage 1960s Danish Scandinavian Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Unique Pair of Large Ceramic Table Lamps, made by Hanne Salamon, 1970
By OTHR
Located in Rijssen, NL
Beautiful pair of  unique ceramic table lamps by Hanne G. Salamon, manufactured in Denmark, 1970
Category

Vintage 1970s Danish Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Nardini Studio of California 1960 Pair of Large White Ceramic Table Lamps
By Nardini Studios
Located in North Hollywood, CA
Pair of White Ceramic Table Lamps by Nardini Studio Hollywood California. Fantastic very elegant
Category

Mid-20th Century American Hollywood Regency Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic

Olle Alberius Glazed Ceramic Large Table or Floor Lamp, Rörstrand, Sweden, 1960s
By Rörstrand, Olle Alberius
Located in The Hague, NL
green and black. Given the height, the lamp could work well as a tall table lamp, placed on a sideboard
Category

Vintage 1960s Swedish Scandinavian Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Ceramic, Fabric

Impressive and Large Thomas Toft Ceramic Table Lamp for Tye of California
By Thomas Toft, TYE of California
Located in Minneapolis, MN
This is a rare, wonderful and unusual table lamp signed Tye of California and dated 1955. What's
Category

Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Table Lamps

Materials

Metal

  • 1
  • ...
Get Updated with New Arrivals
Save "Very Large Ceramic Table Lamp", and we’ll notify you when there are new listings in this category.

Very Large Ceramic Table Lamp For Sale on 1stDibs

With a vast inventory of beautiful furniture at 1stDibs, we’ve got just the very large ceramic table lamp you’re looking for. Each very large ceramic table lamp for sale was constructed with extraordinary care, often using ceramic, brass and fabric. You’ve searched high and low for the perfect very large ceramic table lamp — we have versions that date back to the 20th Century alongside those produced as recently as the 20th Century are available. A very large ceramic table lamp made by Mid-Century Modern designers — as well as those associated with Rococo — is very popular. Many designers have produced at least one well-made very large ceramic table lamp over the years, but those crafted by Philips are often thought to be among the most beautiful.

How Much is a Very Large Ceramic Table Lamp?

Prices for a very large ceramic table lamp can differ depending upon size, time period and other attributes — at 1stDibs, they begin at $550 and can go as high as $7,000, while the average can fetch as much as $1,656.

Finding the Right Table-lamps for You

Well-crafted antique and vintage table lamps do more than provide light; the right fixture-and-table combination can add a focal point or creative element to any interior.

Proper table lamps have long been used for lighting our most intimate spaces. Perfect for lighting your nightstand or reading nook, table lamps play an integral role in styling an inviting room. In the years before electricity, lamps used oil. Today, a rewired 19th-century vintage lamp can still provide a touch of elegance for a study.

After industrial milestones such as mass production took hold in the Victorian era, various design movements sought to bring craftsmanship and innovation back to this indispensable household item. Lighting designers affiliated with Art Deco, which originated in the glamorous roaring ’20s, sought to celebrate modern life by fusing modern metals with dark woods and dazzling colors in the fixtures of the era. The geometric shapes and gilded details of vintage Art Deco table lamps provide an air of luxury and sophistication that never goes out of style.

After launching in 1934, Anglepoise lamps soon became a favorite among modernist architects and designers, who interpreted the fixture as “a machine for lighting,” just as Le Corbusier had reimagined the house as “a machine for living in.” The popular task light owed to a collaboration between a vehicle-suspension engineer by the name of George Carwardine and a West Midlands springs manufacturer, Herbert Terry & Sons

Some mid-century modern table lamps, particularly those created by the likes of Joe Colombo and the legendary lighting artisans at Fontana Arte, bear all the provocative hallmarks associated with Space Age design. Sculptural and versatile, the Louis Poulsen table lamps of that period were revolutionary for their time and still seem innovative today

If you are looking for something more contemporary, industrial table lamps are demonstrative of a newly chic style that isn’t afraid to pay homage to the past. They look particularly at home in any rustic loft space amid exposed brick and steel beams.

Before you buy a desk lamp or table lamp for your living room, consider your lighting needs. The Snoopy lamp, designed in 1967, or any other “banker’s lamp” (shorthand for the Emeralite desk lamps patented by H.G. McFaddin and Company), provides light at a downward angle that is perfect for writing, while the Fontana table lamp and the beloved Grasshopper lamp by Greta Magnusson-Grossman each yield a soft and even glow. Some table lamps require lampshades to be bought separately.

Whether it’s a classic antique Tiffany table lamp, a Murano glass table lamp or even a bold avant-garde fixture custom-made by a contemporary design firm, the right table lamp can completely transform a room. Find the right one for you on 1stDibs.

Questions About Very Large Ceramic Table Lamp
  • 1stDibs ExpertApril 5, 2022
    Yes, ceramic table lamps can be painted. In fact, many lamps come with hand-painted finishes. If you choose to paint a lamp yourself, you may need two or more coats of paint to get the results you desire. You'll find a collection of ceramic table lamps on 1stDibs.

Read More

This Paavo Tynell Chandelier Is a Radiant Bouquet

The alluring pendant light exemplifies the designer’s winsome mid-career work.

Ettore Sottsass Captures a Shooting Star in This Rare 1970s Floor Lamp

Before founding the Memphis Group, Sottsass bent the rules of lighting design with the wonderfully wavy Cometa.

You Don’t Need a Fictional Fairy to Get This Real Pinocchio Lamp

Warm chalet style meets cool Bauhaus functionality in Pietro Cascella’s cleverly carved creation.

Why Is Italy Such a Hotbed of Cool Design?

Patrizio Chiarparini of Brooklyn’s Duplex gallery sheds light on the lasting legacy of Italy’s postwar furniture boom.

With a High-Tech Flagship and Cool Collabs, Lladró Is Breaking the Mold for Porcelain Production

Thanks to its new leadership, the Spanish maker of figurines, busts and lighting is on a mission to update the art of porcelain for the 21st century.

Christopher Tennant’s Lamps and Dioramas Evoke Sunny Days and Seaside Locales

The former magazine editor blends elements of the Far East and America’s eastern shores, bringing wit and delight to his handmade, upcycled designs.

Paavo Tynell’s Snowflake Chandelier Warms Up Any Room

This circa 1950 piece by the legendary Finnish lighting designer spent the past several decades in a family's home in Michigan.

NASA Parachutes Inspired Lighting Designer Bec Brittain’s New Collection

In "Paraciphers," now on view at Emma Scully Gallery in New York, Brittain introduces works that were more than a decade in the making.