19th Century French Ormolu Sevres Porcelain Mantel Clock

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19th Century French Ormolu Sevres Porcelain Mantel Clock

About the Item

This is a beautiful antique French ormolu and Sèvres Porcelain porcelain mantel clock, striking the hours and half hours and circa 1860 in date. It is set within a beautiful ormolu Baroque case that is surmounted by garlands and doves, and set with a profusion of Bleu Celeste porcelain inset panels in the Sevres manner. The plaque on top appears to be of Marie Antoinette, and the other plaques depict birds, cherubs and flowers. The 3.5 inch blue and white enameled dial has Roman numerals with a garland of flowers in the centre. The movement is signed by the renowned French clock making family "Japy Fils", and is complete with pendulum, bell and key. This incredible clock is a must have for any collector of ornamental and decorative pieces. Condition: This clock is in excellent working condition, the movement having been cleaned and serviced, the ormolu case having been polished, in our workshops, please see photos for confirmation. Dimensions in cm: Height 45 x width 34 x depth 12. Dimensions in inches: Height 1 foot, 6 inches x width 1 foot, 1 inch x depth 5 inches. Ormolu (from French 'or moulu', signifying ground or pounded gold) is an 18th century English term for applying finely ground, high-carat gold in a mercury amalgam to an object of bronze. The mercury is driven off in a kiln leaving behind a gold-colored veneer known as 'gilt bronze'. The manufacture of true ormolu employs a process known as mercury-gilding or fire-gilding, in which a solution of nitrate of mercury is applied to a piece of copper, brass, or bronze, followed by the application of an amalgam of gold and mercury. The item was then exposed to extreme heat until the mercury burned off and the gold remained, adhered to the metal object. No true ormolu was produced in France after circa 1830 because legislation had outlawed the use of mercury. Therefore, other techniques were used instead but nothing surpasses the original mercury-firing ormolu method for sheer beauty and richness of color. Electroplating is the most common modern technique. Ormolu techniques are essentially the same as those used on silver, to produce silver-gilt (also known as vermeil). Sèvres Porcelain traces its roots in France to early craftsmen who had small manufacturing operations in such places as Lille, Rouen. St. Cloud, and most notably Chantilly. It is from Chantilly that a cadre of workers migrated to the Chateau de Vincennes near Paris to form a larger porcelain manufactory in 1738. French King Louis XV, perhaps inspired by his rumored relationship with mistress Madame de Pompadour, took an intense interest in porcelain and moved the operation in 1756 to even larger quarters in the Paris suburb of Sevres. Sevres was also conveniently near the home of Madame de Pompadour and the King's own Palace at Versailles. From the outset the king's clear aim was to produce Sevres Porcelain that surpassed the established Saxony works of Meissen and Dresden. Though the French lacked an ample supply of kaolin, a required ingredient for hard-paste porcelain (pate doré), their soft-paste porcelain (pate tendre) was fired at a lower temperature and was thus compatible with a wider variety of colors and glazes that in many cases were also richer and more vivid. Unglazed white Sevres Porcelain "biscuit" figurines were also a great success. However, soft-paste Sevres Porcelain was more easily broken. Therefore, early pieces of Sevres Porcelain that remain intact have become rare indeed. The Sevres Porcelain manufactory always seemed to be in dire financial straits despite the incredibly fine works it produced. In fact, the king's insistence that only the finest items be created may have contributed to the difficulties. Only a limited number of European nobility could afford the extravagant prices demanded for such works. King Louis XV and eventually his heir, the ill-fated Louis XVI, were obliged to invest heavily in the enterprise. Ultimately, the Sevres Porcelain Factory produced items under the name of "Royal" and thus the well-known Sevres mark was born. King Louis XV even mandated laws that severely restricted other porcelain production in France so as to retain a near monopoly for his Sevres Porcelain. The king even willingly became chief salesman for the finest of his products, hosting an annual New Year's Day showing for French nobility in his private quarters at Versailles. He eagerly circulated among potential buyers, pitching the merits of ownership and policing the occasional light-fingered guest. Sevres Porcelain may have indeed given the makers of Meissen and Dresden a run for their money by the end of the 18th century but for the French Revolution. By 1800, the Sevres Porcelain Works were practically out of business due to the economic devastation of the new French Republic. About the time when Napoleon Bonaparte named himself Emperor of France (1804), a new director was named for the Sevres Porcelain Manufactory. Alexandre Brongniart, highly educated in many fields, resurrected Sevres Porcelain. Soft-paste porcelain was eliminated altogether thanks to the earlier discovery of kaolin near Limoges. For four decades until his death, Brongniart presided over monumental progress for Sevres Porcelain, catering not only to Napoleon himself, but at last to include the more financially profitable mid-priced market in the emerging middle class. Japy Freres was founded in 1806 by Frédéric with his sons, Pierre, Fritz and Louis who founded the trademark ‘Japy Freres’. Frédéric Japy (1749-1812) was a pioneer in the "art" of industrialization and manufacturing, not only watches/ clocks, but of manufacturing in general. Watches/ clocks were made individual, by hand, by one or more people and then assembled. Japy started by manufacturing pocket watches and clocks in basic production lines at one place concentrated at Beaucourt (his native town) in France. In very short time the production was more than double the usual way. The "golden age" to the Japy Freres dynasty was during the 1850-1930 years, by manufacturing watches and clocks. Japy Freres also created the machines or modified machines to do this. The company expanded after his death in 1912 and won medals at many international exhibitions throughout the 19th century under the control of his sons, eventually closing in the 1930s.

Dimensions:
Height: 17.72 in (45 cm)Width: 13.39 in (34 cm)Depth: 4.73 in (12 cm)
Materials and Techniques:
Ormolu,Porcelain
Place of Origin:
France
Period:
1860-1869
Date of Manufacture:
circa 1860
Condition:
Seller Location:
London, GB
Reference Number:
Seller: 072651stDibs: LU95064970213