Large Pear Bronze Fruit Sculpture
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
Randi Grantham has a wonderful playful quality, as well as being extremely well created and finished. It
Marble, Bronze
Large Red Chilli Pepper Patinated Bronze Sculpture
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
Red Chilli Pepper Artist signed, patinated bronze with black marble (base 8"x8") Randi Grantham
Marble, Bronze
Pear With Leaf Patinated Bronze Sculpture
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
Pear with a leaf. Artist signed, patinated bronze, on black marble base 8"x8" Randi Grantham was
Marble, Bronze
Eggplant Patinated Bronze
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
Randi Grantham has a wonderful playful quality, as well as being extremely well created and finished. It
Bronze
$12,500
H 20 in W 16 in D 10 in
Papaya Patinated Bronze Sculpture On Black Marble Base
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
base 8"x8" sculpture 20x16x10 Randi Grantham was born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada and now lives in
Marble, Bronze
Wiled Flowers In Sedona
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
frame. Randi Grantham was born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada. From this city emerged an artist whose
Enamel
Life's A Beach Patinated Bronze Sculpture
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
. Randi Grantham was born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada. From this city emerged an artist whose
Granite, Bronze
Posey Dance Blue Mixed Media Abstract Painting
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
wood panel, antique white painted frame. Randi Grantham was born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada. From
Mixed Media, Automotive Paint, Acrylic, Wood Panel
$6,800
H 54 in W 60 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled “Chasing the Present II” 54 x 60
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “An Apology” 60 x 74
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
$7,200
H 32.625 in W 88.5 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled “Partners in Motion” 32 5/8 x 88 1/2
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
$7,000
H 48 in W 67 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled “Fragments of a Neon Dream” 48 x 67
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
$7,300
H 55 in W 67 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled “The Weight of Memory” 55 x 67
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
$7,000
H 42 in W 60 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled “Getting there from Here” 42 x 60
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
$6,800
H 46 in W 60 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled “Lumber of Hope” By Scott Harper 46 x 60
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
$8,500
H 60 in W 78 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled “Welcome to Slow Air” 60 x 78
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
$7,200
H 43.5 in W 66.5 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled “You do You” 43.5 x 66.5
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “Nova” 52 x 68
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “Echoes” 69 x 69
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “Octo” 18 x 24
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “Free Bird” 24 x 24y
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “Spaceman” 36 x 48
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “Alive” 36 x 48
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “We Could Be” 44 x 70
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “Spaceman 2” 45 x 60
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
$9,000
H 60 in W 84 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled “A House, a Ladder, a Tear” 60 x 84
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “Pyro #2” 32 x 32
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled "Husa" 31 x 41
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
$4,000
H 30 in W 48 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled “Hatching from the seed of your mind”
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
$8,500
H 52 in W 84 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled "Who Spilled the Wine" 52 x 84
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
$8,500
H 52 in W 84 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled "Walk in the Park" 52 x 84
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled "M83" 40 x 60
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled "Blueful." 30 x 40
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
grasp the ephemeral if only for that brief moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled "Bloom #2" 36 x 48
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
for that brief moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting
Oil, Acrylic
$3,500
H 48 in W 30 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled "Hatching from the Seed.." 30 x 48
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
grasp the ephemeral if only for that brief moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled "Primavera" 36 x 48
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
grasp the ephemeral if only for that brief moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled "Warm" 37 x 49
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “Chasing Picasso”
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
$15,800
H 68 in W 96 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled “The Architect of Breath” 68 x 96
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015 Solo exhibition, " La Galleria" Palm Beach Gardens
Oil, Acrylic
Randi Joe In The Snow
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
unique style and technic, the frame is part of the artwork. Randi Grantham was born and raised in Las
Mixed Media, Oil, Wood Panel
Green Olive Bronze Sculpture On Marble Base
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
toothpick 9"x7"5 Randi Grantham was born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada and now lives in South Florida. He
Marble, Bronze
Dirty Blonde
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
Dirty Blonde 2021 Randi Grantham was born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada. From this city emerged
Mixed Media, Acrylic, Canvas
Sugar Tush
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
Sugar Tush 2019 Bronze, rock cristal, crystal powder 1/1 only Randi Grantham was born and raised
Bronze
Large Pineapple Bronze Sculpture
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
marble base 12x12x2 Randi Grantham was born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada. From this city emerged an
Granite, Bronze
Tar Baby Mixed Media
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
, the frame is pure white and part of the artwork. Randi Grantham was born and raised in Las Vegas
Mixed Media, Tar, Wood Panel, Acrylic, Pigment
Flamingo Dance
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
1/1, 35".5 h by 12" width base 8"x8" Randi Grantham was born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada. From
Bronze
Mixed Media Painting titled “Flower Pot” 36 x 48
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Sold
H 36 in W 48 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled “Burning Rooms in the Mind” 36 x 48
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled "Spaceman" 36 x 48
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
grasp the ephemeral if only for that brief moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi
Oil, Acrylic
Sold
H 48 in W 36 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled "Elements for Life" 36 x 48
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
grasp the ephemeral if only for that brief moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled "We own the Sky" 52 x 84
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled "Bowery Blues" 48 x 78
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting Titled "Partly Sunny" 60 x 46
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Sold
H 48 in W 60 in D 1.5 in
Mixed Media Painting titled "Your Favorite Place" 48 x 60
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “Chasing the Present”
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “Out of the Blue”
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “Whitewash”
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Mixed Media Painting titled “Hometown Glory”
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Red Apple Patinated Bronze Sculpture On Marble Base
By Randi Grantham
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
Red Apple Artist signed, patinated bronze on marble base 8"x8" Randi Grantham was born and raised
Marble, Bronze
Mixed Media Painting titled "Future love" 31 x 41
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
Oversized Diptych Titled "Assimilation" 124 x 78
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
moment." SCOTT HARPER CV -Studied under- Nim Carcha Randi Grantham (sculpting) - Exhibitions- 2015
Oil, Acrylic
$2,894 / set
H 1 in W 1 in D 1 in
Rose by Stieff Sterling Silver Flatware Set Service 24 Pieces Repousse
By The Stieff Co. 1
Located in Big Bend, WI
Rose by Stieff repoussed sterling silver flatware set of 24 pieces. Great starter set! This set includes: Six knives, 8 7/8", six forks, 6 7/8", six salad forks, 6", six teaspoon...
Sterling Silver
Pair of Russian Neoclassical Style Malachite Obelisks
Located in Palm Springs, CA
A pair of Russian neoclassical style obelisks of malachite. Square, tapered shafts on a raised panel stepped base. Great color to malachite. One obelisk has a slight 'lean' to the up...
Stone, Malachite
$18,500
H 46.5 in W 56.5 in D 3 in
Saint Mark's Basilica Interior Oil Painting
Located in Lake Worth Beach, FL
Saint Mark's Basilica Venice Oil Painting Signed, lower left dated, titled verso. Romanesque Bizantine Basilica. canvas 35"x45" framed 46.5 x56.5. Frank LeBrun Kirkpatrick (1853 - 19...
Oil, Cotton Canvas
Set of 12 Minton Gold Rimmed Porcelain Ball Dinner Plates
By Minton
Located in Great Barrington, MA
One of Minton's most popular patterns is named "Porcelain Ball” which features a large diameter plate bordered by a gold and white floral decoration and trimmed with an acid etc...
Porcelain
$12,500
H 9.75 in W 6 in D 7 in
Chinese Export Famille Rose Pheasant With Ormolu Mounts, Late 19th Century
Located in Austin, TX
A gorgeous Chinese export famille rose enameled porcelain model of a pheasant mounted on an ormolu stand. The elegant bird is portrayed perched on a rocky outcrop, one leg raised, ...
Ormolu
Chinoiserie Display Cabinet, 19th Century
Located in Savannah, GA
19th century chinoiserie display cabinet with glass shelves, two hidden drawers, and opening to two bottom doors.
Wood
$25,000 / set
H 26 in W 12 in D 9 in
Beautiful Pair of Late 19th Century Gilt Bronze, Enamel and Sèvres Style Vases
By Manufacture Nationale de Sèvres
Located in Long Island City, NY
A Beautiful Pair of Late 19th Century Gilt Bronze and Champlevé Enamel Mounted White Sèvres Style Vases Gilt bronze tops above a long neck with raised gold designs. The painted fron...
Enamel, Bronze, Ormolu
$19,000
H 75.5 in W 19 in D 10.5 in
Alchemia #3 (Indoor/Outdoor) - glossy red, contemporary, painted steel sculpture
By Stefan Duerst
Located in Bloomfield, ON
The elegant abstract sculptures of Stefan Duerst are characterized by clean, flowing lines and minimal form hand forged from steel. This piece is a single ‘ribbon’—a contemporary tow...
Steel
Batman Returns Large Barbell Movie Prop - Seen on Film
Located in Forney, TX
Own a piece of Hollywood history, this Batman Returns (Warner Bros., 1992), circus strongman barbell movie prop is sure to start a conversation while making a statement in your theat...
Resin, Fiberglass, Paint
Balloon Dog ( After ) - Orange
By After Jeff Koons
Located in Pampilhosa da Serra, PT
A one time exclusive re-edition of 500 pcs from the highly popular 999 pcs edition of the famous "Balloon Dog". Cold cast resin, comes with its original box and certificate of authe...
Metal
English Regency Penwork Games Table
Located in Stamford, CT
Penwork games table with pedestal on four legs and wheeled feet, English, circa 1810.
Wood
The Frog Sterling Silver Lighter
By Fratelli Lisi
Located in Milan, IT
Playful true to life silver frog that serves as a lighter other than being a decorative piece of artwork. Expertly handmade by the Florentine silversmiths, the Lisi Brothers, its rea...
Sterling Silver
$360 / set
H 0.88 in Dm 7.63 in
Three Beautiful 19th Century Majolica Portrait Plates by Villeroy & Boch Germany
By Villeroy & Boch
Located in Nuernberg, DE
19th century majolica plates by Villeroy & Boch in unusual color combination of olive green and majolica pink with relief design on front. Nice addition to your table or just to disp...
Ceramic, Majolica
$22,500 / set
H 16 in W 11 in D 7 in
Late 19th Century Gilt Bronze and Turquoise Sèvres Porcelain 'Jeweled' Clock Set
By Manufacture Nationale de Sèvres
Located in Long Island City, NY
Late 19th century gilt bronze and turquoise Sèvres porcelain 'Jeweled' three-piece clock set The clock surmounted by a covered urn, the clock case flanked by lion masks, en suite ...
Bronze, Ormolu
Fred Schumm Stone Mountain Sculpture
Located in Palm Springs, CA
A very nice signed stone sculpture by the noted NJ artist Fred Schumm. The following article was written about him in 2007. He passed away at 85 in 2010. Share A U.S. Marine...
Stone
19th Century Chippendale Style Gainsborough Armchair
Located in London, GB
A mid-19th century Chippendale style mahogany Gainsborough chair having serpentine-topped upholstered back and floral carved set-back arms above stuffover seat supported on acanthus ...
Mahogany
Beginning in the early 20th century, abstract art became a leading style of modernism. Rather than portray the world in a way that represented reality, as had been the dominating style of Western art in the previous centuries, abstract paintings, prints and sculptures are marked by a shift to geometric forms, gestural shapes and experimentation with color to express ideas, subject matter and scenes.
Although abstract art flourished in the early 1900s, propelled by movements like Fauvism and Cubism, it was rooted in the 19th century. In the 1840s, J.M.W. Turner emphasized light and motion for atmospheric paintings in which concrete details were blurred, and Paul Cézanne challenged traditional expectations of perspective in the 1890s.
Some of the earliest abstract artists — Wassily Kandinsky and Hilma af Klint — expanded on these breakthroughs while using vivid colors and forms to channel spiritual concepts. Painter Piet Mondrian, a Dutch pioneer of the art movement, explored geometric abstraction partly owing to his belief in Theosophy, which is grounded in a search for higher spiritual truths and embraces philosophers of the Renaissance period and medieval mystics. Black Square, a daringly simple 1913 work by Russian artist Kazimir Malevich, was a watershed statement on creating art that was free “from the dead weight of the real world,” as he later wrote.
Surrealism in the 1920s, led by artists such as Salvador Dalí, Meret Oppenheim and others, saw painters creating abstract pieces in order to connect to the subconscious. When Abstract Expressionism emerged in New York during the mid-20th century, it similarly centered on the process of creation, in which Helen Frankenthaler’s expressive “soak-stain” technique, Jackson Pollock’s drips of paint, and Mark Rothko’s planes of color were a radical new type of abstraction.
Conceptual art, Pop art, Hard-Edge painting and many other movements offered fresh approaches to abstraction that continued into the 21st century, with major contemporary artists now exploring it, including Anish Kapoor, Mark Bradford, El Anatsui and Julie Mehretu.
Find original abstract paintings, sculptures, prints and other art on 1stDibs.
Bring audacious experiments with color and textures to your living room, dining room or home office. Abstract paintings, large or small, will stand out in your space, encouraging conversation and introducing a museum-like atmosphere that’s welcoming and conducive to creating memorable gatherings.
Abstract art has origins in 19th-century Europe, but it came into its own as a significant movement during the 20th century. Early practitioners of abstraction included Wassily Kandinsky, although painters were exploring nonfigurative art prior to the influential Russian artist’s efforts, which were inspired by music and religion. Abstract painters endeavored to create works that didn’t focus on the outside world’s conventional subjects, and even when artists depicted realistic subjects, they worked in an abstract mode to do so.
In 1940s-era New York City, a group of painters working in the abstract mode created radical work that looked to European avant-garde artists as well as to the art of ancient cultures, prioritizing improvisation, immediacy and direct personal expression. While they were never formally affiliated with one another, we know them today as Abstract Expressionists.
The male contingent of the Abstract Expressionists, which includes Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning and Robert Motherwell, is frequently cited in discussing leading figures of this internationally influential postwar art movement. However, the women of Abstract Expressionism, such as Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, Joan Mitchell and others, were equally involved in the art world of the time. Sexism, family obligations and societal pressures contributed to a long history of their being overlooked, but the female Abstract Expressionists experimented vigorously, developed their own style and produced significant bodies of work.
Draw your guests into abstract oil paintings across different eras and countries of origin. On 1stDibs, you’ll find an expansive range of abstract paintings along with a guide on how to arrange your wonderful new wall art.
If you’re working with a small living space, a colorful, oversize work can create depth in a given room, but there isn’t any need to overwhelm your interior with a sprawling pièce de résistance. Colorful abstractions of any size can pop against a white wall in your living room, but if you’re working with a colored backdrop, you may wish to stick to colors that complement the decor that is already in the space. Alternatively, let your painting make a statement on its own, regardless of its surroundings, or group it, gallery-style, with other works.
The Italian-American’s 2020 abstract painting “The Hoe” personifies his “art of not knowing.”
In his current show at New York's Lehmann Maupin gallery, the Puerto Rican–born talent reveals new paintings with a semiautobiographical aspect.