Skip to main content

1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

29
to
632
4,072
3,855
8,071
6,161
5,545
1,421
378
83
77
16
14
11
679
411
325
320
289
Sort By
1970’s Leather Sofa
By Percival Lafer
Located in Turners Falls, MA
1970’s Leather Sofa. Bentwood arms with brass details. Button Cushions. Soft light Butterscotch
Category

Mid-20th Century Brazilian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Leather

Vintage 1970’s Leather Sofa
1970’s Leather Sofa
H 26 in W 85 in D 35 in
1970’s Danish Modern cognac leather sofa
Located in TOLLEBEEK, NL
Danish Modern three-seat cognac leather sofa on varnished wood legs, loose cushions. Condition
Category

1970s Danish Scandinavian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Leather

Vintage 1970’s Danish Modern cognac leather sofa
1970’s Danish Modern cognac leather sofa
H 30.71 in W 70.87 in D 32.28 in
1970’s Danish Modern cognac leather Wing sofa
Located in TOLLEBEEK, NL
Danish Modern three-seat cognac leather sofa on varnished wood legs, loose cushions. Scandinavian
Category

1970s Danish Scandinavian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Leather

1970’s, French Leather Sofa
Located in Chicago, IL
Postmodern French leather sofa. 4 Matching sofas available.
Category

1970s French Post-Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Leather

Vintage 1970’s, French Leather Sofa
1970’s, French Leather Sofa
H 33 in W 72 in D 30 in
Vintage 1970's Ultra Modern 4 Seater Sofa/ Daybed
Located in Opa Locka, FL
1970's Ultra Modern 4 Seat Sofa Doubles as a Daybed. Extra wide and taking off the back pillows
Category

1970s American Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric

Sleek Barcelona Sofa, c. 1970's
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Sleek Barcelona leather sofa, c. 1970's Dimensions: 31.5"H x 59"W x 31"D.
Category

1970s American Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Chrome

Vintage Sleek Barcelona Sofa, c. 1970's
Sleek Barcelona Sofa, c. 1970's
H 31.5 in W 59 in D 31 in
1970's Original Ultra Modern Sofa w/ Designer Retro Fabric
Located in Opa Locka, FL
Stunning 1970s Mid Century Modern Ultra Modern Designer Sofa. Retro designer textile. Manufactured
Category

1970s American Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric

1970's Channeled Leather Sofa by Metropolitan
By Metropolitan
Located in Dallas, TX
, c.1970s. The sofa features a polished mirrored chrome base that gives it a floating effect. The
Category

1970s American Post-Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Chrome

Sculptural Italian Modern three seat cognac leather sofa, 1970’s
Located in TOLLEBEEK, NL
Beautiful shape Italian Modern sofa in brown leather equipped with loose cushions. Condition Very
Category

1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Leather, Hardwood

1970's Midcentury Modern Italian Design Leather 3 Seat Sofa
Located in Oud-Turnhout, VAN
Vintage Midcentury Modern Italian Design Leather 3 Seat Sofa. Made in Italy, 1960's / 70's period
Category

1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Leather

Vintage 1970's Design Serpentine Sofa
Located in Oud-Turnhout, VAN
Vintage Postmodern Design Serpentine sofa, made in the 1970's. An outstanding vintage Serpentine
Category

1970s European Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Velvet

Vintage 1970's Design Serpentine Sofa
Vintage 1970's Design Serpentine Sofa
H 29.14 in W 84.65 in D 35.44 in
1970's French Jacques Charpentier (attr) Chenille Sofa
By Jacques Charpentier
Located in Los Angeles, CA
1970's Jacques Charpentier attributed sofa newly upholstered in sage green chenille with stainless
Category

1970s French Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Steel

1970s Mid Century Modern Chrome Sofa
Located in North Hollywood, CA
Mid-century chrome & leather sofa designed and manufactured in the United States circa 1970s. This
Category

1970s American Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Chrome

1970s Mid Century Modern Chrome Sofa
1970s Mid Century Modern Chrome Sofa
H 31.25 in W 72.25 in D 28.5 in
Brown Leather Two-Seater Sofa, Norway 1970's
By Sigurd Ressell, Ingmar Relling, Arne Norell
Located in Amsterdam, NL
Plywood two-seater sofa with dark brown leather cushions. Some traces of use, on the front of the
Category

1970s Norwegian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Leather, Canvas, Plywood

Brown Leather Two-Seater Sofa, Norway 1970's
Brown Leather Two-Seater Sofa, Norway 1970's
H 29.53 in W 29.53 in D 47.25 in
1970's Ultra Modern Sofa with Retro Designer Fabric by Shawnee Penn
By Shawnee Penn
Located in Opa Locka, FL
1970's Ultra Modern Sofa with Retro Designer Fabric by Shawnee Penn. Very nice condition. Bal
Category

1960s American Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric

1970's Italian Tufted Leather Sofa by Ambienti Bernini
Located in Hanover, MA
SATURDAY SALE Very comfortable lounging sofa made in Italy by Ambienti Bernini. It reminds me of
Category

1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Upholstery

Karate Sofa by Michel Cadestin for Airborne, France, 1970's
By Michel Cadestin
Located in Barcelona, ES
Karate sofa designed in 1970's by Michel Cadestin for Airborne, France. Molded fiberglass shell
Category

1970s French Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric, Fiberglass

2-Seat Sofa by Artifort, 1970's
By Artifort
Located in Oud Beijerland, NL
Magnificent 2-seat sofa, designed by the Artifort Design Group in the 70's. This extremely rare
Category

1970s Dutch Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Bouclé

2-Seat Sofa by Artifort, 1970's
2-Seat Sofa by Artifort, 1970's
H 26.38 in W 77.56 in D 41.74 in
Scandinavian Modern Sofa in Pine, Norway, 1970s
By Furusnickarn AB
Located in Hillringsberg, SE
This simple yet complex soild pine sofa was created and maufactrued in Norway. Good vintage
Category

1970s Norwegian Scandinavian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Pine

Scandinavian Modern Sofa in Pine, Norway, 1970s
Scandinavian Modern Sofa in Pine, Norway, 1970s
H 28.35 in W 59.06 in D 20.08 in
Studio 65 ‘Bocca’ sofa by Gufram, 1970’s
By Gufram Furniture
Located in TOLLEBEEK, NL
Iconic First Edition Studio 65 ‘Bocca’ Lip sofa by Gufram. Since 1970’s this spectacular pop art
Category

1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric, Foam

Studio 65 ‘Bocca’ sofa by Gufram, 1970’s
Studio 65 ‘Bocca’ sofa by Gufram, 1970’s
H 32.28 in W 83.46 in D 31.5 in
Mid-century Three Seat Sofa, 1970's.
Located in Praha, CZ
Made in Italia Made of Fabric,Wood There are stains on the fabric(see Foto) The cushions are removable Good original condition
Category

1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric, Wood

Mid-century Three Seat Sofa, 1970's.
Mid-century Three Seat Sofa, 1970's.
H 31.5 in W 74.81 in D 33.86 in
Adriano Piazzessi Attributed Italian 1970's Tufted Sofa
By Adriano Piazzesi
Located in New York, NY
An Adriano Piazzessi Attributed Italian 1970's generously proportioned brown tufted sofa, with
Category

1970s Italian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Chrome

Selig 1970's Sofa on Brass Plinth Bases
Located in Chicago, IL
Selig 1970's sofa on brass Plinth bases, Original upholstery.
Category

1960s American Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Upholstery

1970's Custom Leather Sectional Sofa
Located in Chicago, IL
Custom built leather sectional in the 1970's for a home in Chicago. Sofa sits on a connecting
Category

1970s American Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Leather, Oak

1970's Custom Leather Sectional Sofa
1970's Custom Leather Sectional Sofa
H 27.5 in W 110.5 in D 131 in
Arne Norell Ilona sofa from the 1970´s
By Arne Norell
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Ilona Two-Seat Sofa – a timeless blend of elegance and comfort. Designed by renowned Swedish
Category

1970s Swedish Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Leather

Arne Norell Ilona sofa from the 1970´s
Arne Norell Ilona sofa from the 1970´s
H 35.44 in W 62.21 in D 28.75 in
Vintage Scandinavian style three seater sofa, 1970´s
Located in Prague 8, CZ
This lounge three seater sofa was made in the 1970. It is upholstered with fabric. The structure is
Category

Late 20th Century Czech Scandinavian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric, Wood, Beech

Mogens Hansen Danish Mid-Century Leather Sofa, c. 1970's
By Mogens Hansen
Located in Norwalk, CT
leather sofa has been a continuous design favorite for over four decades. This example features dark
Category

Late 20th Century Danish Scandinavian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Leather, Beech

Gian Pietro Arosio, Three Aluminum & Velvet Armchairs Forming Sofa, Italy 1970's
Located in New York, NY
Gian Pietro Arosio for D.A.S, three armchairs forming sofa, circa 1970, covered in original velvet
Category

1970s Italian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Aluminum

Vintage Restored Mid-Century Modern 2 PC Sofa 1970’s USA
Located in North York, ON
Vintage Restored Mid-Century Modern 2 PC Sofa. Iconic American 1970’s design, masterfully restored
Category

1970s American Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric, Wood

Three Seater Sofa in Velvet with Rosewood by Lennart Bender, 1970’s
By Lennart Bender
Located in Limhamn, Skåne län
Three Seater Sofa in Velvet with Newly Reupholstered in Velvet Fabric by Lennart Bender, 1970’s
Category

20th Century Swedish Scandinavian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Rosewood, Velvet

Standard Tuxedo Sofa by Milo Baughman, Thayer Coggin, 1970's
By Milo Baughman
Located in Culver City, CA
-century modern and modern aesthetics, this luxurious tan low-pile chenille sofa adorned with a captivating
Category

1970s 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Chenille

Italian Modern Grey-Blue Velvet Five Module Sofa, 1970s
Located in MIlano, IT
Italian modern grey-blue velvet five module sofa, 1970s Five-module sofa with seat made up of four
Category

1970s Italian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Velvet

Eastern bloc Vintage sofa by Jitona, Czechoslovakia, 1970´s
By Jitona
Located in Prague 8, CZ
This vintage sofa is a typical example of furniture design of the 1970/1980´s in the former
Category

Late 20th Century Czech Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Upholstery, Foam, Polyester, Polystyrene

Vintage Scandinavian style three seater lounge sofa, 1970´s
Located in Prague 8, CZ
This lounge Scandinavian style three seater sofa was made in the 1970´. It´s upholstered with
Category

Late 20th Century Czech Scandinavian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric, Wood, Beech

Post-Modern Black & White Two-Seater Sofa, Italy, 1970s
Located in Antwerp, BE
Italian postmodern black and white two-seater sofa, a beautiful piece of furniture that seamlessly
Category

1970s Italian Post-Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Wood, Bouclé, Fabric

Mid-Century Folding Sofa or Daybed, 1970's
Located in Praha, CZ
Made in Czechoslovakia Made of fabric, metal, leatherette Suitable for upholstery Measures: Daybed: Height:35cm :Depth :130cm Fabric and leatherette is torn in places Original...
Category

1970s Czech Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Metal

Mid-Century Folding Sofa or Daybed, 1970's
Mid-Century Folding Sofa or Daybed, 1970's
H 29.14 in W 80.32 in D 31.5 in
Lounge Seating Set, Sofa + Chairs in Cow Hide, Cow Fur, 1970's
By J. Carpentier
Located in Zagreb, HR
Genuine vintage lounge seating set upholstered in cowhide fur from the 1970's. Beautiful 1970's
Category

1970s European Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Cowhide

Giovanni Offredi for Saporiti suede sofa, Italy 1970’s
By Saporiti
Located in TOLLEBEEK, NL
Beautiful brown suede three seat sofa designed by Giovanni Offredi for Saporiti. Very comfortable
Category

1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Suede

Giovanni Offredi for Saporiti suede sofa, Italy 1970’s
Giovanni Offredi for Saporiti suede sofa, Italy 1970’s
Free Shipping
H 28.35 in W 80.71 in D 33.47 in
Milo Baughman Style Three Seat Scoop Sofa/Couch on Walnut Frame, USA, c. 1970's
By Milo Baughman
Located in Deland, FL
This perfectly minimal sofa is the perfect amalgamation of style and comfort. With the "scoop
Category

1970s American Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric

Felicerossi Italian Post-Modern Sectional Sofa, 1970s
By Felicerossi
Located in Antwerp, BE
Felicerossi; Italian; Post-Modern; Sectional Sofa; Modular Sofa; Italian Design; Italy; 1970s
Category

1970s Italian Post-Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Metal

Italian modern three-seat sofa in burgundy teddy fabric, 1970s
Located in MIlano, IT
Italian modern three-seat sofa in burgundy teddy fabric, 1970s Three-seat sofa in burgundy Teddy
Category

1970s Italian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric

1970s Mid Century Modern Chrome Sofa Attributed to Adrian Pearsall
By Adrian Pearsall
Located in North Hollywood, CA
Mid-century modern chrome sofa designed by Adrian Pearsall and manufactured by Craft Associates in
Category

1970s American Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Chrome

Mid-Century Modern Rattan and Cognac Leather Sofa, Italy 1970s
Located in Brussels, BE
Mid-Century Modern Rattan and Cognac Leather Sofa, Italy, 1970s
Category

1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Leather, Rattan

1970's Leatherette and Fabric 4-Seater Sofa, Czechoslovakia
Located in Praha, CZ
- leatherette and fabric in good condition with some signs of use
Category

1970s Czech Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric, Faux Leather

Velvet Sofa Attributed to Marzio Cecchi, Italian Design, Glam Canape, 1970's
By Marzio Cecchi
Located in Antwerp, BE
Marzio Cecchi; Italian design; Italy; Glam; Hollywood Regency; Blue velvet; Brass; Post-modern
Category

Late 20th Century Italian Post-Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Brass

Modern Vintage Modular Sofa Wittmann Cubus Pastel Textil 1970s Austria
By Wittmann
Located in Vienna, AT
Modern vintage three modular freestanding sofa elements Rhombos cubus like Wittmann upholstered
Category

Late 20th Century Austrian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric, Upholstery

Mid-Century Modern Italian Velvet Sofa with Chrome Structure, 1970s
Located in Prato, IT
Mid-Century Modern Italian sofa with chrome back details and original velvet upholstery. Overall
Category

1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Chrome

Mid-Century Modern Italian Sofa, Wood and White boucle Fabric, 1970s
Located in Brussels, BE
Mid-Century Modern Italian Sofa, Wood and White boucle Fabric, 1970s
Category

1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric, Wood

Italian modern red sofas Marenco by Mario Marenco for Arflex, 1970s
By Mario Marenco, Arflex
Located in MIlano, IT
Italian modern red sofas Marenco by Mario Marenco for Arflex, 1970s Pair of red sofas mod. Marenco
Category

1970s Italian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Metal

Italian modern red sofa Bocca by Studio 65 for Gufram, 1970s
By Gufram Furniture
Located in MIlano, IT
Italian modern red sofa Bocca by Studio 65 for Gufram, 1970s Bocca model sofa, in fact it is in the
Category

1970s Italian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric

Vivai del Sud Sofa in Silk and Rattan, Handmade in Italy, 1970's
By Vivai del Sud
Located in Antwerp, BE
Vivai del Sud Bergère chair, Italian Tropicalist Style, rattan, silk, 1970's This Italian
Category

Late 20th Century Italian Post-Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Wool, Rattan

Rattan Danish Sofa, 1970s
Located in ŚWINOUJŚCIE, 32
Danish 2 seater rattan sofa. Light blue loose cushions. Dark stained wood.
Category

Late 20th Century Danish Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Rattan

Rattan Danish Sofa, 1970s
Rattan Danish Sofa, 1970s
H 29.53 in W 55.12 in D 29.53 in
Italian modern red sofa Marenco by Mario Marenco for Arflex, 1970s
By Mario Marenco, Arflex
Located in MIlano, IT
Italian modern red sofa Marenco by Mario Marenco for Arflex, 1970s Red sofa mod. Marenco. The
Category

1970s Italian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Metal

Mid-Century Modern Three-Seater Sofa, Italy, 1970s, New Upholstery
Located in Brussels, BE
Mid-Century Modern three-seater sofa, Italy, 1970s, New Upholstery.
Category

1970s Italian 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Bouclé, Wood

Mid-Century Modern Italian Sofa by Luciano Frigerio, Leather, 1970s
By Luciano Frigerio
Located in Brussels, BE
Mid-Century Modern Italian sofa by Luciano Frigerio, leather, 1970s.
Category

1970s Italian 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Leather

Mid-Century Modern Italian Three-Seater Sofa, White Bouclette Fabric, 1970s
Located in Brussels, BE
Mid-Century Modern Italian three-seater sofa, white bouclette fabric, 1970s.
Category

1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Metal

Mid-Century Modern Orange Sofa with Ottoman by Arflex, Italy 1970s
Located in Brussels, BE
Mid-Century Modern Orange Sofa with Ottoman by Arflex, Italy 1970s
Category

1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Fabric

Mid Century Leather 3-Seat Club Sofa, Italy 1970's
Located in Oud Beijerland, NL
A magnificent leather Club sofa, made in Italy in the 70's. The cushions and the backrest are
Category

1970s Italian Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Leather

Mid-Century Modern Italian Bamboo Sofa by Vivai del Sud, 1970s
Located in Prato, IT
Mid-Century Modern Italian Bamboo sofa with its original cotton cushions by Vivai del Sud, 1970s
Category

1970s Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Cotton, Bamboo, Rattan

Mid-Century Modern Italian Three-Seat Rattan and Bamboo Sofa, 1970s
Located in Roma, IT
Iconic Mid-Century Modern three-seat sofa in bamboo and rattan. This amazing piece was produced by
Category

Mid-20th Century Italian Mid-Century Modern 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa

Materials

Rattan, Fabric, Bamboo, Wicker

  • 1
  • ...
Get Updated with New Arrivals
Save "1970s Vintage Modern Sofa", and we’ll notify you when there are new listings in this category.

1970s Vintage Modern Sofa For Sale on 1stDibs

Choose from an assortment of styles, material and more with respect to the 1970s vintage modern sofa you’re looking for at 1stDibs. Frequently made of animal skin, leather and fabric, every 1970s vintage modern sofa was constructed with great care. Whether you’re looking for an older or newer 1970s vintage modern sofa, there are earlier versions available from the 20th Century and newer variations made as recently as the 20th Century. A 1970s vintage modern sofa made by Mid-Century Modern designers — as well as those associated with Modern — is very popular. You’ll likely find more than one 1970s vintage modern sofa that is appealing in its simplicity, but De Sede, Michel Ducaroy and Ligne Roset produced versions that are worth a look.

How Much is a 1970s Vintage Modern Sofa?

Prices for a 1970s vintage modern sofa can differ depending upon size, time period and other attributes — at 1stDibs, they begin at $669 and can go as high as $46,500, while the average can fetch as much as $4,500.

Finding the Right seating for You

With entire areas of our homes reserved for “sitting rooms,” the value of quality antique and vintage seating cannot be overstated.

Fortunately, the design of side chairs, armchairs and other lounge furniture — since what were, quite literally, the early perches of our ancestors — has evolved considerably.

Among the earliest standard seating furniture were stools. Egyptian stools, for example, designed for one person with no seat back, were x-shaped and typically folded to be tucked away. These rudimentary chairs informed the design of Greek and Roman stools, all of which were a long way from Sori Yanagi's Butterfly stool or Alvar Aalto's Stool 60. In the 18th century and earlier, seats with backs and armrests were largely reserved for high nobility.

The seating of today is more inclusive but the style and placement of chairs can still make a statement. Antique desk chairs and armchairs designed in the style of Louis XV, which eventually included painted furniture and were often made of rare woods, feature prominently curved legs as well as Chinese themes and varied ornaments. Much like the thrones of fairy tales and the regency, elegant lounges crafted in the Louis XV style convey wealth and prestige. In the kitchen, the dining chair placed at the head of the table is typically reserved for the head of the household or a revered guest.

Of course, with luxurious vintage or antique furnishings, every chair can seem like the best seat in the house. Whether your preference is stretching out on a plush sofa, such as the Serpentine, designed by Vladimir Kagan, or cozying up in a vintage wingback chair, there is likely to be a comfy classic or contemporary gem for you on 1stDibs.

With respect to the latest obsessions in design, cane seating has been cropping up everywhere, from sleek armchairs to lounge chairs, while bouclé fabric, a staple of modern furniture design, can be seen in mid-century modern, Scandinavian modern and Hollywood Regency furniture styles.

Admirers of the sophisticated craftsmanship and dark woods frequently associated with mid-century modern seating can find timeless furnishings in our expansive collection of lounge chairs, dining chairs and other items — whether they’re vintage editions or alluring official reproductions of iconic designs from the likes of Hans Wegner or from Charles and Ray Eames. Shop our inventory of Egg chairs, designed in 1958 by Arne Jacobsen, the Florence Knoll lounge chair and more.

No matter your style, the collection of unique chairs, sofas and other seating on 1stDibs is surely worthy of a standing ovation.