Art Nouveau Metal Table Lamp w/ Maiden, 2 Shades w/ Jewels, & Hanging Beads
Located in Petaluma, CA
This eye catching table lamp has much to offer. The art nouveau design for starters and then the wonderful pair of shades with colorful chunk jewels in- bedded in the metal, and fin...
Metal
$700Sale Price|20% Off
Set of 2 1910 Antique Art Nouveau French Crystal Beaded Table Lamp Fixtures
Located in Opa Locka, FL
c1910 Beautiful Pair Antique Art Nouveau Beaded Crystal Basket Form Wall Lamps.
Crystal
$2,000Sale Price / item|20% Off
Antique Art Nouveau Table Lamp by Duffner & Kimberly, 1909
By Duffner and Kimberly
Located in New Orleans, LA
An antique Art Nouveau decorative leaded glass table lamp, likely designed and created by Duffner & Kimberly, featuring a vibrant, multi-colored glass shade with a complex floral...
Metal, Brass, Bronze
$1,388Sale Price|20% Off
French Pink Vintage Suberville table lamp, Art Nouveau style, etched glass
By French House & Garden
Located in Valladolid, ES
Their work was used in Art Nouveau and early Art Deco lamps, and they often made pieces for other brands or designers, suggesting that Suberville may have been an associated manufact...
Glass, Beads
Art Deco and Art Nouveau Crystal Glass Fringe Hollywood Regency Gilt Table Lamps
Located in Coimbra, PT
Pair of French Art Deco, Art Nouveau green beaded etched glass straws table lamps.
Metal
Bronze Lamp by Albert Reimann (cabachon jewels, glass rod, bead fringe)
By albert reimann
Located in Palm Springs, CA
Dating to the early 20th century, this exceptional lamp stands as a rare synthesis of fine sculpture, functional lighting, and the Art Nouveau movement.
Bronze
An Early 20th C Original Miller Table Lamp Dogwood Pattern Slag Glass Shade
By Miller Lamp Company
Located in New Orleans, LA
An antique MILLER SLAG GLASS PANELED AND LACQUERED GILT METAL TABLE LAMP, SIGNED, DOGWOOD PATTERN, PATENTED 1919, the domed shade with six conforming slag glass panels enclosed by fl...
Metal, Iron
Austrian Jugend Style Table Lamp in Copper & Glass Beads, 1910s
Located in Esbjerg, DK
Antique Jugend style table or desk lamp in naturally patinated/aged faceted copper set with faceted colored glass inserts. This light was made in Vienna Austria circa 1910-1920. Styl...
Copper
Red Crystal Chandelier Antique Brass Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau Beaded
Located in Berlin, DE
Magnificent Restored Chandelier with Red Crystals – A Timeless Masterpiece This stunning chandelier has been completely restored by our team and now shines in perfect condition. Eve...
Crystal, Brass, Wire
Large French Art Nouveau Amber Glass Beaded Fringe Gilt Oil Lamp Chandelier 1930
Located in Coimbra, PT
Gorgeous large antique French chandelier in amber opaline cased glass and white straws Art Deco or Art Nouveau Pressed metal and hundreds of glass straw tubes adorned with beads on ...
Metal
Art Nouveau Viper Lamp by Unknown French Artist
Located in Palm Beach, FL
Little is known about the origins of this amazing lamp, apart from it being from France, circa 1900. Note: We highly recommend shipping through 1stDibs for its cost effectiveness, f...
Bronze, Brass
$8,610Sale Price|41% Off
Beaded Brass Crystal Chandelier Antique Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau Lamp
Located in Berlin, DE
**Exquisite Chandelier - Lovingly Restored and Professionally Enhanced in Berlin** Presenting a captivating chandelier that seamlessly combines timeless elegance with modern functio...
Crystal, Brass, Wire
Unavailable
H 33.47 in Dm 15.36 in
20th Century Lobmeyr Milano Style Pendant Lamp in gilt brass with crystal beads
By J.L Lobmeyr
Located in Vienna, AT
Cute pendant lamp in the style of the Lobmeyr Milano Series. Bag and tend are made up of tapering cut beads. The crown shows a beautiful cove and terminates in a wreath of leaves fro...
Crystal, Brass
Sold
H 17.5 in W 12.5 in D 7.75 in
Antique French Art Nouveau Gold Bronze & Crystal Beaded Peacock Lamp, Circa 1915
Located in New Orleans, LA
Antique French Art Nouveau Gold Bronze and Czechoslovakian Crystal Beaded Peacock Lamp on Green Marble Base, Circa 1915-1920's.
Marble, Bronze
Lamp with Beads
Located in Praha, CZ
Fully functional. New copper cable installed. New beads. To the Classic E27 bulb.
Brass
French Art Deco Brass Reading Lamp with Beaded Brass Dome Shade
Located in Godshill, Isle of Wight
French Art Deco Brass Reading Lamp with Beaded Brass Dome Shade A very unusual piece, this elegant lamp is made in brass including a very unusual beaded brass shade which throws the...
Brass
Glass Fruit Beaded Basket Accent Lamp
Located in Downingtown, PA
Super Cute & Fun Czechoslovakian Glass Fruit Beaded Basket Lamp, 1920-1930s. The glass basket with beaded base and handle has a removable top filled with glass fruit. The bask...
Glass
Sold
H 24 in W 13 in D 8 in
Art Nouveau Bronze Figural Lamp, Glass Beads, Teresczchuk (1875-1963) Austrian
By Peter Tereszczuk
Located in Petaluma, CA
We were most surprised and pleased to find this piece in such original condition. The beads are colorful and intricately woven. The young beautiful woman in a graceful pose holds the...
Bronze
Sold
H 39.38 in Dm 35.44 in
Beaded Crystal Chandelier Antique Ceiling Lamp Florentiner Lustre Art Nouveau
Located in Berlin, DE
Beaded Crystal chandelier antique ceiling lamp Murano Florentiner Lustre Art Nouveau.
Crystal, Iron
Beaded Green Crystal Chandelier Antique Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau
Located in Berlin, DE
old chandelier with love and professionally restored in Berlin. electrical wiring works in the US. Re-wired and ready to hang not one missing Cabling completely renewed. Crystal, han...
Crystal, Wire, Brass
Beaded Florentine Chandelier Antique Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau
Located in Berlin, DE
Beaded Florentine chandelier antique ceiling lamp lustre Art Nouveau.
Crystal, Brass
Beaded Pink Florentine Chandelier Antique Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau
Located in Berlin, DE
Total length variable. Beaded pink florentine chandelier antique ceiling lamp lustre Art Nouveau.
Crystal, Brass
Sold
H 37.41 in Dm 33.47 in
Beaded Florentine Crystal Chandelier Antique Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau
Located in Berlin, DE
Beaded Florentine chandelier antique ceiling lamp lustre Art Nouveau.
Crystal, Brass, Wire
Sold
H 21.66 in Dm 17.72 in
Fine Beaded Blue Crystal Chandelier Antique Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau
Located in Berlin, DE
Works worldwide Fine beaded blue crystal chandelier antique ceiling lamp lustre Art Nouveau.
Crystal
Beaded Waterfall Crystal Chandel Antique Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau
Located in Berlin, DE
Beaded waterfall crystal chandelier antique ceiling lamp lustre Art Nouveau beaded chains where lovely smooth and icicle cut crystals drops are hanging.
Crystal, Brass
Beaded Crystal Chandelier Antique Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau Wood
Located in Berlin, DE
Beaded Florentine chandelier antique ceiling lamp lustre Art Nouveau.
Crystal, Iron
Beaded Crystal Basket Chandelier Antique Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau
Located in Berlin, DE
Beautiful solid brass frame with Art Nouveau ornaments Measures: Total height 93 cm, diameter 40 cm. Weight (approximately): 7kg. Number of lights: 3 bulb sockets: E27 New e...
Brass, Wire
Sold
H 15.75 in Dm 20.48 in
Low Plafonnier Beaded Chandelier Brass Lustre Ceiling Lamp Antique Art Nouveau
Located in Berlin, DE
Low plafonnier crystal chandelier brass lustre ceiling lamp antique Art Nouveau.
Crystal, Brass
Art Nouveau/ Deco Lamps Silvered Bronze, Glass Beads
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A pair of the Famous designer contemporary cast Lamps with Alabaster inner shade and draped with frosted glass beads.
Bronze
Sold
H 16.54 in Dm 8.67 in
Pair of French Art Deco, Art Nouveau Amber Beaded Clear Glass Straws Table Lamps
Located in Coimbra, PT
Pair of French Art Deco, Art Nouveau amber beaded clear glass straws table lamps Measures: Diameter: 9 in/ 22 cm Height: 16.5 in/ 42 cm Weight: 5 lb/ 2.5 kg One light bulb each ...
Metal
Sold
H 15.75 in Dm 5.91 in
Pair of Italian Art Deco/Art Nouveau Amber/Clear Beaded Glass Murano Table Lamps
Located in Coimbra, PT
Fabulous Italian Mid-Century in clear and amber Murano beaded glass Art Deco / Art Nouveau table lamps Measures: Diameter 15 cm Height 40 cm One light bulb each - E14 / Good worki...
Metal
Bohemian Bronze and Beaded Glass Peacock Lamp
Located in Hanover, MA
Bohemian painted bronze and glass jeweled Peacock Lamp on a marble base. Takes a single candle bulb.
Marble, Metal
Tiffany Studios Bronze With Hanging Favrile Beads Table Lamp
By Tiffany Studios
Located in Dallas, TX
Stunning doesn’t even start to describe this rare beaded mushroom Art Nouveau Lamp. It will be the center piece and talking point of any library, office, living room or bedroom.
Bronze
Sold
H 35.44 in Dm 31.5 in
Beaded Green Crystal Chandelier Antique Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau Brass
Located in Berlin, DE
Beaded green crystal chandelier antique ceiling lamp Lustre Art Nouveau brass Measures: Total height 100 cm, height without chain 90 cm diameter 80 cm.
Crystal, Brass, Wire
Sold
H 25.6 in Dm 34.65 in
Red Crystal Chandelier Antique Brass Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau Beaded
Located in Berlin, DE
old chandelier with love and professionally restored in Berlin. electrical wiring works in the US. Re-wired and ready to hang. not one missing. Cabling completely renewed. Crystal, h...
Crystal, Brass, Wire
Beaded Pink Florentine Chandelier Antique Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau
Located in Berlin, DE
Total length variable. Beaded pink Florentine chandelier antique ceiling lamp lustre Art Nouveau.
Crystal, Wire
Sold
H 31.5 in Dm 29.93 in
Beaded Crystal Chandelier Antique Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Nouveau 2 Pieces, Pair
Located in Berlin, DE
**Pair of Art Nouveau Chandelier Ceiling Lamps - A Symphony of Brass and Crystal** Presenting a captivating duo of chandelier ceiling lamps, each a masterpiece of Art Nouveau elegan...
Crystal, Iron
Sold
H 29.53 in Dm 18.51 in
Fine Beaded Cage Purple Crystal Chandelier Antique Ceiling Lamp Lustre Art Deco
Located in Berlin, DE
Measures: Total height 99 cm, height without chain 75 cm, diameter 47 cm. Weight (approximately): 7 kg. Number of lights: 4-light bulb sockets: x E14 and One E27 material: glass, ...
Crystal, Wire
$32,784Sale Price|20% Off
H 28.35 in W 30.32 in D 12.21 in
Antique Tiffany Studios Adjustable Lamp Base with Later Stained Glass Shade
By Tiffany & Co.
Located in West Sussex, Pulborough
Tiffany adjustable bronze lamp base, stamped "Tiffany Studios, New York, 7984", circa 1915. The base was acquired with its current Tiffany Style stained glass shade with Dragonfly mo...
Bronze
Antique Charles Parker Art Nouveau Two Light Slag Glass Table Lamp 25"
By Charles Parker
Located in Dayton, OH
Antique Victorian Charles Parker Company slag glass lamp featuring Art Nouveau design with a domed shade, gilded metal scrolled overlay, floral embossed gilded cast metal base, doubl...
Metal
Early 20th C Bronze Art Nouveau Table / Desk Lamp with Handel Shade
Located in San Francisco, CA
A wonderfully unique possibly one of kind bronze lamp with an antique Handel art glass shade. Art Nouveau in style with winding and twisted vine climbing along the neck and having a...
Bronze
Late 19th / Early 20th Century French Art Nouveau Table Lamp
Located in San Francisco, CA
An exceptional wrought iron lamp base. We believe this was probably a custom crafted gas newel post lamp originally. A considerable amount of skilled workmanship went into the iron w...
Wrought Iron
Antique French Art Nouveau Period Glass Lamp by Daum Studio
By Daum
Located in London, GB
This exquisite Art Nouveau lamp is by the celebrated French glasswork studio Daum which was founded in 1878 in Nancy, France. The lamp is inscribed ‘DAUM, NANCY’. The lamp is of ...
Glass
Art Nouveau Slag Glass Table Lamp
Located in Peekskill, NY
This is a nice sized lamp with a 17 inch diameter. The base is heavy bronze with with beautiful clean lines. The shade and slag glass are free of cracks or chips. Each glass panel ha...
Bronze
$13,127Sale Price|27% Off
H 21.66 in Dm 11.03 in
Müller Frères, Lunéville, "Anémones" Art Nouveau Glass Lamp circa 1910
By Muller Fres Luneville
Located in Saint-Ouen, FR
Muller Frères, Lunéville, “Anémones” Lamp Mushroom lamp in multi-layered glass with acid-etched and wheel-carved decoration of red and mauve magnolias in bloom on an opalescent backg...
Wrought Iron
Art Nouveau Slag Glass Table Lamp with Metal Overlay
Located in San Francisco, CA
American slag glass table lamp in the Art Nouveau style, likely from the 1910s to 1920s. Features a paneled shade in green, amber, and cream glass with decorative metal overlay, and ...
Metal
Early 20thC Art Nouveau Brass Standard Lamp
Located in Altrincham, GB
Early 20thC Art Nouveau Brass Standard Lamp - with 3 arms, art glass shades and stylistic fittings leading to tripod base with hairy paw feet - 18" diam x 66"h- all lights and lamps ...
Brass
Tiffany Style Stained Glass Table Lamp, Art Nouveau Floral Design
Located in Bishop's Stortford, GB
Tiffany Style Stained Glass Table Lamp characterized by its vibrant floral motifs and classic Art Nouveau aesthetic. The dome-shaped shade is handcrafted using the traditional copper...
Stained Glass
$2,595
H 23.25 in W 20 in D 20 in
Antique Art Nouveau Slag Glass Table Lamp Attributed to Handel, Circa 1920s
Located in South Bend, IN
An exceptional antique Art Nouveau period table lamp with gorgeous eight-panel curved caramel slag glass shade Attributed to Handel USA, Circa 1920s Measures: 20"W x 20"D x 23.25"...
Metal
Tiffany Studios Poppy table Lamp
By Tiffany Studios
Located in Dallas, TX
TIFFANY STUDIOS 'Poppy' Table Lamp, circa 1905 Leaded glass, gilt bronze Dimensions: 21 ¾ in. (55.2 cm) high, 16 ¾ in. (42.5 cm) diameter Shade impressed TIFFANY STUDIOS NEW YORK 146...
Bronze
$7,200
H 4.5 in W 7 in D 7 in
Tiffany Studios Bronze Table Lamp with Contemporary Lundberg Favrile Glass Shade
By Lundberg Studios, Tiffany Studios
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A Tiffany Studios patinated bronze table lamp base marked "Tiffany Studios 606". Paired with a contemporary green favrile oil spot shade signed Lundberg Studios 2015. Its radiant p...
Bronze
Barovier Murano Pink Opaline Glass Footed Lamp
By Barovier
Located in Smyrna, GA
RARE and amazing footed lamp by Barovier and Toso; one of the oldest and most well-known glass makers in Murano. Ribbed pink opaline filled with gold dust, makes this lamp a true sho...
Blown Glass
$52,000Sale Price|20% Off
H 25 in Dm 13 in
French Art Nouveau Lamp by Emile Galle Cameo Cut Glass in Red Sunset Colors
By Émile Gallé
Located in New York, NY
A Magnificent and Rare Antique French Galle Signed Cut-Cameo Lamp with Original Signed Galle Cut-Cameo Shade, in Red and Yellow Sunset Colors. This floral motif Galle lamp is made i...
Crystal, Bronze
19th Century American Art Nouveau Floral Stained Glass Table Lamp
Located in Queens, NY
American Art Nouveau Tiffany style lamp featuring a stained glass shade with a floral design having an ornate metal base and two bulb sockets with pull chains
Glass
Handblown Murano Glass Candelabra Multicolored, circa 1940
By Murano 5
Located in Ottawa, Ontario
Handblown Murano glass candelabra, multicolored, circa 1940, Baroque style, five-arm candelabra with multicolored applied decoration, materials: glass and wood, wired for electricity...
Blown Glass
$2,739
H 10.75 in W 5.25 in D 4.4 in
Striking Art Nouveau Ceramic and Bronze-Mounted Vase in Victor Horta Style
By Victor Horta
Located in Lisse, NL
Top condition and pure elegance Art Nouveau vase. For the collectors of museum quality and condition Art Nouveau ceramics. This stunning Art Nouveau vase is decorated with the mos...
Bronze
$384Sale Price|56% Off
H 7.75 in W 6.8 in D 4 in
Art Nouveau Figural Woman Silhouette Table Night Lamp
Located in Haddonfield, NJ
Art Nouveau figural woman table lamp. This beautiful petite lamp is a classic piece of Art Nouveau design. The nude woman graces with elegant the front of the lamp with circular glas...
Metal
Austrian Art Nouveau Table Lamp w/ Original Hand Blown Iridescent Glass Shade
By Loetz Glass
Located in Petaluma, CA
A fine example of Art Nouveau lighting. The bronze base is richly patinated and beautifully cast with an art nouveau design. The shade is a deep green when lit and purple and green w...
Bronze
Pair of Italian Neoclassical Style Griffons Table Pedestals
Located in Sheffield, MA
Two grand and very impressive cast concrete neoclassical style pedestal dining table bases with finely detailed winged griffins. Will support a large stone, marble or glass table top...
Concrete
$6,734
H 30.71 in W 75.2 in D 35.44 in
Italian Mid Century Dining Teak Table Attributed to Ignazio Gardella, 1960s
By Ignazio Gardella
Located in Traversetolo, IT
This Italian teak dining table from the 1960s attributed to Ignazio Gardella is a significant example of the design of the era. The elliptical top is made of teak, characterized by w...
Brass, Iron
Silver Plate Victorian Decanter Tantalus
Located in Steyning, West sussex
A fine silver plate decanter tantalus with fine englaveing on both sides holding three elaborately cut decanters with most unusual four pour necks.
Art Nouveau Chandelier in the Style of Hector Guimard
By Sofar
Located in Rebais, FR
Art Nouveau Bronze chandelier with nickel patinated finish and glass tubes.
Bronze
$9,588 / item
H 39.38 in W 9.85 in D 31.5 in
Parchment, Brass and Glass Table Lamp by Diego Mardegan for Glustin Luminaires
By Diego Mardegan
Located in Saint-Ouen, IDF
Ventola table lamp by the artist Diego Mardegan exclusively for Glustin Luminaires. Beautiful two ways shade made of a brass structure, parchemin paper and waxed fabric hold by an...
Brass
Tiffany Studios Eighteen-Light "Lily" Table Lamp
By Tiffany & Co.
Located in London, GB
Tiffany Studios Eighteen-Light "Lily" Table Lamp Tiffany Studios (American, 1902–1932) American, circa 1910 Height 51.5cm, width 49cm, depth 49cm This table lamp is constructed in p...
Bronze
Loetz Cobalt Papillon Iridescent Bronze Mounted Vase
By Loetz Glass
Located in Dallas, TX
Bronze Mounted Iridescent Loetz Vase. Circa 1900, Art Nouveau An elegant Art Nouveau vase by Johann Loetz (1848–1933), featuring luminous iridescent glass in rich blue with green and...
Metal
$1,577 / set
H 10.24 in W 3.94 in D 8.67 in
Pair of Italian 1960s table lamps with square glass base, Fontana Arte Style
Located in London, GB
Chic pair of desk / table lamps. Adjustable cream metal shade hangs from adjustable gooseneck curved brass arm with circular tiered detail that hold press button switch. Sits on thic...
Metal, Brass
$2,134
H 22.05 in Dm 17.33 in
Art Nouveau Tiffany Style Leaded Glass and Bronze Table Lamp, Dragon Fly Motif
By Tiffany Studios
Located in Sitges, Barcelona
Art Nouveau Tiffany style lamp in leaded glass and patinated cast bronze. Inspired by the Dragonfly model that Tiffany Studios made famous around 1900, a domed leaded-glass shade enc...
Brass, Bronze
Tiffany Studios New York "Chinese Geometric" Table Lamp
By Tiffany Studios
Located in New York, NY
A Tiffany Studios New York glass and bronze "Chinese Geometric" table lamp, featuring a mottled orange, yellow, and green leaded glass shade atop an intricately sculpted patinated br...
Bronze
$22,500
H 33 in W 26 in D 44 in
Italian Baroque Rocking Chair by Pauly & Co., 19th Century Silver Leaf
By Pauly & Co.
Located in Queens, NY
Italian Venetian Grotto (19th cent.) silver gilt rocker with carved seashell seat & back and seahorse sides (att: Pauly et Cie, Venice)
Silver Leaf
19th Century Chinese Canopy Wedding Bed
Located in Marbella, ES
This is a wonderful example of a canopy bed from Shanghai Province, China. Made of Chinese Northern Elm, this bed features hoofed feet and multiple floral carvings. The exterior ...
Gold Leaf
The right table lamp, outwardly sculptural chandelier or understated wall pendant can work wonders for your home. While we’re indebted to thinkers like Thomas Edison for critically important advancements in lighting and electricity, we’re still finding new ways to customize illumination to fit our personal spaces all these years later. A wide range of antique and vintage lighting can be found on 1stDibs.
Today, lighting designers like the self-taught Bec Brittain have used the flexible structure of LEDs to craft glamorous solutions by working with what is typically considered a harsh lighting source. By integrating glass and mirrors, reflection can be used to soften the glow from LEDs and warmly welcome light into any space.
Although contemporary innovators continue to impress, some of the classics can’t be beat.
Just as gazing at the stars allows you to glimpse the universe’s past, vintage chandeliers like those designed by Gino Sarfatti and J. & L. Lobmeyr, for example, put on a similarly stunning show, each with a rich story to tell.
As dazzling as it is, the Arco lamp, on the other hand, prioritizes functionality — it’s wholly mobile, no drilling required. Designed in 1962 by architect-product designers Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, the piece takes the traditional form of a streetlamp and creates an elegant, arching floor fixture for at-home use.
There is no shortage of modernist lighting similarly prized by collectors and casual enthusiasts alike — there are Art Deco table lamps created in a universally appreciated style, the Tripod floor lamp by T.H. Robsjohn-Gibbings, Greta Magnusson Grossman's sleek and minimalist Grasshopper lamps and, of course, the wealth of mid-century experimental lighting that emerged from Italian artisans at Arredoluce, FLOS and many more are hallmarks in illumination innovation.
With decades of design evolution behind it, home lighting is no longer just practical. Crystalline shaping by designers like Gabriel Scott turns every lighting apparatus into a luxury accessory. A new installation doesn’t merely showcase a space; carefully chosen ceiling lights, table lamps and floor lamps can create a mood, spotlight a favorite piece or highlight your unique personality.
The sparkle that your space has been missing is waiting for you amid the growing collection of antique, vintage and contemporary lighting for sale on 1stDibs.
Designer Eva Menz wants the light to "evoke curiosity and a sense of wonder."
Working with resin, a tricky material, has created moments of failure — and enlightenment.
Commissioned for the lakeside villa of a Finnish industrialist, it illuminated visits with dignitaries.
Across New York, there’s no shortage of statement lighting on view.
The 1920s design is a thrilling combination of saturated colors, ancient motifs and modern aesthetics.
Designed by a giant of Swedish lighting, the large-scale fixtures bring major drama.
The alluring pendant light exemplifies the designer’s winsome mid-career work.
Before founding the Memphis Group, Sottsass bent the rules of lighting design with the wonderfully wavy Cometa.