Cocoon lamp by George Nelson, Italy 1960s
By George Nelson
Located in Hannover, DE
An absolute rarity! A Cocoon pendant lamp designed by George Nelson in the 1960s.
Resin
Cocoon lamp by George Nelson, Italy 1960s
By George Nelson
Located in Hannover, DE
An absolute rarity! A cocoon pendant lamp designed by George Nelson in the 1960s.
Resin
Mid-century design cocoon hanging by George Nelson lamp , 1970s
By George Nelson
Located in Delft, NL
Mid-century design cocoon hanging by George Nelson lamp , 1970s
Plastic
Mid-Century Modern Saucer Cocoon Pendant Lamp, 1960s
By George Nelson
Located in Hagenbach, DE
This saucer-shaped cocoon ceiling lamp from the 1960s exudes timeless elegance and vintage charm. Its cocoon material, characteristic of mid-century modern design, has developed a be...
Resin
Mid-Century Modern Saucer Cocoon Pendant Lamp, 1960s
By George Nelson
Located in Hagenbach, DE
A cocoon hanging lamp made In the 1960s. The material of the lamp is resin. Dimensions:: height: 22 cm - 40 cm The light requires one E27 light bulb. Works with both 120/220V....
Resin
Cocoon Cascade Lamp
By Flos, Aloys F. Gangkofner, George Nelson, Kaare Klint, Achille Castiglioni
Located in München, DE
Very nice Cocoon cascade lamp from the 1950s. Wonderful and contemporary design. A highlight for every room. A warm and comfortable light is created. Condition: Very good vintage c...
Metal
Lovely Cocoon Pendant Lamp
By Aloys F. Gangkofner, George Nelson, Kaare Klint, Achille Castiglioni, Flos
Located in München, DE
Very nice Cocoon pendant lamp from the 1950s. Wonderful and contemporary design. A highlight for every room. Loving teak wood details. A cozy light is created. Condition: Very good...
Metal
Set of 2 Cocoon Table Lamps
By Linus Bopp, Goldkant Leuchten, Kaare Klint, George Nelson, Flos
Located in München, DE
Very nice Cocoon table lamps from the 1960s. The beautiful structure creates a warm and very cozy light. Wonderful design and an asset to any home. Condition: Very good vintage c...
Metal
$2,738Sale Price / set|20% Off
H 18.9 in Dm 7.29 in
Cocoon resin. Mid-Century Modern hand-crafted table lamps, Italy, 1970s
By Tobia Scarpa, Flos, Achille Castiglioni, Friedel Wauer, George Nelson
Located in SANT ADRIÀ DE BESÒS, ES
Mid-Century Modern hand-crafted Scandinavian style table lamps, Italy, 1970s. Composed of turned pine wood bases with varnished finish, and lampshades made of a metal structure cover...
Metal, Brass
$4,485
H 9.06 in Dm 21.66 in
Cocoon resin. Large Brutalist pendant light by Friedel Wauer, Germany, 1970s
By Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, Tobia Scarpa, George Nelson, Friedel Wauer, Goldkant Leuchten
Located in SANT ADRIÀ DE BESÒS, ES
It is made of powdered plastic and fiberglass. Cocoon lampshade diameter: 55 cm Cocoon lampshade height: 23 cm Wire lenght: 175 cm For three E27 bulbs (compatible with American...
Metal, Brass, Chrome
$2,124Sale Price|25% Off
H 12.21 in Dm 15.75 in
Cocoon resin. Space Age pendant lamp in the style of Castiglioni, Italy, 1970s
By George Nelson, Friedel Wauer, Achille Castiglioni, Tobia Scarpa, Estiluz Lighting
Located in SANT ADRIÀ DE BESÒS, ES
It is made of powdered plastic and fiberglass. Cocoon lampshade diameter: 40 cm Cocoon lampshade height: 31 cm Wire lenght: 210 cm For one E27 bulb (compatible with American E26 b...
Metal
Tobia Scarpa style. Space Age Cocoon Resin table lamp, Italy, 1960s
By Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, Tobia Scarpa, Isamu Noguchi, George Nelson, Friedel Wauer
Located in SANT ADRIÀ DE BESÒS, ES
Collectible item. The Cocoon material was invented after World War II to protect unarmed warships and other unprotected items.
Metal, Iron
$4,367
H 20.67 in Dm 10.83 in
Cocoon resin. Brutalist and Space Age style jellyfish table lamp, Germany, 1970s
By Friedel Wauer, Isamu Noguchi, George Nelson, Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, Goldkant Leuchten
Located in SANT ADRIÀ DE BESÒS, ES
Upper lampshade made of a metal frame covered with Cocoon resin. Gold chrome metal and brass details.
Metal, Brass, Chrome
Mid-Century Brass and Marble Arc Lamp with Cocoon Shade
Located in Los Angeles, CA
The lamp is fitted with a newly custom-made ribbed linen shade in a domed cocoon form, influenced by George Nelson's iconic cocoon shade designs of the 1950s and 1960s.
Marble, Brass
Cocoon lamp by George Nelson, Italy 1960s
By George Nelson
Located in Hannover, DE
An absolute rarity! A Cocoon pendant lamp designed by George Nelson in the 1960s.
Resin
Modern “Cocoon” Pendant by George Nelson, circa 1960
By George Nelson
Located in Culver City, CA
Modern “Cocoon” pendant by George Nelson, circa 1960. Delicate transparent resin cocoon with internal steel structure.
Resin
"Bell" Cocoon by George Nelson for Modernica, 1998
By George Nelson
Located in Mortsel, BE
Introducing the iconic "Bell" Cocoon Pendant, a masterpiece designed by George Nelson for Modernica in 1998.
Steel
Mid-Century Modern Saucer Cocoon Pendant Lamp by George Nelson, 1960s
By George Nelson
Located in Hagenbach, DE
A cocoon hanging lamp made In the 1960s by George Nelson.
Resin
Six Legged Cocoon Table Lamp with Linen Shade
By George Nelson
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Table lamp features a linen wrapped shade on an enameled steel frame. The base of the lamp splays out to six legs, each finished with a brass ball foot. The lamp has a brass on/off s...
Steel
Leuchten, Germany. George Nelson, "Cocoon" ceiling lamp in resin. 1960s.
Located in København, Copenhagen
Leuchten, Germany. George Nelson, "Cocoon" ceiling lamp in resin. 1960s. In excellent condition with minor professional restoration.
Resin
Cocoon Pendant Lamp
By Kaare Klint, Flos, Achille Castiglioni, George Nelson, Aloys F. Gangkofner
Located in München, DE
Very nice Cocoon pendant lamp from the 1960s. Wonderful and contemporary design. A highlight for every room. The unusual shape creates a particularly cozy light. Condition: ...
Metal
Danish Cocoon Pendant Lamp, 1950s
By Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, George Nelson
Located in Stockholm, Stockholms län
Danish “cocoon” pendant lamp manufactured during the 1950s. Made from sprayed plastic with a mahogany fitting on top. Rewired.
Metal
Cocoon Pendant light, Friedel Wauer for Goldkant Leuchten, 1960s
By Tobia Scarpa, Friedel Wauer, Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, Goldkant Leuchten, George Nelson
Located in Brussels, Brussels
Many designers as George Nelson, Pier & Achille Castiglione and Tobia Scarpa were fascinated by the light effect and the properties of the cocooning material.
Steel
Cocoon Pendant light, Friedel Wauer for Goldkant Leuchten, 1960s
By Tobia Scarpa, Friedel Wauer, Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, Goldkant Leuchten, George Nelson
Located in Brussels, Brussels
Many designers as George Nelson, Pier & Achille Castiglione and Tobia Scarpa were fascinated by the light effect and the properties of the cocooning material.
Steel
Oblong Cocoon Pendant light, Friedel Wauer for Goldkant Leuchten, 1960s
By Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, Tobia Scarpa, George Nelson, Friedel Wauer, Goldkant Leuchten
Located in Brussels, Brussels
Many designers as George Nelson, Pier & Achille Castiglione and Tobia Scarpa were fascinated by the light effect and the properties of the cocooning material.
Steel
Tall Cocoon Pendant light, Friedel Wauer for Goldkant Leuchten, 1960s
By Tobia Scarpa, Friedel Wauer, Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, Goldkant Leuchten, George Nelson
Located in Brussels, Brussels
Many designers as George Nelson, Pier & Achille Castiglione and Tobia Scarpa were fascinated by the light effect and the properties of the cocooning material.
Steel
Sold
H 5.52 in Dm 22.05 in
Large Cocoon Flush ceiling light, Friedel Wauer for Goldkant Leuchten, 1960s
By Tobia Scarpa, Friedel Wauer, Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, Goldkant Leuchten, George Nelson
Located in Brussels, Brussels
Many designers as George Nelson, Pier & Achille Castiglione and Tobia Scarpa were fascinated by the light effect and the properties of the cocooning material.
Steel
Sold
H 11.82 in Dm 8.27 in
Pair small cocoon Gatto Table Lamps Achille & Pier Castiglioni Flos Italy 1960
By Goldkant Leuchten, Flos, Friedel Wauer, George Nelson, Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni
Located in Brussels, Brussels
Many designers as George Nelson and Tobia Scarpa were fascinated by the light effect and the properties of the cocooning material.
Steel
George Nelson Mid-Century Modern Cocoon Pendant Light
By George Nelson
Located in Astoria, NY
Mid-Century Modern cocoon ceiling pendant light designed by George Nelson.
Metal
Mid-Century Modern Saucer Cocoon Pendant Lamp by George Nelson, 1960s
By George Nelson
Located in Hagenbach, DE
A cocoon hanging lamp made In the 1960s by George Nelson.
Resin
Cocoon Pendant Lamp
By Kaare Klint, Flos, Achille Castiglioni, Aloys F. Gangkofner, George Nelson
Located in München, DE
Very nice Cocoon pendant lamp from the 1960s. Wonderful and contemporary design. A highlight for every room. The unusual shape creates a particularly cozy light. Condition: Very go...
Metal
Lovely Cocoon Pendant Lamp
By Kaare Klint, Flos, Achille Castiglioni, Aloys F. Gangkofner, George Nelson
Located in München, DE
Very nice little cocoon pendant lamps from the 1950s. Wonderful and contemporary design. A highlight for every room. Condition: Very good vintage condition with minimal age -relate...
Metal
Set of 2 Cocoon Table Lamps
By Linus Bopp, Harvey Guzzini, Flos, Goldkant Leuchten, George Nelson
Located in München, DE
Very nice pair of small Cocoon table lamps from the 1950s. The beautiful structure creates a warm and very cozy light. Wonderful design and an asset to any home. Condition: V...
Plastic
Mid-Century Italian Modern Large Cocoon Bubble Pendant Lamp by Castiglioni
By Achille Castiglioni, George Nelson, Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni
Located in Philadelphia, PA
A simple modern beauty designed by Achille and his brother Pier Giacomo Castiglioni. Its made of a very soft skin like plastic stretched over a metal frame. This is the largest size ...
Metal
Cocoon resin. Brutalist and Space Age style table lamp, Germany, 1970s
By George Nelson, Goldkant Leuchten, Estiluz Lighting, Friedel Wauer, Achille Castiglioni
Located in SANT ADRIÀ DE BESÒS, ES
The Cocoon material was invented after World War II to protect unarmed warships and other unprotected items.
Metal
Sold
H 19.69 in W 5.91 in D 11.82 in
Pair of Wall Lights Sconces 'WILLIAMS' by J.T. Kalmar, Brass Cocoon, 1960s
By George Nelson, J.T. Kalmar, Achille Castiglioni
Located in Hausmannstätten, AT
A rare pair of Mid-Century Modern wall lamps model 'Williams' no. 4365/1. by J.T. Kalmar, Austria, manufactured ca. 1960 (1950s - 1960s). A brass wall arm holds a lampshade made of ...
Brass
Sold
H 11.82 in Dm 8.27 in
Pair small cocoon Gatto Table Lamps Achille & Pier Castiglioni Flos Italy 1960
By Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, Goldkant Leuchten, George Nelson, Flos, Friedel Wauer
Located in Brussels, Brussels
Many designers as George Nelson and Tobia Scarpa were fascinated by the light effect and the properties of the cocooning material.
Steel
Sold
H 5.52 in Dm 21.66 in
Large Cocoon Flush ceiling light, Friedel Wauer for Goldkant Leuchten, 1960s
By George Nelson, Goldkant Leuchten, Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, Tobia Scarpa, Friedel Wauer
Located in Brussels, Brussels
Many designers as George Nelson, Pier & Achille Castiglione and Tobia Scarpa were fascinated by the light effect and the properties of the cocooning material.
Steel
Cocoon resin. Brutalist style table lamp by Friedel Wauer, Germany, 1970s
By George Nelson, Isamu Noguchi, Goldkant Leuchten, Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, Friedel Wauer
Located in SANT ADRIÀ DE BESÒS, ES
Rationalist style lower structure made of veined pine wood, with an upper lampshade made of a metal frame covered with Cocoon resin. Space Age and Mid-Century style. Very much in the...
Metal
Castiglioni Large Viscontea Style Cocoon Italian Pendant Light
By Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni
Located in Roma, IT
Gorgeous large "Viscontea" style cocoon pendant in fabulous conditions. This charming chandelier was designed by Achille and Pier Giacomo Castiglioni and produced Italy. In pristin...
Metal, Steel
$1,650 / item
H 16.1 in Dm 11.5 in
'Plissé White Edition' Pleated Textile Table Lamp by Folkform for Örsjö
By Örsjö Industri AB
Located in Glendale, CA
'Plissé White Edition' pleated textile table lamp by Folkform for Örsjö. This unique table lamp was awarded “Lighting of the Year 2022” by Residence Magazine Sweden, who called it “...
Textile
Leather Meander Wall Sconce
Located in Pound Ridge, NY
Our updated Meander Reader light with leather wrapped flexible arm and a larger cone shade and new upward angle feature. Bulb can be fully recessed. Comes with suggested LED bulb. ...
Brass
Isamu Noguchi Akari Light Sculpture, Model 26A Ceiling Lamp
By Isamu Noguchi
Located in Centreville, VA
Akari Light Sculptures by Isamu Noguchi are considered icons of 1950s modern design. Designed by Noguchi beginning in 1951 and handmade for a half century by the original manufacture...
Bamboo, Paper
Bertu Counter Stools, White Oak Counter Stool, Chile Stool
By Bertu Furniture
Located in Oak Harbor, OH
Bertu Counter Stools, White Oak Counter Stool, Chile Stool This White Oak Chile Counter Stool is beautifully constructed from solid wood in Ohio, USA. The stool is chunky and modern...
Wood, Oak
Rosso Wall Mirror
By Specchi Veneziani
Located in Milan, IT
Crafted in the finest Murano tradition, this exquisite Venetian mirror is a true work of art. Assembled with crystal and gold elements, and adorned with red glass flowers, each piece...
Glass
$914 / item
H 11.03 in W 5.91 in D 33.86 in
Pair of Articulated Sconce Mid-Century Modern Solid Brass Black and White
By Stilnovo, Arredoluce, Gino Sarfatti
Located in Tavarnelle val di Pesa, Florence
This exquisite sconce is a nod to the timeless pieces crafted by mid-century modern Italian studios Arteluce and Stilnovo in the 1950s, but with a unique and distinctive design that ...
Metal, Aluminum, Brass
Solana Wall Sconces
By Blueprint Lighting
Located in Westport, CT
The "Solana" wall mount sconce or reading light is strongly influenced by Scandinavian, Danish, French, and Italian Mid-Century Modernism. The walnut back plate (available in natural...
Enamel, Brass
$8,753Sale Price / item|20% Off
H 19.69 in W 70.87 in D 27.56 in
Alexander and Jones Sunday Daybed in Oak & Cream Bouclé Handcrafted to Order
Located in Cirencester, England
The Sunday Daybed is a signature made-to-order piece by Alexander and Jones, handcrafted in our Cotswolds studio, UK, from sculpted solid oak with our signature wave form frame and c...
Bouclé, Oak, Fabric, Textile, Upholstery, Wood, Hardwood
$2,537 / item
H 15.75 in Dm 21.66 in
Mustard Mohair Velvet Round Ottoman with Oak Feet, Modern UK Design
Located in London, England
Dagmar Design - Round Ottoman Custom-made ottoman developed & produced at our workshops in London using the highest quality materials. These examples are upholstered in a mustar...
Oak, Mohair, Velvet
$2,774 / item
H 27.56 in Dm 25.6 in
Classic Chandelier, 5 Arms Green Murano Glass Simplicissimus by Multiforme
By Multiforme
Located in Trebaseleghe, IT
Classic chandelier, 5 arms green Murano glass Simplicissimus by Multiforme This collection in Murano glass is characterized by superb simplicity. It is the result of a research which...
Blown Glass
$2,638
H 39.38 in Dm 14.97 in
German Mid-Century Cocoon Chandelier by Friedel Wauer for Goldkant, 1960s
By Goldkant Leuchten, Friedel Wauer
Located in Badajoz, Badajoz
Beauty and stunning German Cocoon chandelier. This chandelier was designed and manufactured during the 1960s in Germany by Friedel Wauer for Goldkant Leuchten. Body dimension is D 38...
Metal
Mid-Century German Cocoon Pendant Lamp from Goldkant Leuchten, 1960s
By Goldkant Leuchten
Located in Aachen, NRW
Rare Mid-Century Modern Cocoon Pendant Light by Goldkant Leuchten, Germany, 1960s An exceptional example of mid-century lighting design, this sculptural pendant lamp was produced by...
Metal
Nuvola Cocoon Chandelier by Tobia Scarpa for Flos, Italy 1962
By Tobia Scarpa, Flos
Located in Miklavž Pri Taboru, SI
Step into the captivating world of Italian Mid-Century Modern design with the Nuvola cocoon chandelier by Tobia Scarpa for Flos in 1962. This light suspension model boasts an inter...
Plastic
Cocoon Ball Design Pendant Lamp, 1960s, Italy
Located in Hagenbach, DE
Cocoon Ball Design Pendant Lamp, 1960s, Italy Lampshade is in very good vintage condition. This lamp works with E27 light bulbs. Wired and suitable to use with 220V and 110V for a...
Resin
$3,508 / item
H 16.93 in W 46.46 in D 14.18 in
Kai Kristiansen Upholstered Bench in Fumed Oak and Mohair
By Kai Kristiansen
Located in London, England
Kai Kristiansen, a key figure in the Danish Modern movement, designed the Entre Series in 1956 as a modular collection of bedside cabinets, benches, and chests. Combining Danish desi...
Velvet, Oak
Organically shaped, clean-lined and elegantly simple are three terms that well describe vintage mid-century modern furniture. The style, which emerged primarily in the years following World War II, is characterized by pieces that were conceived and made in an energetic, optimistic spirit by creators who believed that good design was an essential part of good living.
ORIGINS OF MID-CENTURY MODERN FURNITURE DESIGN
CHARACTERISTICS OF MID-CENTURY MODERN FURNITURE DESIGN
MID-CENTURY MODERN FURNITURE DESIGNERS TO KNOW
ICONIC MID-CENTURY MODERN FURNITURE DESIGNS
VINTAGE MID-CENTURY MODERN FURNITURE ON 1STDIBS
The mid-century modern era saw leagues of postwar American architects and designers animated by new ideas and new technology. The lean, functionalist International-style architecture of Le Corbusier and Bauhaus eminences Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius had been promoted in the United States during the 1930s by Philip Johnson and others. New building techniques, such as “post-and-beam” construction, allowed the International-style schemes to be realized on a small scale in open-plan houses with long walls of glass.
Materials developed for wartime use became available for domestic goods and were incorporated into mid-century modern furniture designs. Charles and Ray Eames and Eero Saarinen, who had experimented extensively with molded plywood, eagerly embraced fiberglass for pieces such as the La Chaise and the Womb chair, respectively.
Architect, writer and designer George Nelson created with his team shades for the Bubble lamp using a new translucent polymer skin and, as design director at Herman Miller, recruited the Eameses, Alexander Girard and others for projects at the legendary Michigan furniture manufacturer.
Harry Bertoia and Isamu Noguchi devised chairs and tables built of wire mesh and wire struts. Materials were repurposed too: The Danish-born designer Jens Risom created a line of chairs using surplus parachute straps for webbed seats and backrests.
The Risom lounge chair was among the first pieces of furniture commissioned and produced by celebrated manufacturer Knoll, a chief influencer in the rise of modern design in the United States, thanks to the work of Florence Knoll, the pioneering architect and designer who made the firm a leader in its field. The seating that Knoll created for office spaces — as well as pieces designed by Florence initially for commercial clients — soon became desirable for the home.
As the demand for casual, uncluttered furnishings grew, more mid-century furniture designers caught the spirit.
Classically oriented creators such as Edward Wormley, house designer for Dunbar Inc., offered such pieces as the sinuous Listen to Me chaise; the British expatriate T.H. Robsjohn-Gibbings switched gears, creating items such as the tiered, biomorphic Mesa table. There were Young Turks such as Paul McCobb, who designed holistic groups of sleek, blond wood furniture, and Milo Baughman, who espoused a West Coast aesthetic in minimalist teak dining tables and lushly upholstered chairs and sofas with angular steel frames.
Generations turn over, and mid-century modern remains arguably the most popular style going. As the collection of vintage mid-century modern chairs, dressers, coffee tables and other furniture for the living room, dining room, bedroom and elsewhere on 1stDibs demonstrates, this period saw one of the most delightful and dramatic flowerings of creativity in design history.
The right table lamp, outwardly sculptural chandelier or understated wall pendant can work wonders for your home. While we’re indebted to thinkers like Thomas Edison for critically important advancements in lighting and electricity, we’re still finding new ways to customize illumination to fit our personal spaces all these years later. A wide range of antique and vintage lighting can be found on 1stDibs.
Today, lighting designers like the self-taught Bec Brittain have used the flexible structure of LEDs to craft glamorous solutions by working with what is typically considered a harsh lighting source. By integrating glass and mirrors, reflection can be used to soften the glow from LEDs and warmly welcome light into any space.
Although contemporary innovators continue to impress, some of the classics can’t be beat.
Just as gazing at the stars allows you to glimpse the universe’s past, vintage chandeliers like those designed by Gino Sarfatti and J. & L. Lobmeyr, for example, put on a similarly stunning show, each with a rich story to tell.
As dazzling as it is, the Arco lamp, on the other hand, prioritizes functionality — it’s wholly mobile, no drilling required. Designed in 1962 by architect-product designers Achille & Pier Giacomo Castiglioni, the piece takes the traditional form of a streetlamp and creates an elegant, arching floor fixture for at-home use.
There is no shortage of modernist lighting similarly prized by collectors and casual enthusiasts alike — there are Art Deco table lamps created in a universally appreciated style, the Tripod floor lamp by T.H. Robsjohn-Gibbings, Greta Magnusson Grossman's sleek and minimalist Grasshopper lamps and, of course, the wealth of mid-century experimental lighting that emerged from Italian artisans at Arredoluce, FLOS and many more are hallmarks in illumination innovation.
With decades of design evolution behind it, home lighting is no longer just practical. Crystalline shaping by designers like Gabriel Scott turns every lighting apparatus into a luxury accessory. A new installation doesn’t merely showcase a space; carefully chosen ceiling lights, table lamps and floor lamps can create a mood, spotlight a favorite piece or highlight your unique personality.
The sparkle that your space has been missing is waiting for you amid the growing collection of antique, vintage and contemporary lighting for sale on 1stDibs.
The alluring pendant light exemplifies the designer’s winsome mid-career work.
Patrizio Chiarparini of Brooklyn’s Duplex gallery sheds light on the lasting legacy of Italy’s postwar furniture boom.
There are many lessons to be learned from the lofts, apartments and townhouses of architects and decorators in Manhattan and beyond.
Having created extravagant homes for reality TV’s biggest stars, the designer is stepping into the spotlight with his first book.
The Louisiana-born and -bred architect talks to 1stdibs about the art of making timeless places that matter.
The Palm Springs interior decorator developed a mid-century style that defined the vacation homes of celebrities and other notables, including Bob Hope and Lucille Ball.
The houses from this New York studio cloak modernist tendencies within what are often more traditional trappings.
In the market for a fantastic fixture from the 1940s, ’50s or ’60s? Here are some names to know.