Early 20th Century More Art
to
112
432
40
21
27
25
Overall Width
to
Overall Height
to
135
503
4,751
10,212
83
70
221
294
149
342
569
445
415
1,255
68
143
100
52
25
20
15
5
1
1
364
104
5
21
10
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
307
79
65
61
47
20
13
12
8
6
358
146
Period: Early 20th Century
La ritirata del Friuli - Rare Book Illustrated by Ardengo Soffici - 1919
Located in Roma, IT
La ritirata del Friuli - note di un ufficiale della Seconda Armata. Diary of the author Ardengo Soffici (Rignano sull'Arno,1879 – Vittoria Apuana, 1964), during his participation in ...
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Ondine - Rare Book - 1939
Located in Roma, IT
Edition of 540 copies. Copy on Alfa. Original editorial soft cover, perfect conditions and uncut.
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
$140 Sale Price
25% Off
Tonalist Landscape painting by Robert Cairns Dobson, American
Located in Rochester, NY
Tonalist landscape oil painting by Robert Cairns Dobson, American oil painting on academy board. In a well matched original frame. Signed and monogrammed lower left, early 20th centu...
Category
Impressionist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Oil, Board
Le Verger des Amours - Rare Book Illustrated by L.T. Foujita - 1927
Located in Roma, IT
Author of the book is Guillaume Apollinaire. Edition of 100 copies including 6 drypoints (a full page engraving on frontispiece and 5 engravings in text). Copy on Vergé de Rives à la...
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Der Findling - Rare Book Engraved by Ernst Barlach - 1922
Located in Roma, IT
Der Findlich is an original Rare Book illustrated by the Expressionist German artist Ernst Barlach (1870- 1938) in 1922.
Original First Edition.
Format: in 4°.
Published by Paul Cassirer, Berlin.
The book includes 77 pages and Twenty several full page woodcuts.
Mint conditions.
Ernst Barlach (1870- 1938), a German expressionist sculptor, printmaker and writer. His participation in the war made him change his position, and he is mostly known for his artworks protesting against the war. Barlach trained under French artists and produced Art Nouveau-style sculpture and works on paper, but at first unable to find success. This led to a trip to Russia where the artist began creating figurative sculptures inspired by early Gothic art, carving spiritual and emotional themes from hard-woods and bronze casts. Barlach's fame increased after the war, he received many awards and became a member of the prestigious Preußische Akademie der Künste ( Prussian Art Academy) in 1919. He was a supporter of the war in the years leading to World War I, he generated many anti-war sculptures...
Category
Expressionist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Engraving
Early Twentieth Century Aviation Vintage Aircraft Airplane Framed Painting
Located in ludlow, GB
Early Twentieth Century Aviation Vintage Aircraft Airplane Framed Gouache Painting of Imperial Airways Hannibal. One of a set of three that were painted by the well known Artist and Illustrator Charles Thomas Howard. Each was painted to be published as postcards so these are the original artworks. They are in good clean condition with fresh and vibrant colours I have had them framed in handmade gold frames with a flecked cream mount.
Can be sold individually or as a set, they look really striking displayed together.
“Three Studies of Airplanes”
Gouache, Signed and Framed.
Charles Thomas Howard was born in Boston, Lincolnshire in 1865 and after he married in 1905 moved to London where he pursued his career as Painter and Illustrator. He did many works that were produced as postcards as these three all were. He worked for at least three publishers and was incredibly highly sought after. His work was diverse but he specialised in Aviation, Railways and Military subjects.
His work is held in many Art Libraries including the Bridgeman and as postcards have been reprinted many times over the years and still resonate with todays audiences.
He died at the age of 76 in West Sussex.
These originals comprise of De Havilland Comet...
Category
Realist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Gouache
Autograph Letter by Eduard Strauss - Early 20th Century
Located in Roma, IT
Autograph Letter on visiting card by the Austrian composer Eduard Strauss (Vienna, 1835 - ib., 1916).
Letter addressed to a gentleman on personal matte...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Ink
Embroidered Miao Baby Carrier Textile
Located in Chicago, IL
The connection between love and embroidery is nowhere stronger than among the minority peoples of China. Hand-stitched by a mother herself or gifted by the women in her family, the t...
Category
Folk Art Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Cotton, Silk, Thread
L'Assiette au Beurre - Rare Magazine - 1902
Located in Roma, IT
L'Assiette au Beurre is a Comic Magazine published in 1902.
Good condition on a yellowed paper, except for some torn paper on the left margin.
Signed, numbered and dated.
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
L'Assiette au Beurre - Rare Magazine - 1904
Located in Roma, IT
L'Assiette au Beurre is a Comic Magazine published in 1904.
Good condition on a yellowed paper, except for some torn paper on the left margin.
Signed, numbered and dated.
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
L' Assiette au Beurre - Rare Book - 1903
Located in Roma, IT
L'Assiette au Beurre is a Comic Magazine published in 1903.
Good condition on a yellowed paper, except for some torn paper on the left margin.
Signed, numbered and dated.
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Abrechnung Folgt! - Rare Book Illustrated by George Grosz - 1923
By George Grosz
Located in Roma, IT
Abrechnung Folgt! is an original modern rare book illustrated by George Grosz (Berlin, 1823 - 1959, Berlin) in 1923.
Original First Edition.
Published by Malik Verlag, Berlin.
Format: In 4°.
The book includes 61 pages with 57 full page reproductions of drawings.
Good conditions.
George Grosz (Berlin, 1823 - 1959, Berlin). By the war’s end in 1918, Grosz had developed an unmistakable graphic style that combined a highly expressive use of line with ferocious social caricature. Out of his wartime experiences and his observations of chaotic postwar Germany grew a series of drawings savagely attacking militarism, war profiteering, the gulf between rich and poor, social decadence, and Nazism. In drawing collections such as The Face of the Ruling Class (1921) and Ecce Homo (1922), Grosz depicts fat Junkers, greedy capitalists, smug bourgeoisie, drinkers, and lechers—as well as hollow-faced factory labourers, the poor, and the unemployed. At this time Grosz belonged to the Berlin Dada art movement, having befriended the German Dadaist brothers Wieland Herzfelde and John Heartfield...
Category
Expressionist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Lithograph, Offset
Tartarin - Rare Book Illustrated by George Grosz - 1921
By George Grosz
Located in Roma, IT
Tartarin (Original title "Die Abenteuer des herrn Tartarin aus Tarascon") is an original modern rare book written by Alphonse Daudet (Nimes, 1840 – 1897) and illustrated by George Gr...
Category
Expressionist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Photogravure
La Grande Gaîté - Rare Book Illustrated by Yves Tanguy - 1929
By Yves Tanguy
Located in Roma, IT
Edition of 351 copies. Copy number 2 on vergé d'Arches paper. Includes 2 drawings reproduced in lithograph by Yves Tanguy. Superb copy in perfect conditions. Uncut.Louis Aragon was b...
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Lacerba - Complete Collection - 69 issues
Located in Roma, IT
Original Magazine. Florence, (Printers: Tip. A. Vallecchi), Jan 1913-May 1915, 4°, (h. I: 350x250 mm: aa, II-III 370x270mm) 16 pp. per issue (8 in y. III) numbered progressively by year.
Complete collection (unbound) of the 69 issues of the famous fortnightly review (weekly in 1915) edited by Papini and Soffici.
Lacerba was an Italian literary review (fortnightly at first, then weekly) started by Giovanni Papini and Ardengo Soffici in 1913 In Florence. The title is taken from a 14th Century poem, Lacerba, by Cecco d’Ascoli, as well as the line, “Quinonsicantaal mondodellerane” (“Here we don’t sing to the world of frogs”), used as a slogan printed below the masthead. Many of the most famous futurists contributed to thereview,so that it became the principal vehicle for futurist ideas and graphics between 1913 and 1914. “The intensity of its presence, its luck and the range of its coverage, its polemical tone as well as the richness and scattershot breadth of its subject matter, its language and themes, and its articles and pictures, place it among Europe’s leading avant-garde publications alongside France’s Les Soirées de Paris, Germany’s Der Sturm and Blaue Reiter almanac...
Category
Futurist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Kunsttöpferei Kandern, Thrown vase with double gradient glaze / - Flowering vase
Located in Berlin, DE
Kunsttöpferei Kandern (1897-1927), Thrown vase with two layers of glaze, between 1914 and 1927, terracotta, marked 'KTK' on the underside and marked as model number '781', 19 cm (hei...
Category
Art Nouveau Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Terracotta
Les Contes de Perrault - Vintage Illustrated Book - 1928
Located in Roma, IT
Edition of 340 copies including 33 original engravings. Copy on vélin Montgolfier d'Annonay, including:
- 11 etchings by J. Daragnes, H. David, P. Ganon, P. Guastalla, J. Hechr, Cha...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Escales - Rare Book illustrated by André Lhote - 1920
By André Lhote
Located in Roma, IT
Edition of 440 copies including 32 coloured illustrations by André Lhote. One of the illustrations is full-page. Original editorial softcover with spine lightly damaged. Inside near ...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
La Sultane Daoulah - Rare Illustrated Book by Franz Toussaint - 1923
Located in Roma, IT
Edition of 2073 copies, one of only 54 copies on Japon Imperial paper. Includes several illustrations by A.H. Thomas, including full page and within the text illustrations. A beautif...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Medardo Rosso - Rare Book Illustrated by Ardengo Soffici - 1929
Located in Roma, IT
Original edition including 42 illustrations of the works by the artist. Famous critical essay by Ardengo Soffici on one of the main sculptores of his age, Medardo Rosso (Torino, 1858...
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Le Rire - Illustrated Magazine after Lucien Metivet - 1902
Located in Roma, IT
Le Rire is a Comic Magazine published in 1902, reproducing drawings by Charles Lucien Léandre (1862–1934) .
Good condition on a yellowed paper,...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Lithograph
Erotische Votiftafeln - Rare Book Illustrated by Heinrich Lautensack - 1919
Located in Roma, IT
Erotische Votiftafeln is an original modern rare book written by Heinrich Lautensack (1522–1590) and illustrated by Willy Jaeckel (Breslau, 1888 – Berlin, 1944) in 1919.
Original Ed...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Lithograph
Suite Provinciale - Rare Book Illustrated by Marc Chagall - 1927
By Marc Chagall
Located in Roma, IT
Suite Provinciale is an original Modern Rare book ritten by Gustave Coquiot (24 September 1865 – 6 June 1926) and illustrated by Marc Chagall (Lëzna, 1887 – Saint-Paul-de-Vence, 198...
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Photogravure
$1,319 Sale Price
25% Off
Zoo - Rare Book by Gus Bofa - 1935
Located in Roma, IT
Copy n. 30/1150, on Hollande paper, with b/w lithographies and suite on BFK Rives paper. Superb copy in perfect conditions. Including the complete suite by Gus Bofa.
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Münchausen - Rare Book Illustrated by Karl Rössing - 1920
Located in Roma, IT
Münchausen is an original Rare Book written by Rudolf Erich Raspe (March 1736 – 16 November 1794) and illustrated by Karl Rössing in 1920.
Original Edition.
Published by Hyperion Verlag, Munchen.
Format: in 8°. The dimensions and the weight are indicative.
The book includes 185 pages with 27 woodcuts.
Good conditions.
The book has been engraved by Karl Rössing who was an Austrian artist who was born in 1897.
The book has been written by Rudolf Erich Raspe (March 1736 - 16 November 1794) was a German librarian, writer, and scientist, called by his biographer John Patrick Carswell a "rogue". He is best known for his collection of tall tales The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen...
Category
Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Woodcut
Enquete Internationale sur le Vers Libre - Rare Book - 1909
Located in Roma, IT
Third futurist manifesto (wrongly believed to be the second), appeared for the first time with this title on the literary magazine directed by F.T. Marinetti "Poesia", anno V, n.7-8-...
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Macao et Cosmage, ou l'experience du Bonheur - Rare Book by Edy Legrand - 1919
Located in Roma, IT
Copy on vélin, including many color illustrations by Edy Legrand.
Excellent conditions, with original illustrated cardboard editorial cover (au pochoir).
...
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
L'Assiette au Beurre - Vintage Comic Magazine - 1906
Located in Roma, IT
L'Assiette au Beurre is a Comic Magazine published March 1906, reproducing drawings by Franz Kupka.
Signed, numbered and dated on the margins.
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Offset
Ex Libris Laszlo - Woodcut on Paper - 1920s
Located in Roma, IT
Ex Libris Laszlo is an original Contemporary Artwork realized in the 1920s.
Original B/W woodcut on ivory-colored paper.
Signed and dated on plate on the lower margin: "Nemes Irm...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Woodcut
$158 Sale Price
25% Off
Ex Libris - Hanns Heeren - Woodcut by Hans Michael Bungter - Early 20 Century
Located in Roma, IT
Ex Libris - Hanns Heeren is an Artwork realized in Early 20th Century, by Hans Michael Bungter from Germany.
Etching on ivory paper. Hand Signed on the right corner. Signed on pl...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Woodcut
Le Rire - Illustrated Magazine by Abel Faivre - 1928
By Jules-Abel Faivre
Located in Roma, IT
Le Rire is a Comic Magazine published in 1928, reproducing drawings by Abel Faivre (1867–1945).
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Lithograph
Les Pas Perdus - Rare Book illustrated by André Breton - 1924
By André Breton
Located in Roma, IT
Edition not available. Partially uncut. Excellent conditions.
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Maori Tribe, Chiefs Staff (Elaborate Carving)
Located in Milwaukee, WI
Chiefs Staff (Elaborate Carving) c 1900-1925
Wooden staffs were used by Maori chiefs and other notables as a physical sign of their status. They were hel...
Category
Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Wood
Les Amies - Rare Book by Jean Gabriel Daragnès - 1919
Located in Roma, IT
Edition of 280 copies. Copy on papier d'Arches, including 6 original woodcuts by Daragnès. Hard cover on marble cardboard.
Perfect conditions and uncut.
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Rien que la terre - Rare Book Illustrated by Demetrios Galanis - 1926
Located in Roma, IT
Edition of 206 copies including 11 original engravings by Demetrios Galanis and one original frontispiece. Copy on reservede to Librairie Champion. Includes a printsuite and an origi...
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Les Malheurs des Immortels - Rare Book illustrated by Max Ernst - 1922
By Max Ernst
Located in Roma, IT
Les Malheurs des Immortels révélés par Paul Eluard et Max Ernst. Collection of poems and prints Woodcuts. Uncut. Copy number 822 of 1300. This copy is printed on paper Madagascar.
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
$2,551 Sale Price
25% Off
Jacquou le Croquant - Rare Book Illustrated by Louis-Joseph Soulas - 1925
Located in Roma, IT
Edition of 1081 copies. One of only 65 copies on Japan Impérial including original woodcuts by Louis-Joseph Soulas.
Superb copy in perfect conditions and uncut.
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Ponti sull’Oceano-Versi Liberi e Parole... - Rare Book by Luciano Folgore - 1914
Located in Roma, IT
First edition of one of the most important volumes of the Futurist literature. Collection of poems by Luciano Folgore, composed between 1912 and 1914. Includes an hand written ink wr...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Gestes - Rare Book Illustrated by Alfred Jarry - 1920
Located in Roma, IT
Edition of 1.000 copies plus 40 out of commerce including 7 original etchings and aquatints printed in sepia, the first of which also hand colored. One of the only 50 copies on Japon paper including a suite of the 7 etchings on China paper printed in black and white.
Pages are finely illustrated with pictorial borders and figures in red and black.
Original editorial soft covers with original wrappers embossed with a gilt design, and title and name of author lettered in red.
Superb copy in perfect conditions and uncut, only binding unglued.
Alfred Jarry...
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
$1,494 Sale Price
25% Off
Tableau du Palais - Rare Book Illustrated by Yves Alix - 1920s
By Yves Alix
Located in Roma, IT
Edition of 348 copies including 22 lithographs by Yves Alix of which 9 full page.
One of 300 copies on vélin pur fil Lafuma-Navarre.
Nice volume on parisian Court (judges, attorney...
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
$351 Sale Price
25% Off
L'Assette au Beurre - Illustrated Magazine by Maurice Radiguet - 1908
Located in Roma, IT
L'Assiette au Beurre is a Comic Magazine published in 1908, reproducing drawings by Maurice Radiguet (1866-1941).
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Lithograph
Le Cirque - Rare Book by Gus Bofa - 1923
Located in Roma, IT
Gus Bofa, Le Cirque, Paris, la Renaissance du Livre, 1923.
Vol. in 8º, cm 22 x 1.3 x 16, pp. 24, in French
Edition of 448 copies including 24 original b/n and colour woodcuts by Gu...
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Vingt Jour chez Hitler - Correspondance by François Le Grix - 1921/1933
Located in Roma, IT
Vingt Jour chez Hitler is an interesting correspondance by François Le Grix, as director of La Revue Hebdomadaire, to the Countess Anna Laetitia Pecci Blunt.
This lot is composed of...
Category
Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Ink
Lady to the Toilet - Original Decoupage - Early 20th Century
Located in Roma, IT
Lady to the Toilet is an original decoupage realized by an Austrian artist of the early 20th Century.
The artwork is a beautiful decoupage of paper and fabric, mounted on a cream co...
Category
Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Mixed Media
Le Rire - Illustrated Magazine by Abel Faivre - 1928
By Jules-Abel Faivre
Located in Roma, IT
Le Rire is a Comic Magazine published in 1928, reproducing drawings by Abel Faivre (1867–1945).
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Lithograph
Ex Libris - Woodcut by M. Pot Van Regteren Altena - 1914
Located in Roma, IT
Ex Libris - Pie Perite Patienter Collectis J. Souverein is a Modern Artwork realized in 1914, by M. Pot Van Regteren Altena, from Nederland.
B/W Woodcut on ivory paper. Signed on p...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Woodcut
Back Cover - Original Watercolor and China Ink by Gabriele Galantara - 1913
Located in Roma, IT
Back Cover is an original China ink and Watercolor artwork realized by Gabriele Galantara in 1913.
In good conditions, there is some pencil notes on the back of the card.
Gabriele ...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Watercolor, Ink
L'Assiette au Beurre - Illustrated Magazine - 1902
Located in Roma, IT
L'Assiette au Beurre is a Comic Magazine published in 1902, reproducing drawings by Georges Meunier (1869-1934).
Good condition on a yellowed paper, except for some torn paper on th...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Lithograph
L'Assette au Beurre - Illustrated Magazine by Jean Luis Forain- 1901
Located in Roma, IT
L'Assiette au Beurre is a Comic Magazine stamped on April 1901, drawing by Jean Luis Forain.
Good condition on a yellowed paper, except for some torn paper ...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Lithograph
Crimes et Chatiments-Vintage Rare Book Illustrated by Félix Vallotton - 1902
Located in Roma, IT
Crimes et Chatiments is an original modern rare book engraved by Félix Vallotton (Lausanne, 1865 - Paris, 1925) in 1902.
Published by Schwarz, Paris.
...
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Lithograph
Continental Ballon - Original Vintage Advertising on Paper - Early 20th Century
Located in Roma, IT
Continental Ballon is a beautiful original black and white illustration on ivory-colored paper, realized at the beginning of the XX century, a vintage illustration...
Category
Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Illustration Board
Cendrillon - Rare Book illustrated by Jules Pascin - 1920
By Jules Pascin
Located in Roma, IT
Edition of 88 copies including a preface by André Salmon and 5 original full-pagecoloured etchings by Pascin. Includes jacket and slipcase on blue cardboard.
Copy on papier d'Arches. One of the most beautiful illustratedversionof this novel and probably the most famous illustrated book by Pascin. Copy in perfect conditions with original softcover on light pink paper.
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper, Etching
Le Rire - Vintage Comic Magazine - 1896
Located in Roma, IT
Le Rire is a Comic Magazine published in December 1896, reproducing drawings by Charles Léandre.
Signed, numbered and dated on the margins.
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Lithograph
Le Rire - Les Grandes Manœuvres - Vintage Comic Magazine - 1902
Located in Roma, IT
Le Rire - Les Grandes Manœuvres is a Comic Magazine published in September 1902, reproducing drawings by Charly.
Signed, numbered and dated on the margins.
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Lithograph
Le Rire - Vintage Comic Magazine - 1896
Located in Roma, IT
Le Rire is a Comic Magazine published in August 1896, reproducing drawings by Georges Jeanniot.
Signed, numbered and dated on the margins.
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Lithograph
L'Assiette au Beurre - Vintage Comic Magazine - 1901
Located in Roma, IT
L'Assiette au Beurre is a Comic Magazine published in May 1901, reproducing drawings by Paul Jouve.
Signed, numbered and dated on the margins.
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Lithograph
$307 Sale Price
25% Off
Pane e Vino con un ... - Rare Book illustrated by Giovanni Papini - 1926
Located in Roma, IT
Cover worn and damaged, inside good conditions.
Category
Modern Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Mitsou ou Comment l'Esprit vient aux Filles - Rare Book - 1926
Located in Roma, IT
Edition of 1300 copies on Vélin du Marais.
Excellent Condition. Partially Uncut.
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Apollinaire Vivant - Rare Book - 1923
Located in Roma, IT
Very rare edition of 25 copies. Copy number 7 of the only 25 copies on Lafuma Navarre paper. Includes an unpublished photograph and a caricature by Pablo Picasso. Particularly releva...
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
Uccidiamo il Chiaro di Luna - Rare Book - 1911
Located in Roma, IT
Third futurist manifesto (wrongly believed to be the second), appeared for the first time with this title on the literary magazine directed by F.T. Marinetti "Poesia", anno V, n.7-8-...
Category
Surrealist Early 20th Century More Art
Materials
Paper
