Asian Sculptures
to
508
2,690
892
392
666
558
1,466
1,284
346
447
300
29
9
28
13
24
62
61
77
54
21
205
144
107
64
45
11
6
6
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1,507
1,454
971
584
504
2,372
653
225,497
26,127
7,719
7,496
7,331
Height
to
Width
to
3,974
3,661
3,786
81
72
25
24
23
Place of Origin: Asian
20th Century Chinese Cork Diorama, circa 1950s
Located in Miami, FL
Beautiful 20th century oval Chinese cork diorama.
Finely carved decoration in a glass case and black lacquered base.
Chinese landscape view, a pagoda in a traditional garden featur...
Category
Mid-20th Century Asian Sculptures
Materials
Cork
Japanese Elegant Blue and Gilt Horse Hand Cast, Hand-Painted, Mint And Boxed
Located in South Burlington, VT
Here's a beautiful and unique way to accent your indoor display space with this special treasure from Japan.
This is an attractive solid and finely cast effigy of an elegant horse ...
Category
Mid-20th Century Showa Asian Sculptures
Materials
Iron
Pair of Modern Abstract Sculptures in Bronze Patina Brass by Patrick Coard Paris
By Patrick Coard
Located in West Hollywood, CA
Elevate your space with the captivating allure of these handcrafted modern abstract sculptures, "The Birds Eye," by Patrick Coard Paris. Meticulously formed from luxurious bronze pat...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Art Deco Asian Sculptures
Materials
Brass
Small Bronze Verdigris Swordfish / Marlin Sculpture on Marble Base
Located in San Diego, CA
A nice small bronze verdigris swordfish / marlin sculpture on marble base, circa 1990s. The piece has a wonderful patina and measures 5.5"W x 3.5"D x 9.5"H; the marble base is 3.5"D....
Category
20th Century Asian Sculptures
Materials
Marble, Bronze
Chinese or Korean Antique Wooden Large Mask/1800s/Festival Mask/Dance Mask
Located in Sammu-shi, Chiba
This is a very old wooden mask made in China or Korea, probably around the 1800s.
Many masks are also made in Japan, and their roots are said to come from China.
Famous items include...
Category
19th Century Other Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Wood
Pyromorphite from Daoping Mine, Yangshuo, Guangxi, China
Located in New York, NY
From Daoping Mine, Yangshuo, Guangxi, China
Large cluster of lustrous translucent grass-green pyromorphite crystals on brown gossan. The pyromorphite crystals are elongated hexagona...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Asian Sculptures
Materials
Crystal, Rock Crystal
David Bust Made with Compressed Marble Powder 'Florence Accademia Gallery'
By LAGU
Located in İSTANBUL, TR
The David bust by Michelangelo is a high-quality replica of the famous David sculpture created by the Italian artist during the Renaissance period. This item is made from pressed mar...
Category
2010s Asian Sculptures
Materials
Marble
Contemporary White Mother-of-Pearl Art Object Vase 13
By Arijian, Jian Yoo
Located in Namyangju-si, KR
Decorative handcrafted vase with mother-of-pearl inlay.
Category
2010s Asian Sculptures
Materials
Wood
Pair of Japanese Gilt Bronze Komainu by Ishikawa Komei, Meiji Period
Located in Austin, TX
A striking pair of Japanese gilt bronze komainu by the renowned Japanese sculptor, Ishikawa Komei (1852-1913), Meiji period, Japan.
The pair well cast, and robustly modeled. They ar...
Category
Late 19th Century Meiji Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Bronze
Rare Pair of Wood and Bronze Swan Figurines by Wildwood, Mid Century Modern
Located in Clifton Springs, NY
Vintage pair of crane figurines from Wildwood Imports has detailed carved wooden bodies and sculptural bronze heads and necks.
The swans are signed on the bottoms with 2 original st...
Category
20th Century Mid-Century Modern Asian Sculptures
Materials
Brass
Antique Hand Carved Rose Quartz Flower Sculpture
Located in Toronto, ON
A stunning and highly detailed antique Chinese rose quartz flower sculpture. Carved from a solid block of rose quartz this decorative piece is equally as beautiful in a modern or tra...
Category
Early 20th Century Asian Sculptures
Materials
Rose Quartz
Green Tara Gilt Bronze Tibetan Statue
Located in Somis, CA
A beautiful gilt bronze statue of Tibetan Green Tara. The Goddess is seated in lalitasana on an elaborately incised double-lotus base with the pendant foot resting on a smaller lotus...
Category
20th Century Asian Sculptures
Materials
Bronze
Fluorite Mineral from Hunan, China
Located in New York, NY
Fluorite from Yaogangxian Mine, Nanling Mountains, Hunan Province, China.
Huge cluster of fully crystallized, gem-purple fluorite crystals. The transparent fluorite crystals are lus...
Category
15th Century and Earlier Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Crystal, Other
Naturally Formed Mineral, Clear Apophyllite Sculpture
Located in Point Richmond, CA
Naturally formed mineral, clear apophyllite sculpture
India
Measures: 11 x 8 x 4 in. / 28 x 20 x 10 cm
Height on custom display stand: 14 in. / 36 cm
Custom mounted on a ...
Category
15th Century and Earlier Other Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Steel
Colorful Insects Under Antique Glass Dome
Located in Munich, DE
The Green Jungle Nymphs called Hétéropterix Dilaltata are form Papua New Guinea, Indonesian province. Set in an antique glass globe with wooden ba...
Category
20th Century Organic Modern Asian Sculptures
Materials
Glass, Organic Material, Wood
Sculpture Made in Bronze-Patina Brass by Patrick Coard Paris
By Patrick Coard
Located in New York, NY
The Paris based label has distinguished themselves since their launch, with their iconic use of shagreen mixed with brass and other exotic materials. All furniture is handcrafted by skilled artisans, ultimately making each piece unique, designed in Paris and produced in the Philippines.
Patrick Coard Paris launches a unique and beautiful sculptural object collection. The set of amorphous sculptures...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Art Deco Asian Sculptures
Materials
Brass
Gandharan Stucco Head of the Buddha, 3rd-5th Century
Located in Austin, TX
A sublime Greco-Buddhist stucco head of the Buddha, ancient region of Gandhara, circa 3rd-5th century.
A fragment of a larger statue, the Buddha's face...
Category
15th Century and Earlier Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Stucco
Japanese Bronze Koi Fish Sculpture
Located in Houston, TX
Japanese Bronze Koi Fish Sculpture.
This well executed Japanese bronze Koi or Goldfish sculpture has a beautiful patinated verdigris finish and will...
Category
1950s Meiji Vintage Asian Sculptures
Materials
Bronze
Lazurite
Located in New York, NY
Lazurite, also known as Afghanite, is a rich blue sodalite mineral only found in Afghanistan and makes up the blue phase of lapis lazuli. Lazurite was used historically in pigments f...
Category
2010s Asian Sculptures
Materials
Crystal, Other
Pair of Cloisonné Tang Style Horses
Located in Palm Beach, FL
Vintage pair of Chinese cloisonné horses with a Tang dynasty form decorated with colorful symbolic references on an alluring blue back...
Category
20th Century Chinese Export Asian Sculptures
Materials
Metal
Han Dynasty, Laying Doe Wood Sculpture, China 100AD
Located in PARIS, FR
Superb sculpture of a laying doe from the Chinese Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD). Remainders of polychromic paint, namely red, symbol of good fortune and joy as well as the season of summer, and green, symbol of vigor and vitality and the season of spring. Mounted on base.
A similar sculpture in bronze is kept at the Met Museum with the following description " A low bed, small table, and screen were often the only furnishings in a Han-dynasty room. The floors were generally covered with mats kept in place with weights in the shape of single animals, fighting beasts, or entertainers."
Condition seen in pictures.
Dimensions in cm ( H x L x l ) :
- Sculpture : 35 x 40 x 10
- With base : 45.5 x 44 x 15
The Han Dynasty ruled China from 206 B.C. to 220 A.D. and was the second imperial dynasty of China. It is known for its promotion of Confucianism as the state religion and opening the Silk Road trade route to Europe, permanently altering the course of Chinese history. Han Dynasty art and inventions like paper still influence the world today.
From the Han Dynasty to the present, deer can be found in many materials and media—rock crystal, nephrite, ink on paper, porcelain, cloisonné enamel, jade, bamboo root, textile, bronze, etc.—alone or in groups, among trees and rocks and in various positions. They appear on everyday objects, from boxes to incense burners, incense holders, lamps, mirror holders and the droppers scholars used when they wrote. A symbol of longevity and grace in Chinese mythology, the word deer is pronounced lu, a homonym for emoluments—favors granted to officials. They therefore represent wealth, nobility and success in imperial examinations (civil service exams for selecting candidates for the state bureaucracy in Imperial China).
Deer were the faithful companions of Shu Lao, the god of longevity, and the goddess Magu. They were reputed to live long and to be the only creature able to find the mushroom of immortality, linghzhi. Although its spots are different, deer are sometimes confused or associated with stags, a Manchu hunting trophy whose antlers served to make prestigious furniture. (La Gazette Drouot, Claire Papon)
For the colours found on this piece, in Chinese culture, red symbolizes good fortune and joy. Green, symbolizes the spring when everything is brimming over with vigor and vitality.
The Han Dynasty (206 B.C. to 220 A.D.) continued the Qin Dynasty’s use of dark colours, but incorporated red. During the earlier years, or Western Han Dynasty, ordinary people wore red while court dress was black. Shoes were red in color. The clothing worn for sacrificial rites was black edged with red. In the later Eastern Han Dynasty, red symbolized the dynasty’s “fire Virtue” and became predominant. Court dress was red. Sacrificial rites called for a red-edged white layer under robes with red socks...
Category
15th Century and Earlier Han Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Wood
Polished Amber Freeform from Indonesia, '314.5 Grams'
Located in New York, NY
AA quality polished Indonesian zebra amber freeform. Amber is a powerful cleanser and healer of the mind, body, and spirit. It absorbs pain and negative energy, helping to alleviate ...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Asian Sculptures
Materials
Other
Japanese Carved Wood Netsuke of a Frog, Taisho Period
Located in Point Richmond, CA
Hand carved boxwood frog netsuke dating from the Meiji period. The frog (kaeru) is associated with luck and wealth in Japanese culture. Kaeru in is a homophone meaning both "frog" an...
Category
Early 20th Century Taisho Asian Sculptures
Materials
Boxwood
Scolecite with Green Apophyllite – 3.52 lb
Located in New York, NY
This stunning specimen of scolecite with green apophyllite from India showcases a striking display of delicate, needle-like scolecite crystals radiating in all directions, paired wit...
Category
2010s Asian Sculptures
Materials
Rock Crystal
Double Terminated Emerald Crystal On Calcite With Pyrite From Pakistan
By Deloris "Dee" Giltz 1
Located in Peshawar, PK
Product Information:
Specimen Type: Emerald Crystals on Calcite
Weight: 3 grams
Dimension: H: 2 x W: 1.5 x D: 1 cm
Origin: Swat Valley, KPK Province, Pakistan
Treatment: None
Descr...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Modern Asian Sculptures
Materials
Crystal, Multi-gemstone, Rock Crystal, Other
Jaguar Statue 'Ephesus Museum' Replica Cultured Marble
By LAGU
Located in İSTANBUL, TR
The ancient city of Ephesus, which dates back to 6000 BC, has been a coastal city belonging to the Romans, Greeks and Turks at different times. The city is known as the place where C...
Category
2010s Classical Greek Asian Sculptures
Materials
Statuary Marble
Nude Female Bodice Chrome Sculpture Mannequin on Granite Base
Located in Somis, CA
This unique piece is constructed by connecting hundreds of 1" chrome disks. Conceptualized with an ultra modern approach to manifest the beauty of the female body. 3.25" high solid g...
Category
20th Century Asian Sculptures
Materials
Chrome
Pair of Large Ochre-Glazed Foo Dog Sculptures
Located in Palm Beach, FL
Stunning pair of large ochre-glazed foo dog "guardian lion" sculptures
Category
Early 20th Century Asian Sculptures
Canary Yellow Calcite Mineral Specimen – Rudny, Kazakhstan
Located in Edison, NJ
Although abundant, the many shapes, colors, and associations of calcite make for a seemingly infinite number of permutations. This allows collectors to have entire suites consisting ...
Category
15th Century and Earlier Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Stone, Multi-gemstone
Sculptures Made in Bronze-Patina Brass by Patrick Coard Paris
By Patrick Coard
Located in New York, NY
The Paris based label has distinguished themselves since their launch, with their iconic use of shagreen mixed with brass and other exotic materials. All furniture is handcrafted by skilled artisans, ultimately making each piece unique, designed in Paris and produced in the Philippines.
Patrick Coard Paris launches a unique and beautiful sculptural object collection. The set of amorphous sculptures...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Art Deco Asian Sculptures
Materials
Brass
Pair Chinese Export Famille Rose Figures of Immortals, 18th Century, China
Located in Austin, TX
A near pair of Chinese export porcelain figures of the Taoist immortal Li Tieguai, Qing Dynasty, late 18th century, China.
The Daoist Immortal Li Tieguai, on of the Eight Immortals...
Category
Late 18th Century Chinese Export Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
Antique Old Siam / Thai Cast Bronze Ayuttaya Buddha
Located in San Diego, CA
Old Siam / Thai cast bronze Ayuttaya Buddha, circa 1960s. The piece has a rich patina with handpainted eyes and measures 4"W x 4"D x 15"H
The Buddha’s austere countenance seems to smolder and glow, highlighting the Ayutthaya royal attire of the Siamese kingdom that existed from 1350-1767, when an independent tradition arose that defined Thai art...
Category
Late 19th Century Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Bronze
Chinese Ming Dynasty Lacquered and Gilt Bronze Bodhisattva, 17th Century
Located in Austin, TX
Chinese late Ming dynasty bronze figure of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, also known as Guanyin (Quan Yin, Kwan Yin, Kuan Yin), 17th century, China
The figure well cast in two ...
Category
Mid-17th Century Ming Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Bronze
Sculptural Cluster Of Aquamarine Crystals With Quartz From Pakistan
By Deloris "Dee" Giltz 1
Located in Peshawar, PK
Product Information:
Specimen Name: Aquamarine with Quartz
Weight: 136 grams
Dimension: H: 12.5 x W: 4.5 x D: 3 cm
Treatment: None
Origin: Goand Mine, Shigar Valley, Skardu Distric...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Adam Style Asian Sculptures
Materials
Crystal, Rock Crystal, Other
Sculpture Decorative Sculpture, Stone Horned Bull, Ancient Pixiu for Home Decor
Located in Wembley, GB
Sculpture Decorative Objects, stone Horned Bull, Ancient Pixiu for Home Decor
In tradition
As also for all other Zoroastrian cosmological beliefs, the primary source of information ...
Category
1940s Hollywood Regency Vintage Asian Sculptures
Materials
Gold Plate, Brass
Azurite Mineral Crystal with Malachite from Anhui, China
Located in New York, NY
Azurite with Malachite from Liufengshan Mine, Guichi, Anhui Province, China.
Lustrous translucent vibrant royal blue crystals of azurite partially lining a gossan matrix with botryo...
Category
15th Century and Earlier Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Other
Chinese Carved Root Deity Figure
Located in Queens, NY
Asian Chinese (19th Cent) carved root figure of a standing Deity
Category
19th Century Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Wood
Modernist Japanese Cast Iron Bird Sculpture 1950s
Located in San Diego, CA
Stylized cast iron bird sculpture from Japan. Fantastic incised design. Could also be used as an incense burner. Nice patina throughout. Stamped JAPAN. 1950s
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Asian Sculptures
Materials
Iron
Thai Siam Bronze Gilt Rattanakosin Kingdom Standing Temple Shrine Buddha, 1800s
Located in Studio City, CA
A wonderful piece. This beautifully sculpted and adorned bronze and gilt, Buddha is from the Thai Rattanakosin Kingdom period (1782-1932) and has a nice patina and coloring acquired ...
Category
Early 19th Century Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Bronze
Pair of Chinese Porcelain Foo Dogs
Located in Queens, NY
PAIR of Asian Chinese (19/20th Cent) green and yellow small porcelain reclining foo dog figures
Category
19th Century Chinese Export Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
Gilt Bronze Tibetan Green Tara Statue
Located in Somis, CA
A beautiful gilt bronze statue of Tibetan Green Tara. The Goddess is seated in lalitasana on an elaborately incised double-lotus base with the pendant foot ...
Category
20th Century Asian Sculptures
Materials
Bronze
Modern Maitland-Smith Tessellated Marble Water Bird Table Top Sculpture
By Maitland Smith
Located in Bainbridge, NY
1988 Maitland Smith handcrafted tessellated Marble decorative Water Bird. Featuring a rounded oval, floating waterfowl, shore bird form accented with ivory cream tessellated marble, inset Brass body accents, reflective Black Marble head...
Category
1970s Modern Vintage Asian Sculptures
Materials
Stone, Marble, Brass
A Pair of Blanc de Chine Ceramic Foo Dogs, Ca. 1840
Located in New York, NY
A Pair of Blanc de Chine (Chinese White Glazed) Ceramic Foo Dogs, Ca. 1840
DIMENSIONS
Width: 5 inches
Height: 11 inches
Depth: 6.5 inches
ABOUT SCULPTURES
There is a small baby lio...
Category
1840s Chinese Export Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Ceramic
Petite Chinese Fu Dog Guardian
Located in Chicago, IL
With a curly mane and a lively expression, this petite stone fu dog is an adorable companion and a benevolent guardian of the home. Known as shizi, the mythical dog is thought to off...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Chinese Export Asian Sculptures
Materials
Limestone
Japanese antique stone Buddha /Kannon Bodhisattva / late 19th-early 20th century
Located in Sammu-shi, Chiba
This stone statue of Nyoirin Kannon was created between the end of the Edo period and the Taisho period (late 19th century to early 20th century). The Nyoirin Kannon is a Buddha imag...
Category
Late 19th Century Edo Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Stone
Zougei wold wood Sculpture Shelf Bookcase 13
By Zougei
Located in Shibuya-ku, Tokyo
Name: Mr.Tower
Sculptural stool by Zougei carved furniture
Material: Cherry
This work is carved from log with some kinds of chainsaws.
Most of wood used for Nishimura's works are una...
Category
2010s Tribal Asian Sculptures
Materials
Wood
The Trio Of Green Cap Tourmaline Crystals With Pink Apatite From Pakistan
By Deloris "Dee" Giltz 1
Located in Peshawar, PK
Product Information:
Specimen: Tourmaline on Apatite
Weight: 5 grams
Dimensions: H: 2 x W: 1.5 x D: 1.5 cm
Origin: Staknala Gali, Haramosh Mountains, Skardu District, Gilgit Bal...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Modern Asian Sculptures
Materials
Crystal, Multi-gemstone, Rock Crystal, Tourmaline, Other
Antique Chinese Malachite Carvings "Vase"
Located in Norton, MA
A fine hand carved antique Chinese malachite carvings: a vase with lid and pine tree with crane (bird), very intricated carving with wire inlaid wood...
Category
Early 20th Century Asian Sculptures
Materials
Stone, Jade
Black Tourmaline With Albite on Custom Stand
Located in New York, NY
This exciting specimen features one huge single black tourmaline crystal displaying spectacular luster taking center stage skirted on each side by smaller inky black tourmaline cryst...
Category
2010s Asian Sculptures
Materials
Crystal, Tourmaline
Chinese Prosperity Stone Disc, circa 1900
Located in Chicago, IL
This round stone disc originated as an early 20th-century threshing wheel. Secured to a wooden axel that ran through the center, the stone was rolled across...
Category
Early 20th Century Qing Asian Sculptures
Materials
Limestone
58 Grams Vibrant Green Emerald Crystals On Calcite Matrix From Pakistan
By Deloris "Dee" Giltz 1
Located in Peshawar, PK
Product Information:
Specimen Type: Emerald Crystals on Calcite
Weight: 58 grams
Dimension: H: 3.3 x W: 5.7 x D: 3.3 cm
Origin: Chitral Valley, KPK Province, Pakistan
Treatment...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Adam Style Asian Sculptures
Materials
Crystal, Multi-gemstone, Rock Crystal, Other
Two Japanese Handcrafted Terracotta Sculptures Indoor or Outdoor Use
Located in Frankfurt am Main, DE
Set of two Japanese handmade terracotta female sculptures with musical instruments, early 20th century. These beautiful sculptures are for indoor or outdoor use.
Both pieces are in g...
Category
Early 20th Century Asian Sculptures
Materials
Terracotta
Pair of Brass Fighting Roosters
Located in Dallas, TX
This listing features a pair of brass fighting roosters. These brass rooster figurines add a touch of country charm to any space. Handcrafted from durable brass and perched on a slee...
Category
20th Century Mid-Century Modern Asian Sculptures
Materials
Cast Stone, Brass
Bronze Deer Statue
Located in New York, NY
A bronze deer statue with auspicious Chinese characters embossed to the surface. These characters represent blessings of long life, prosperity, wis...
Category
Early 20th Century Asian Sculptures
Materials
Bronze
Hollywood Regency Brass Nautilus Seashell Planter
Located in New York, NY
Medium size Hollywood Regency brass nautilus seashell planter. Hand polished.
Category
1970s Hollywood Regency Vintage Asian Sculptures
Materials
Brass
Sino-Tibetan Gilt Bronze Hayagriva with Consort Vajravarahi, circa 1800, Tibet
Located in Austin, TX
A fantastic and powerful Sino-Tibetan gilt bronze figure of Hayagriva and his consort Vajravarahi, created in Tibet for the Chinese market, 18th/19th century, Tibet.
The wrathful...
Category
Early 1800s Tibetan Antique Asian Sculptures
Materials
Bronze
Fine Natural Lapis Lazuli Bowl One 8.25"
Located in Somis, CA
A beautiful lapis lazuli bowl. 100% natural, untreated, undyed, genuine stone. Bowl of conical form on a round base, polished to perfect smoothness. Stone of strength and wisdom, lap...
Category
Late 20th Century Asian Sculptures
Materials
Lapis Lazuli
Carved Yellow Soapstone Figure of Guanyin, Chinese circa 1900
Located in Ottawa, Ontario
The finely carved full length figure of 'The Goddess of Compassion, Kindness & Mercy' shown attired in flowing robes, her hair worn in high chignon with her face effecting a serene a...
Category
Early 20th Century Qing Asian Sculptures
Materials
Soapstone
Read More
He Wrote ‘Oedipus Rex,’ but Do You Know What He Looked Like?
The Greek tragedian is said to have been handsome in his day.
These Soft Sculptures Are Childhood Imaginary Friends Come to Life
Miami artist and designer Gabriela Noelle’s fantastical creations appeal to the Peter Pan in all of us.
Salvatori Commissioned Several Famous Architects to Create Miniature Homes in Stone
Gabriele Salvatori explains how the COVID lockdowns inspired his design company's latest collection, the Village.
Christopher Norman Is Turning the Cast-Off Urban Trees of Los Angeles into Art
With a World War II–era milling machine, the California artist crafts poetic, sculptural furniture pieces.
These Human-Size Ceramic Hares Evoke Serious Emotions
Swedish artist Margit Brundin's large anthropomorphic animal sculptures are on view for the first time in the United States at Dienst + Dotter Antikviteter, in New York.
Tour the Wabi-Sabi New York Apartment of Andrianna Shamaris
As her sun-filled home reveals, the furniture maker and dealer puts a contemporary spin on antiques from around the globe.
Vicente Wolf’s Tips for Finding — and Living with — Eastern Treasures
The A-list designer shares his expertise on choosing authentic objects and displaying them with style.
Rodrigo Rivero Lake’s Mexico City Showroom Is a Museum-Worthy Trove of Spanish Colonial and Asian Antiques
The dealer and curator has spent the past 50 years amassing a collection of exceptional art, furniture and architectural elements that trace the cultural influence of the Spanish empire from Europe to the Americas and beyond.