Black Chanel Silk Pleated Skirt Size FR 34
By Chanel
Located in New York, NY
Black silk pleated skirt by Chanel. Zip closure at back. 24" waist, 35" hips, 21.5" length.
Black Chanel Silk Pleated Skirt Size FR 34
By Chanel
Located in New York, NY
Black silk pleated skirt by Chanel. Zip closure at back. 24" waist, 35" hips, 21.5" length.
Chanel Runway Jacket Spring 2020 Look 65 Silk Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Woodland Hills, CA
Runway documented Chanel jacket from the Spring 2020 Ready-to-Wear collection, Look 65, designed by Virginie Viard and presented at the Grand Palais in Paris. The Spring 2020 collect...
Chanel Black and Ivory Sequin Embellished Cropped Jacket Size FR 34
By Chanel
Located in Woodland Hills, CA
This exceptional Chanel evening jacket showcases the house’s mastery of embellished textiles through an intricate sequin motif constructed from ivory sequins over a black base. The ...
White & Black Chanel V-Neck Cardigan Size FR 34
By Chanel
Located in New York, NY
White and black cotton textured V-neck cardigan by Chanel. Dual hip pockets. Button closures at center front. 40" bust, 16" shoulder width, 25.5" length.
$2,160Sale Price|20% Off
Chanel Fall 2007 Grey and Metallic Double Breasted Jacket - Size 34
By Chanel
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
Chanel Fall 2007 Grey and Metallic Double Breasted Jacket - Size 34 This Karl Lagerfeld creation was part of the Fall 2007 Collection. The full lined jacket is made of a lightweight...
Chanel White Silk Pleated Tuxedo Blouse With Crystal CC Buttons Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Woodland Hills, CA
A sophisticated Chanel white silk tuxedo blouse featuring a finely pleated bib front inspired by traditional formal shirting. Crafted from lightweight semi-sheer silk, the blouse is ...
Chanel 16P 2016 New Tweed Embellished Lambskin Jacket Blazer Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Merced, CA
Chanel 2016 tweed embellished jacket fashioned with full length zip front closure. It is new without tag.
Black & Silver Chanel Sleeveless Sequined Zip Hoodie Size FR 34
By Chanel
Located in New York, NY
Black and silver sleeveless sequin striped zip hoodie by Chanel. Rib knit trim. Zip closure at center front. 28" bust, 10.5" shoulder width, 16" length.
Chanel Spring 2020 Blue Tweed CC Button Jacket Size 34 NWT
By Chanel
Located in Woodland Hills, CA
This Chanel Spring 2020 tweed jacket designed by Virginie Viard is a refined example of the house’s modern tailoring. Crafted in navy, blue, ecru and black bouclé tweed, the jacket f...


White & Black Chanel Cotton Bow-Accented Longline Blazer Size FR 34
By Chanel
Located in New York, NY
White and black cotton longline blazer by Chanel. Notched lapel. Dual hip pockets featuring bow accents. Front button closure. 29" bust, 13.5" shoulder width, 32" sleeve length, 31.5...
Chanel Vintage Pink Tweed Skirt Circa 1995 Women's Size 34 Silk Lined
By Chanel
Located in CACHAN, FR
CHANEL. Very pretty tweed skirt, pink color, label, composition and missing size. But it's tweed and corresponds to a size 34. Silk lining with CC logo. Parade collection 1995 spring...
Vintage Beige Chanel Spring/Summer 2001 Linen Blazer Size FR 34
By Chanel
Located in New York, NY
Vintage beige linen blazer by Chanel. From the Spring/Summer 2001 Collection. Notched lapel. Dual hip pockets. Single button closure at front. 40" bust, 19" shoulder width, 20.5" sle...
Chanel Navy & White Houndstooth Tweed Blazer Spring/Summer 2018 Size FR 34
By Chanel
Located in Woodland Hills, CA
Chanel Navy & White Houndstooth Tweed Blazer Spring/Summer 2018, Size FR 34 Description: From Chanel’s Spring/Summer 2018 (18P) collection, this exquisite blazer is crafted in a bol...
Tan & Multicolor Chanel Embellished Wool Short Sleeve Top Size FR 34
By Chanel
Located in New York, NY
Tan, green, and black wool short sleeve cropped CC logo top by Chanel. Crew neck. Bead embellishments at front. 37" bust, 20" shoulder width, 17.5" length.
Chanel Vintage Silk Top Circa 2005 Women's Size 34 Monogram CC Pattern
By Chanel
Located in CACHAN, FR
Very pretty coco chanel silk top. Monogram and CC patterns. Size 34. In very good condition. Très jolie top coco chanel en soie. Motifs monogramme et CC. Taille 34. En très bonn...
Chanel Black Lace Blouse with Silk Camisole Set Size FR 34
By Chanel
Located in Woodland Hills, CA
An elegant Chanel lace blouse paired with a coordinating nude silk camisole, showcasing the refined romantic aesthetic associated with Karl Lagerfeld era Chanel ready-to-wear collect...
Chanel Navy Sparkly Jacket Size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
This jacket strikes just the right balance between day and night - the cut and shape are casual, with wide three-quarter sleeves, a loose boxy body, and soft knit material. The spark...
Chanel Black Cashmere Long Cardigan Size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
There's nothing more perfect and easy for cool weather than a luxurious cashmere Chanel sweater coat. This casual and beautiful piece can either be tied in the front or worn open mak...
Chanel Multi-Color Silk Dress size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Chanel dress with a double layered full skirt and two tiered waist band with slight gathering under the bust, in a geometric floral type pattern in pink, purple and blue.
CHANEL Copper Quilted Leather Jacket Boucle Trim Size 34 2
By Chanel
Located in New York City, NY
CHANEL metallic copper lambskin leather jacket. The jacket has a Peter Pan collar, front quilted details, hidden front zipper closure, four hip level slit pockets, Chanel charm, long...
Chanel Black and White Tweed Dress size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
This Chanel dress features a hounds-tooth tweed, with a shear chiffon top printed to match. It is trimmed with woven bands in red, black and white, with matching choker type accent a...
Chanel Pastel Print Silk Peplum Dress size 34(2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Chanel peplum dress in a pastel floral design on triple layered chiffon with a knotted ribbon accent in pastels, dark orange and gold metallic along the neckline. The dress has a fit...
Chanel Black Jacket with Gold and Silver Metallics Size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Equal parts minimalist grid and all out sparkle, this jacket is the perfect way to make your wardrobe shine. The black fabric of this piece is laced with luxurious silver and gold me...
Chanel lightweight wool DB Trench coat Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Palm Beach, FL
Chanel lightweight wool twill double breasted coat, in winter white. 4 Mother of Pearl buttons on the front, 2 buttons on belted 23" sleeves. Inset raglan sleeve, and relaxed colla...
Chanel Navy and Gold Knit Metallic Coat Size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Ultra plush flax and navy are mixed throughout this elegant Chanel piece - with threads in wine and burnt caramel, flecked with gleaming gold. The metal buttons are square and studde...
CHANEL Black Patent Leather Rain Coat With Sheered Rabbit Lining. Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Delray Beach, FL
Offered for sale is this darling Chanel wet look rain coat with a white rabbit fur lining from 2001. It has a slight "A" line flair to it which really makes it a fabulous look. Th...
Chanel Red Lambskin Leather Cropped Sleeve Folded Collar Topper Coat Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Chicago, IL
Add a hint of sass to your look with this red Chanel topper coat. Constructed of soft lambskin leather. Hidden seam pockets. Side slits. 3/4 length sleeves. Black and cream silk plai...
Chanel Black & White Check Silk Two Piece Blouse & Skirt Set Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Boca Raton, FL
Chanel Made in France 100% Silk Blouse has front left breast pocket Buttons at wrist with gold tone Chanel logo buttons Skirt is pleated Hidden side zipper with gold tone Chane...
Chanel Cotton Blouse with Stripes, size 34
By Chanel
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
Chanel cotton short sleeve blouse with stripes, size 34
NWT Chanel Beige Shorts - Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Krakow, PL
Step into luxury with these absolutely stunning New With Tags (NWT) Chanel shorts! Crafted in a beautiful and versatile beige, these shorts are the epitome of sophisticated style and...
CHANEL Black Silk Straight Leg Pants Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Krakow, PL
Elegant Chanel black silk straight leg pants in very good condition. These luxurious pants are perfect for any occasion, offering both comfort and style. Made from high-quality silk,...
Chanel Spring 2007 Identification Beige Capri Pants size 34
By Karl Lagerfeld, Chanel
Located in London, GB
Spring-summer 2007 Chanel Identification line capris. Lightweight technical fabric. Printed Chanel Identification logo. Chanel Identification zips made by Lampo. White elasticate...
Chanel Navy Blue Bouclé Round Neck Blazer Jacket Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Rome, Rome
- Chanel Navy Blue Bouclé Blazer Jacket - Concealed button closure on the front - Round neck - Composition: 72% Nylon,12% Cotton, 10% Wool, 6% Polyester - Silk lining with jacquard C...
Black & Multicolor Chanel 2022 Logo Applique Sweatshirt Size FR 34
By Chanel
Located in New York, NY
Black and multicolor logo applique sweatshirt by Chanel. Circa 2022. Crew neck. 36" bust, 15.5" shoulder width, 22.5" length.
Chanel Pink and White Terry Cloth Robe Jacket, Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Beverly Hills, CA
Product details: The jacket features pink and white striped pattern, collar, v-neckline, 3/4 sleeves length with belt.
Chanel Mini Stretch Body Skin Tight Dress Size 34 Seen On Kylie Jenner
By Chanel
Located in New York, NY
Kylie Jenner flaunted her incredible curvaceous post-baby physique in a skin-tight Chanel mini dress Size 34 . I would estimate this dress to be size 2US and its photographed on man...
Chanel $9, 000 Limited Edition 2pc Silk Gown Size 34
By Chanel
Located in West Hollywood, CA
Chanel limited edition silk navy and cream chiffon gown with matching print shawl in size 34. Originally retailed $9,000. Bodice is a knit cotton and viscose boucle with a multi laye...
1980's Chanel Haute Couture Black Skirt Suit with Gold Embellished Trim Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Los Angeles, CA
This Chanel suit is available for viewing at our Beverly Hills Boutique. The skirt suit is composed of a black wool and silk lining.The set is accented with a gold beaded trim and ow...
Chanel Pull in Size 34
By Chanel
Located in PARIS, FR
Chanel Pull Very good condition, shows light signs of use and wear Size: 34 Packaging: Opulence Vintage Additional information: Designer: Chanel Dimensions: Height 64 cm / 25 " x W...
Classic Chanel Black Wool Skirt Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Bridgehampton, NY
Classic Chanel Black Wool Skirt with Two Pockets, Mid-Length, Back Zip and Two Front Pockets - Size 34
Chanel Pink Mesh Sleeveless Top Size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Sweet, fun, and young sleeveless top by Chanel. Grapefruit pink mesh trimmed with blush and creme silk chiffon ruffles and a Chanel button placket, layered over a blush mesh sleevele...
Chanel Sheer White Floral Jacket size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Chanel sheer asymmetrical jacket with white floral design and white enamel buttons. The jacket is accented with chain, and polyurethane panels on the shoulders.
Chanel Little Black Dress Size EU 34
By Chanel
Located in Paris, FR
Sublime Chanel black little dress. European size 34 Really good condition.
Chanel Mint Green Tweed Jacket Size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Gorgeous mint green tweed with black piping and iron grey rock shaped Chanel buttons, cut slim with a round neck, three-quarter sleeves, and a shirt-tail hemline.
Chanel Black Dress - Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Antwerp, BE
Chanel Black Dress - Size 34 This Chanel dress makes our hearts beat faster! It oozes elegance and feminity. The perfect partner in crime for a romantic diner.
Chanel Navy and Black Sparkly Jacket size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Chanel jacket in a sparkly navy fabric with black accents on collar, cuffs, and pocket flaps, and a narrow, half inch fringe that runs along the lapels and hem. Each side of the jac...
CHANEL Gold and White Silk Brocade Vest Size 34
By Chanel
Located in New York City, NY
Chanel gold and white brocade vest with pearl/chain self belt. Concealed zip front closure with signature CC teardrop faux baroque pearl zipper charm pull; two patch pockets.
...
Chanel Black and White Open Knit Cardigan SIZE 34
By Chanel
Located in London, GB
Chanel Black and White Open Knit Cardigan -Black and white colour -Blended composition of acrylic, rayon, and nylon -Knit pattern -Rounded neckline -Button closure with signature C...
Chanel Tweed & Twill A-Line Dress - Size FR 34
By Chanel
Located in Newport, RI
Classic Chanel A-Line dress made out of beautiful neutral tweed and twill fabric. Off white buttons with gold "CC" logos. Size: Size FR 34 Condition: Dress is in excellent conditi...
Chanel Cotton-Knit Mint Dress & Cardigan Set SIZE 34 FR
By Chanel
Located in London, GB
Chanel Cotton Knit Mint Dress & Cardigan Set Dress: - cotton knit dress - slim straps - sleeveless - v-neckline - flared to the bottom - unlined - pearl button embellishment to the...
Chanel Cotton-Knit Mint Dress & Cardigan Set SIZE 34 FR
By Chanel
Located in London, GB
Chanel Cotton Knit Mint Dress & Cardigan Set Dress: - cotton knit dress - slim straps - sleeveless - v-neckline - flared to the bottom - unlined - pearl button embellishment to the...
Chanel Grey Tweed Suit size 34/36 (2/4)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Unmistakably Chanel, this suit from the Fall 2005 season has a subtle floral pattern woven in black, grey and white classic tweed. The lining is black silk with the iconic camellias....
Channel Classic Black Jacket with Red & Navy Trim SIZE 34
By Chanel
Located in London, GB
Channel Classic Jacket with Red & Navy Trim - Sophisticated black jacket with red, navy and silver boucle trim. - Red double silk lining. - Knitted wool collarless design. - Hook-...
Chanel Cream Blush Tweed Suit with Pearl Buttons Size 34/36 (2/4)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Gorgeous cream cotton tweed with just a hint of blush cut into a very classic suit shape - boxy jacket with 3/4 sleeves, slim fitted pencil skirt, trimmed with an edgy leather collar...
Chanel Off-White Jacket size 34
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Chanel off white jacket from Fall 2007 with braided gold chain trim around pockets and edges, and sparkly white accent threads. The jacket closes at the neck with two gold buttons in...
Chanel Indigo Blue Tweed Jacket Size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Interesting and impeccably stylized. Deep indigo blue tweed is elaborately trimmed with thin strips of patterned fabric, and black cord. Cut with a vest-like attached inner panel ben...
Chanel Black and Cream Tweed Jacket Size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Cream and black tweed with strands of clear and smoky grey sequins peppering the material, with black and cream braided trim. Cut into the extremely classic boxy shape with black and...
Chanel Black Woven Coat with Silver Sequins size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Chanel black double breasted jacket in a big weave fabric in alternating glossy and muted threads. Silver color reflective scales cover the lapels, the inside flaps of the two front ...
Amazing Chanel Black Dress Size EU 34
By Chanel
Located in Paris, FR
Really nice black Chanel dress all covered in buttons. Really nice work in the back. Size EU 34
New Chanel Colorful Cashmere Maxi Skirt Size 34
By Chanel
Located in Boca Raton, FL
This beautiful Chanel skirt is truly a must have. It is 100% cashmere and features a full length zip up. It presents itself in lovely pastels of yellow, green, pink and creme. Avai...
Chanel Black and White Cashmere Twinset Size 36, 34 (4, 2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Beautifully soft cashmere is the perfect thing for a cool day. This twinset has three looks for one - wear the short-sleeved shell with a pleated skirt and leather jacket, toss the c...
Chanel Dark Green Jacket with Gold Buttons Size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
Sparkling dark serpentine green makes this Chanel coat a beautiful and unexpected choice, perfect for glamorous evenings and holiday events. The green tweed is variegated, with fleck...
Chanel Navy Jersey Knit Tunic and Pant Size 34 (2)
By Chanel
Located in San Francisco, CA
The knit ensemble is certainly having a moment and Chanel is the perfect way to wear it. This one features a super soft and comfortable tunic style top with long sleeves and a tulip-...
John Galliano for Christian Dior S/S 2009 Silk Halter Dress
By Christian Dior, John Galliano
Located in Water Mill, NY
A gorgeous rich purple silk halter dress by John Galliano for Christian Dior. It is fitted through the bodice with a stunning intricately detailed ruffle trimmed plunge halter neckli...
Christian Dior by John Galliano 2002 Matte Python Skin Saddle Bag & Mirror
By Christian Dior, John Galliano for Christian Dior
Located in Switzerland, CH
A rare Christian Dior mini evening saddle bag designed by John Galliano From a collectable, limited edition in 2002 Offered only in Dior flagship stores to a limited clientele Get th...
S/S 2005 Versace by Donatella Runway Ruched Trompe L'œil Denim Blue Mini Dress
By Versace, Donatella Versace
Located in West Hollywood, CA
From the Spring/Summer 2005 'Chaos Couture' collection, this dress emulates the look of denim, the ruching throughout complements the structure of the sweetheart neckline and the def...
Karl Lagerfeld for Chanel Black Lace Gown
By Chanel, Karl Lagerfeld for Chanel
Located in Sharon, CT
Karl Lagerfeld for Chanel Collection Croisière '84. Black floral motif lace Evening Gown with pink satin sash, fully lined.
Vivienne Westwood black and gold mesh 'Open 24hrs' corset, fw 1993
By Vivienne Westwood
Located in London, GB
Vivienne Westwood black mesh corset with 'Open 24hrs' gold leaf print. Internal boning designed to cinch the waist and push the breasts up. Anglomania, Fall-Winter 1993
rare CHANEL 2015 Runway Edelweiss flower embroidery circle pocket wool coat FR42
By Karl Lagerfeld, Chanel
Located in Hong Kong, NT
rare CHANEL 2015 Runway Edelweiss flower embroidery circle pocket wool coat FR42 Reference: BMPA/A00262 Brand: Chanel Designer: Karl Lagerfeld Model: P51886W056888 Collection: 15A Me...
Chanel 15A MOST WANTED Black Gold CAMELLIA BUTTON Sweater CARDIGAN JACKET FR36
By Chanel
Located in Sewickley, PA
Up for sale is a 100% authentic CHANEL black and gold silk cashmere blend camellia button sweater cardigan from 2015 FALL/WINTER runway collection. Size 36 Shoulders: 14.5” Bust...
In the years following the opening of her modest millinery shop, Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel became a pivotal designer of both fashionable casual wear and Paris haute couture as well as an icon and arbiter of 20th-century style with her bob haircut and pearls. Today vintage Chanel handbags, jackets and evening dresses are among the most sought-after clothing and accessories for fashion lovers all over the world.
The first Chanel shop was established in 1910 in Paris on rue Cambon by the young milliner Gabrielle Chanel (1883–1971), who had picked up the nickname “Coco” while working as a club singer. The boutique drew the attention of the Parisian fashion elite who popularized her wide-brimmed Chanel Modes hats. Soon she added a sportswear store in the Normandy resort town of Deauville, where Coco set the tone for her defining sense of style — traditionally masculine garments reimagined for feminine shapes, made from simple jersey fabric.
Effortless and elegant, Chanel's designs promoted comfort and grace in women’s wear that had been dominated in the previous century by complicated layers of fabric and cumbersome corsets. She followed this success with a couture house, opened in 1915 in Biarritz.
But Chanel was not born into a life of glamour. Following the death of her mother, her father left her in an orphanage where she lived until the age of 18. It was there that she learned to sew as well as appreciate the classic pairing of black and white as worn by the nuns.
In 1926, Chanel introduced her first little black dress, reclaiming a color that had once been reserved for mourning and working-class women. That same decade, she debuted her perfume, Chanel No. 5, as well as the Chanel suit with a fitted skirt, inspired by the boxy lines of men’s clothing and employing a sporty tweed.
Chanel closed her fashion operations during World War II, then returned to the industry in 1954 to design for the functional needs of modern women.
Structure and wearability endured in all of Chanel’s clothing and accessories, like the quilted leather 2.55 handbag — a 1955 update of a 1920s-era design — with its gold-chain shoulder strap that freed up a woman’s hands. The 1957 two-tone slingback pumps had a practical heel height while offering a bold statement in the black tip of the shoes. Her collarless jacket reacted against the constricting styles of Christian Dior's New Look, replacing them with a design that was timeless, an instant classic.
After Coco Chanel died in 1971, the brand underwent several changes in leadership, including fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld, who took over as artistic director in 1983. His collections for Chanel displayed his knack for synthesizing old and new, high and low. Lagerfeld revived Chanel ballet flats and thoroughly embraced the classic logo's interlocking CCs, which took the form of a clasp featured on so many of the rare Chanel bags that are much sought after today.
Vintage Karl Lagerfeld designs for Chanel dresses, coats and other clothing of the 1980s, '90s and 2000s riffed on its iconography, accenting a lexicon of Chanel-isms with tastes of the moment. And as the 1990s have become associated with styles adopted by today’s supermodels and influencers, vintage Chanel bags of the 1990s are among the most prized of the brand’s offerings.
Over the years, the company has continued to innovate, such as expanding into ready-to-wear fashion in 1978 and, in 2002, establishing a subsidiary company — Paraffection — dedicated to preserving the heritage skills of fashion artisan workshops. The House of Chanel still operates its flagship on rue Cambon in Paris, where it all began.
Browse vintage Chanel bags, evening dresses, shoes, jewelry and other clothing and accessories on 1stDibs.
Start building your collection of covetable and iconic vintage clothing today — no matter where you roam, there is a curated selection of designer dresses and gowns, sweaters, shirts, dazzling shoes and more on 1stDibs that will keep you covered in the hottest styles from head to toe.
From elegant museum-worthy vintage Chanel dresses and jackets to audacious T-shirts and trousers from provocative punk designer Vivienne Westwood, one thing is abundantly clear: If the clothing for sale on 1stDibs could talk, it would certainly make a statement.
For fashion lovers, the 1990s have become associated with styles adopted by today’s supermodels and influencers — think John Galliano and Roberto Cavalli — but maybe ‘80s accessories are among your (guilty?) pleasures.
Playful, boldly colored coats and outerwear from Moschino, Ralph Lauren and other titans of the era can take a simpler ensemble to the next level, while chic and practical suits from the likes of Christian Dior and Balmain endure for haute couture advocates and beyond.
And vintage is the name of the game on today’s red carpets, too. Celebrity stylists are turning to archival pieces created by the likes of Bob Mackie, Thierry Mugler and Jean-Paul Gaultier as alternatives to new gowns plucked straight off the runway. Wearing such sought-after items gives celebrities instant allure and suggests a personal style that’s not only achingly glamorous but intellectually informed and influenced by a love of craftsmanship.
Those seeking contemporary luxury looks and in-demand street-style fits can indulge in designs by Bottega Veneta, Miu Miu and Loro Piana, while pieces from Gucci, Yves Saint Laurent and Versace endure as examples of fashion’s most covetable goods.
The future — and glamorous past — of fashion is yours for the wearing. Find vintage clothing and accessories for sale on 1stDibs, including designs by Balenciaga, Valentino, Celine, Loewe and more.
From handbags and heels to jackets and jewels, Sharon Coplan Hurowitz has a deep admiration for (and collection of) all things Chanel.
The classic tweed garment has been a wardrobe staple of chic women around the world since the 1950s.