1990s Paintings

“Sagapoback”, a beautiful oil on canvas color field painting by American artist Esteban Vicente (1903-2001). He was born in Turégano, Spain and was one of the first generation of New...

This triptych-like lobster still life is only one of four paintings in this format by the artist. It is not a true triptych, as it is one large single canvas with three distinct imag...

Oil measures 70x50 cm. Frame measures 83x63 cm. Painter of landscapes and figures, in whose characterization he deepens psychologically capturing the character, Albert Roca has won...

Betsy Podlach (American, born 1964.) Still life with Fruit, a Bowl of Apples Framed 25 X 26 24 X 25 inches Betsy Podlach graduated from Harvard, cum laude, (she studied at Harvard with Alfred Decreido and William Reimann as well as Carlos Fuentes continuing her studies at the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting, and Sculpture, Ms. Podlach was awarded an art fellowship and residency at The International School of Art in Umbria, Italy. Betsy Podlach is an American painter who considers the Italian Venetians and the american abstract expressionist painters her mentors. The two painters she is most inspired by are Titian and Jackson Pollock, Both use the picture plane and abstraction and space, light, movement and form to communicate a physicality built entirely on the principals of painting, in the “classical” sense of a flat plane and lines, color, shape, space and light applied to that flat surface to create magic – light, space, form, emotion, force, movement, the physical and the spiritual. She describes her work as a figurative version of abstract expressionism. She was influenced by many of the abstract expressionists from the NY school...

Riga 1998., oil on cardboard, 83x90 cm The painting depicts a light-toned cityscape, suggesting a bright and sunny atmosphere. The buildings are featured prominently, showcasing th...

Flowers on a blue background 1999, cardboard, oil, 17x13 cm The main focus of the painting is a still life arrangement of flowers set against a blue background. The artist's intent...

Still life 1992, oil on cardboard, 80x100 cm The composition features a stylized still life arrangement positioned by a window. The focal point of the painting is a blue vases, whi...

The road to the sun 1996, cardboard, oil, 74x85 cm The composition depicts a landscape where a road leads towards the sun, with the sea visible in the background. The focal point ...

Original abstract oil painting signed by Wilma Fiori (1929-2019) painted in 1994. Signed and dated by the artist on verso. Large format horizontal abstract...

City - sun and trees 1996. Oil on cardboard, 74x85 cm The artwork portrays a cityscape scene with a striking red sunset as the backdrop. The artist skillfully uses oil paints to ca...

Sunny Riga 1998, oil on cardboard, 83x90 cm The composition depicts a landscape where trees are situated in front of a view of the city, which is bathed in sunlight. The focal poin...

Daisies 1997, oil on cardboard, 85x75 cm The focal point of the painting is the bouquet of daisies, which stands out against the lush greenery of the tree alley. The sunset illumin...

The painting is being offered with a work and authenticity certificate

Daisies 1992, oil on cardboard, 90x83 cm "Daisies" is a serene and visually pleasing artwork that celebrates the elegance of nature. The composition depicts a bouquet of white dai...

City at night 1995, oil on cardboard, 90x83 cm Painting portrays a dark landscape with trees and buildings rendered in purple colors, capturing the ambiance and mystery of a citysc...

Romantic sunset 1995. Cardboard, oil, 90x83 cm The painting portrays a romantic scene featuring a captivating red sunset. The artist skillfully utilizes oil paints to capture the v...

The painting is being offered with a work and authenticity certificate

The painting is being offered with a work and authenticity certificate

Daisies 1993, oil on cardboard, 90x83 cm The artwork depicts a still life composition featuring daisies in a vase, illuminated by moonlight. The background of the painting showcase...

The painting is being offered with a work and authenticity certificate

The painting is being offered with a work and authenticity certificate

The painting is being offered with a work and authenticity certificate

Romantic sunset, 1991, oil on cardboard, 90x83 cm The artwork depicts a serene and romantic scene of a sunset, red landscape evokes feelings of warmth, intensity, or even a dreamy a...

Signed lower right, 'Goetz' for Jack Goetz (American, born 1919) and painted circa 1995. Additionally signed, verso, and titled, 'Onions!' A bright and breezy study of white onions in a blue glass bowl contrasted against a Regency-striped material of red, yellow and green against a cream background. Goetz has painted and exhibited with success for many years and continues to paint at the age of 104. Speaking of himself, the artist says: "I studied arts and languages at Santa Monica College, taking classes in oil and watercolor painting, sculpture, ceramics, art history and music. At the same time, I studied with master painter Sergei Bongart. Because he taught many people in the movie business, I had fun meeting and painting with people...

Oil measures 70x50 cm. Frame measures 83x63 cm. Painter of landscapes and figures, in whose characterization he deepens psychologically capturing the character, Albert Roca has won...

Mag 1999, canvas, oil, 74.2x80.3 cm "Mag" is an intriguing artwork created in 1999 by Igor Maikov. It is a large oil painting on canvas, measuring 74.2x80.3 cm. The painting depicts a portrait of an old lady set...

CRISP Size: 46.5 x 54.5 cm (including frame) Oil on canvas A captivating and serene winter landscape, executed in oil in 1998. In this snow-filled composition, a lush forest is dep...

An elegant oil on Canvas painting featuring columbian catalina flower. The painting is nicely framed in a custom wooden frame and is signed by the artist Sonia Bulley.

SUNSET FIELDS Size: 46.5 x 51 cm (including frame) Oil on canvas A tranquil and atmospheric landscape composition, executed in oil onto canvas and dated 1992. This scenic painting ...

Oil on canvas by Gilbert Pauli Signed and dated

View of Rome is an original watercolour on paper realized by Alfonso Avanessian in the 1990s. The piece is hand signed on the lower right. Frame included (59,5x70 cm). Good conditi...

Betsy Podlach (American, born 1964.) Still life with Tin Cup, 1996 17.5 X 16.5 inches. Framed it measures 18.25 X 17.25 Betsy Podlach graduated from Harvard, cum laude, (she studied at Harvard with Alfred Decreido and William Reimann as well as Carlos Fuentes continuing her studies at the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting, and Sculpture, Ms. Podlach was awarded an art fellowship and residency at The International School of Art in Umbria, Italy. Betsy Podlach is an American painter who considers the Italian Venetians and the american abstract expressionist painters her mentors. The two painters she is most inspired by are Titian and Jackson Pollock, Both use the picture plane and abstraction and space, light, movement and form to communicate a physicality built entirely on the principals of painting, in the “classical” sense of a flat plane and lines, color, shape, space and light applied to that flat surface to create magic – light, space, form, emotion, force, movement, the physical and the spiritual. She describes her work as a figurative version of abstract expressionism. She was influenced by many of the abstract expressionists from the NY school...

This oil on canvas painting is by French artist Claude-Max Lochu (1951 -) and features an iconic Paris view with a poetic vision of the Eiffel Tower in yellow and purple tones. The a...

Oil paint on canvas sold without frame Born in the canton of Friborg, Gilbert Pauli (1944 - 2020) lived in Geneva, where he devoted himself to painting and sculpture, a passion he ...

Richard Marshall Merkin (American, 1938-2009) Gladys and Half-Pint Hand signed 'Merkin' (center right), Titled, inscribed, dated, and initialed 'GLADYS BENTLEY AND FRANKIE 'HALF-PINT' JAXON 1997/R.M.' verso. Oil on canvas 37 1/2 x 72 in. (95.3 x 182.9 cm) framed 39 1/4 x 74 x 2 in. Gladys Alberta Bentley (August 12, 1907 – January 18, 1960) was an American blues singer, pianist, and entertainer during the Harlem Renaissance. Her career skyrocketed when she appeared at Harry Hansberry's Clam House, a well-known gay speakeasy in New York in the 1920s, as a black, lesbian, cross-dressing performer. She headlined in the early 1930s at Harlem's Ubangi Club, where she was backed up by a chorus line of drag queens. She dressed in men's clothes (including a signature tailcoat and top hat), played piano, and sang her own raunchy lyrics to popular tunes of the day in a deep, growling voice while flirting with women in the audience. On the decline of the Harlem speakeasies with the repeal of Prohibition, she relocated to southern California, where she was billed as "America's Greatest Sepia Piano Player" and the "Brown Bomber of Sophisticated Songs". She was frequently harassed for wearing men's clothing. She tried to continue her musical career but did not achieve as much success as she had had in the past. Bentley was openly lesbian early in her career, but during the McCarthy Era she started wearing dresses and married, claiming to have been "cured" by taking female hormones. Frankie "Half-Pint" Jaxon, born Frank Devera Jackson was an African American vaudeville singer, stage designer and comedian, popular in the 1920s and 1930s. He was born in Montgomery, Alabama, orphaned, and raised in Kansas City, Missouri. His nickname of "Half Pint" referred to his 5'2" height. He started in show business around 1910 as a singer in Kansas City, before travelling extensively with medicine shows in Texas, and then touring the eastern seaboard. His feminine voice and outrageous manner, often as a female impersonator, established him as a crowd favorite. By 1917 he had begun working regularly in Atlantic City, New Jersey and in Chicago, often with such performers as Bessie Smith and Ethel Waters, whose staging he helped design. He served slightly less than a year in the United States Army in 1918–1919 and rose to the rank of sergeant. In the late 1920s he sang with top jazz bands when they passed through Chicago, working with Bennie Moten, King Oliver, Freddie Keppard and others. He performed and recorded with the pianists Cow Cow Davenport, Tampa Red and "Georgia Tom" Dorsey, recording with the latter pair under the name of The Black Hillbillies. He also recorded with the Harlem Hamfats. In the 1930s, he was often on radio in the Chicago area, and led his own band, titled Frankie "Half Pint" Jaxon and His Quarts of Joy. Jaxon appeared with Duke Ellington in a film short titled Black and Tan (1929), and with Bessie Smith in "St. Louis Blues" (1929). Cab Calloway's "Minnie the Moocher" (1931) is based both musically and lyrically on Jaxon's "Willie the Weeper" (1927). Richard Merkin, Sometimes described as Rhode Island’s most famous New York artist, Richard Merkin has led a dual life for nearly 40 years - teaching at RISD while enjoying a celebrated painting career based in New York City. He has exhibited in countless gallery and museum shows in the US and abroad and is represented in the permanent collections of the Smithsonian Institution, The Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum, the RISD museum and many others. In addition to contributing drawings and paintings to The New Yorker (along with, Art Spiegelman, Saul Steinberg, Harper’s, The New York Times Sunday Magazine and several books on Erotica and Baseball, he is a contributing editor for Vanity Fair and a former style columnist for GQ. Merkin’s honors include a Tiffany Foundation Fellowship and the Rosenthal Foundation Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Museums and Selected Collections : The American Federation of Arts, New York, NY Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, VA First city Bank, Chicago, Ill Fisk University Art Gallery, Nashville, TN Hallmark Collections, Kansas City, MO Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA Maimi-Dade Junior College, Miami, FL Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Minnesota Museum of Art, Minneapolis, MN Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design, RI McClung Museum, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Pennsylvania Acadamy of the Arts, Philadelphia PA Prudential Insurance Company, Boston, Ma Prudential Insurance Company, Newark, NJ Rose Art Museum, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA Sara Robey Foundation, New York, NY Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC State University of Brockport, Brockport, NY Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY Selected Publications : 1986-Present Contributing Editor, Vanity Fair ..1988-Present, New Yorker... 1988-Present, style column, GQ...1997, Text and Illustration for The Tijuana Bibles, published by Simon & Shuster, 1995, Illustrated book, Leagues Apart: the Men and Times of the Negro Baseball Leagues published by Morrow. 1967 Cover of the Beatles “Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band” Album (Mr. Merkin appears in the back row, right of center) RISD: MFA in Painting, 1963; Professor, Department of Painting special skill: Merging his role as flaneur (connoisseur of city life) with his role as painter and social historian, Merkin retrieves lost cultural artifacts – a Turkish cigarette, a gangster, a bowler and generally “things most people don’t know about” – and reconstitutes their Jazz Age virtues on canvas in cubist, comic-laced landscapes of tropical color. (ala Robert Crumb and Ben Katchor) breaking in: Perpetually on the fly from his middle-class Brooklyn background, Merkin found the perfect escape in the mid ‘60s in George Frazier, a dapper Boston columnist who inspired the emerging New York painter’s overnight reinvention of himself. The elements of structure, stability and surprise he admired in this well-dressed dandy – a cool linen suit, a splash of suspender, a polka dot scarf and pearl-handled walking stick – soon surfaced in paintings peopled by impeccable underdogs of café society along with his personal pop heroes: William Burroughs, Bobby Short and Krazy Kat...

Marine landscape is an artwork realized by Gian Barresi in 1990s. Tempera on paper. 50x70 cm not framed. Handsigned on the lower left margin. Good Conditions

Signed center right, 'Ketcham' for Hank Ketcham (American, 1920-2001) and dated 1990. Hank Ketcham, the creator of Dennis the Menace, was born in Seattle...

Albert Roca (1945) - Sailor playing the accordion oil on board painting Medidas óleo 62x46 cm. Medidas marco 73x57 cm. Painter of landscapes and figures, ...

Blue skies and sun drenched planted fields impress the passerby of this rural scene by California artist Michael William Eggleston (American, 20th c.). From a collection of his works...

Modern abstract figurative portrait painting by Houston, TX artist David Adickes. The work features two men figures side by side against a blue background....

Large acrylic painting by Pat Rosenstein, American Woman Artist, graduate of Pratt Institute whose work has been exhibited extensively. Rosenstein, who...

The Dancers by Maria Tort Xirau (Catalan, 1924-2018) signed lower corner dated 1999 oil painting on canvas, framed canvas: 36 x 55 inches framed: 41 ...

The Blue Sea by Maria Tort Xirau (Catalan, 1924-2018) signed lower corner oil painting on canvas, framed canvas: 29 x 36 inches framed: 32 x 39.5 inc...

Helmut Verch (1923-2002) was born in Berlin in 1923 and worked as a painter and graphic artist. In the 1940s, after his release from Russian captivity, he received artistic training ...

Work on canvas Wooden flush frame 103 x 63 x 3.5 cm

Portrait of a Lady in a Chair by Maria Tort Xirau (Catalan, 1924-2018) signed lower corner dated 1991 oil painting on canvas, framed canvas: 47 x 37....

Artist/ School: Huguette Ginet-Lasnier (French 1927-2020), signed lower front and inscribed verso Ginet-Lasnier, the wife of the painter Jean Lasnier, was born in the Seine-Maritime...

Modern abstract figurative portrait painting by Houston, TX artist David Adickes. The work features a two men in suits with a young girl wearing yellow posing with birds and a blank ...

The artwork size is 19.5" x 25.5", with watercolor and ink on paper. Signed lower right.

Who am I to be your secret lover? Figurative large format Landscape with figures in fairy-tale setting. Acrylic on canvas. Author: Igor Fomin. Measurements in centimeters: 195 x 195 cm. / In inches: 76.77 x 76.77" In this painting, Igor Fomin not only tells us the story of a couple who keep their love secret, he also tells us about that beautiful old place, a witness to their love affairs, and those neighbors, who should not find out and who make their lives. An entire city, with a splendid aqueduct in the background, through whose arches the view is lost. The set is endowed with a magnificent color and a complex structure, full of planes to stop at all those characters that fill the author's pictorial and literary imaginary. From the tow...

Oil work on canvas Signed P. Chapatte and dated 06.91 Artist unknown from the gallery Beautiful and quality work representing the Swiss Landscapes, around the Lake

The Embrace by Maria Tort Xirau (Catalan, 1924-2018) signed lower corner dated 1991 oil painting on canvas, framed canvas: 42 x 29.5 inches framed: 4...

Paritosh Sen - Untitled - 7 x 10.5 inches (unframed size) Mixed Media on Paper Pasted Board, 1991 ( UNFRAMED & DOOR DELIVERED ) An illustrator and a painter, Paritosh Sen is one ...

Paritosh Sen - Untitled - 8 x 10 inches (unframed size) Mixed Media on Paper Pasted Board, 1991 ( UNFRAMED & DOOR DELIVERED ) An illustrator and a painter, Paritosh Sen is one of...

Primus Artist signed, acrylic and collage on panel, 1993 28x27 with the frame 38x38 Patrick Archer (b. 1926). Archer studied at the California College of Arts and Crafts (MFA). 2002 Philip Hulitar Award, Society of 4-Arts, Palm Beach, FL (A national Contemporary Painting competition) Graduate- Arts & Crafts in Oakland, CA Undergraduate- Principia in Elsah, IL Exhibitions: 2002 Merrill Lynch...

Biography from the niece of the artist from during his lifetime. Paintings acquired from the artist.s estate. Max Turner 1925 - 2019 Max Lamar Turner Painter, Sculptor, Teacher and Author. Max Turner was born in Omaha, Nebraska on July 28, 1925. His father was Lance Howard Turner and his mother Mary Irene Turner. In 1927, his family moved to Bingham Canyon, Utah where Max's father extracted copper from a creek that he had diverted to pass through his garage. The town was located in a narrow canyon on the eastern face of the Oquirrh Mountains. In 1938, when Max was 13, his family moved to Midvale, Utah. After completing high school, Max went to work laying rail until he was inducted into the U.S. Navy to serve during W.W. II. There he took an aptitude test and was initially assigned to the medical corp., later transferring to the dental unit. Max was stationed at Port Hueneme, Ventura County, California through the end of the war. When he was discharged in 1946, he remained in Southern California, living in the Los Angeles area. He met a man named Larry Torres and they formed a partnership to do silk screen work primarily for the Colby Poster Printing Company. This lasted about 10 years until the Colby building caught fire and burned down. In 1958, Max began working for Slade Novelty company that made doll parts using a product called plastisol. A year later, Max began producing plastic parts through his own business. One day, a couple of kids brought in a shrunken skull they had made and asked Max if he could reproduce it. Max said he could and he looked around for a business to work with for this task. He ultimately decided he could create his own machine shop to make molds. As a result, Max purchased a lathe, drill press, grinder and other tools to create his own machine shop and went into business making molds. He built a clientele and in 1973, he moved his machine shop to Glendale, California. Painter, Sculptor, Teacher and Author: Max recalls the day when his interest in art took a new direction. He happened to be in a paint store to purchase some supplies when he saw a card posted on a wall that read, "Come paint with Connie Marlo". Max had been interested in art since his youth and he was frequently impressed with paintings displayed by local artists at various community events. Consequently, he decided to go to Connie's Saturday morning art class at a studio on North La Brea Avenue (between Sunset and Hollywood) in Los Angeles. But, as fate would have it, he immediately took a detour from this class when he found a piece of paper on the floor of the studio referencing another art class dealing with compositions, patterns, rhythms and color harmony. The instructor's name was Hal Reed, a former art student of the Russian/American Master, Nicolai Fechin. Hal owned the building (previously the Will Foster Studio) and had founded the Art League of Los Angeles. When Max found Hal, he asked Hal if he could join his class. Hal said "No, the class was full" but he said Max could monitor the class in the back of the classroom. Max took him up on the offer and began observing the weekly class. During the class, Hal told his students that they should practice what they were learning by going to "live model" classes. Max began attending these classes where he learned how to draw figures. After a few months, Hal and Max became good friends. Hal was so impressed with Max's work that he offered Max the opportunity to teach at another location that Hal was opening in the San Fernando Valley. Max accepted the offer and began teaching his own art class. For Max, it was a quick jump from learning to teaching. Max then found that several of his students had to commute to his art class from the west end of the "Valley". To better serve this group of students, Max decided to relocate to another studio in Calabasas. Max continued teaching, and at this time he was producing very impressive portraits, both oil paintings and charcoal drawings from live models (Max never worked from photos). Max demonstrated real talent, and the style of his drawings and paintings were being compared to those of Nicolai Fechin. And, like Fechin, Max also had an interest in sculpting. One day, Max decided to design and cast a bronze owl sculpture to put in his Calabasas Fine Art Gallery. Later, someone approached Max when he was at the foundry and asked him about his success selling the owl sculpture. The individual who asked this question was convinced that there was a broader market for these sculptures and he ordered a dozen of the owl sculptures from Max. This encouraged Max to do more castings. Some of the new castings were antique sculptures he found and reproduced. As this new business grew, he decided to establish his own foundry, employing up to 15 workers. The business continued for many years, up until the late 1990's when Max got tired of the foundry business and sold it. Max, who was now in his 70's, decided to move on to his next venture as an artist, dedicating himself to doing the actual sculpting of original art. He loved the creativity of sculpting and he had his sculptures cast at local foundries, ironically the same ones that used to be his competition. Max was now fully engaged in his new artistic direction and, over time, he produced a large body of work. He created very impressive sculptures, including about 100 full-size sculptures. He sold some of these to high-end clientele, the Foundry at SLS Las Vegas, and to Hollywood studios. Even though Max now seemed to be totally in his element, he somehow also found time to continue to teach painting classes at the California Art Institute in Westlake Village in Los Angeles. At the institute, he specialized in figure work. Max continued to draw, paint and teach, but he says he stopped sculpting when he turned 90. Max produced four books showcasing his drawings and paintings. The first is "Faces, The Drawings of Max Turner", copyright 2000, that showcases nearly 100 of his portrait drawings. Within the "Acknowledgements" section, he lists Hal Reed and Joseph Nordmann, two former students of Nicolai Fechin. In 2006, Max produced his second book titled "Figures and Faces", reflecting not only portraits but also figure drawings and paintings. It is a wonderful book of Max's work, but it is currently difficult to find. The third book is titled "Faces 2, The Paintings and Drawings of Max Turner", copyright 2009, which includes 75 portrait paintings and drawings. In the "Preface" of this book, Max describes growing up in a small and isolated mining town during the Great Depression. He states that as a kid, he had little exposure of any culture or view of what the rest of the world was like. His neighbor was the trash collector and Max would sometimes go through his truck looking for anything of value. Among other things, he found magazines like Cosmopolitan, Good Housekeeping and Red Book, with covers that frequently showed drawings or paintings of faces. Max states that these images were the very first source of inspiration for him. He says that he began looking more carefully at people's faces and if they had character, he would draw them. By drawing them, Max says that he was making them part of his world, his world of "Faces". In 2018, Max published his newest book showcasing his drawings and paintings. It is titled "Max Turner's Figure Sketches". This softbound book includes 76 pages and over 120 drawings and paintings. In the Introduction, Max explains "I have found that when approaching the figure, one should begin with the gesture. After having captured the essence or feeling of the pose, one can then proceed to build on it." The figure sketches in this wonderful book reflect a Master's work that consistently captures the "gesture"-showing the emotion, movement and expression. Two more books are on the horizon for Max, both dealing with his passion for sculpting. His first, "The Sculpture of Max Turner" is a compilation of his commercial and noncommercial pieces throughout his career. The second, "Terra Cotta Sculpture by Max Turner" is a complete collection of figures done at the California Art Institute. These much anticipated books should be out later in 2018. Max now considers himself primarily a sculptor. But others in the art world are more than impressed with his drawings and paintings as well. His portraits are often described as having a Fechin-esque appearance, referring to the style of Nicolai Fechin. When Max observed those first art classes given by Hal Reed, it should be noted that Hal had previously been a student of the Russian/American Master Nicolai Fechin in the early to mid-1950's. In fact, Hal was a student in the last art class that Fechin taught before he unexpectedly died in 1955. Hal was so strongly influenced by Fechin that he later produced two 30-minute art instruction videos as part his Art Video Productions wherein he specifically described Fechin techniques that he learned in Fechin's class. The Fechin style and techniques were in play when Max later met Hal. Over the years, many of Max's art students, art collectors, gallery owners, as well as the Director of the Monterey Museum of Art have commented on the Fechin-esque qualities of Max's wonderful charcoal drawings and paintings. So, while Max may consider himself primarily a sculptor, his drawings and paintings are also impressive and very much sought after. When Nicolai Fechin died in 1955, three of the nine students in his last art class became life-long friends. Max subsequently became friends with not only Hal Reed, but also with prior Fechin students Joseph Nordmann and Albert Londraville...

Prokash Karmakar – Untitled – 18 x 12.5 inches (unframed size) Watercolor, Acrylic on Paper, 1991 Style : Legendary master artist Lt. Prokash Karmakar from Bengal was solely respo...

Prokash Karmakar – Untitled – 17 x 22 inches (unframed size) Watercolor Acrylic on Paper, 1991 Style : Legendary master artist Lt. Prokash Karmakar from Bengal was solely responsi...