Pencil Abstract Drawings and Watercolors

This expressive lion study captures the majestic presence of the king of the savanna with a delicate balance between abstraction and realism. Using fluid ink washes, the artist evoke...

Delicate strokes and natural hues shape Shiri Phillips' watercolor, ink, and colored pencil artworks, showcasing her exploration of minimalism and organic forms. Departing from her u...

Emily Mason So Slight a Film (from the Lehman Brothers art collection), 1978 Oil on paper Abstract Expressionist painting Signed and dated 'Emily Mason '78' bottom right in pencil Fr...

TUSET (1997, A Coruña, España) Mixed media painting on paper Ready to frame One-of-a-kind Signed on back Includes certificate of authenticity 2021 65 x 50 cm. It belongs to the ser...

This piece titled "residence" is an original artwork made from pencil, maker, acrylic paint collage on panel by Miriam Singer. This piece measures 8"h x 8"w. Miriam Singer grew up i...

In carefully drawn dots and lines in soft shades of indigo blue with pink, green, yellow and dark red details, this intricate composition is inspired by patterns in nature. This draw...

Waterlilies V: Modern, Abstracted Pencil Drawing of Flowers (Waterlilies) graphite drawing on paper Paper size: 16 x 35 inches This grap...

Charmion von Wiegand Intersecting Magic Square, ca. 1963 Gouache on paperboard Signed and titled on the back of the artwork. The signature shown on the frame back is a photo of the actual signature on the artwork itself. Frame Included: elegantly floated and framed in hand made white wood museum frame with UV plexiglass This work is signed and titled on the back of the artwork itself. The signature shown on the back of the frame is a photo of the actual signature, since the actual pencil signature and title is on the artwork itself, which can't be seen within the frame Measurements: Frame: 21 x 17 x 1.5 inches Artwork: 18 x 14.25 inches The Estate of the celebrated artist Charmion Von Wiegand has been represented exclusively by Michael Rosenfeld...

Robert Petersen Eight of Hearts, 1989 Mixed media silkscreen with hand applied acrylic on paper with deckled edges Hand signed, numbered 6/21, dated, and inscribed on the front Uniqu...

Paul Pagk Untitled Geometric Abstraction, 1989 Gouache and watercolor on paper Signed, dated and inscribed "A Jacqueline". Frame included Excellent unique work on paper by contempora...

This large scale drawing is signed and dated ink and closely relates to her sculptures of this period. The dimensions of 23 x 31 inches are the siz...

The Summer Bloom Series is an ongoing project that Shizico Yi returns to each summer, painting en plein air in her garden. She began gardening in 2015 to create a healing space for h...

In carefully drawn dots and lines in soft shades of indigo blue with pink, green, yellow and dark red details, this intricate composition is inspired by patterns in nature. This cont...

Large abstract geometric painting with intricate line work in pencil and gouache on a bright yellow background "Specifically, Nowhere (Yellow)" made by Hudson Valley artist, Donise English, in 2022 gouache, acrylic, pencil, and colored pencil on paper, mounted on panel 48 x 48 inches unframed, 50 x 50 inches with a dark brown stained wood floater frame Surface is protected with four coats of an archival UV protective varnish Signed, verso Excellent condition and ready to hang This large abstract geometric painting was made by Hudson Valley based artist, Donise English, in 2022. The composition begins with a bright yellow background overlaid with intricate line work in graphite and colored pencil. Thousands of hand drawn lines serve as a backdrop for a bold geometric form in a dusty violet and dark gray gridded pattern that references "an imagined city grid", says the artist. The painting on paper is mounted to wood panel and complemented with a dark stained wood floater frame. It's in excellent condition and ready to hang as is. The surface is protected with four coats of an archival UV protective varnish. More about the work: Donise English emphasizes lines, grids, and fields of subtle color to evoke imagined places and invented structures. While precise lines and straight angles are often associated with themes in architecture and urban planning designs, English conveys a geometric motif guided by intuition rather than a ruler. Variations on grids retain flaws and unmistakable traces of the artists’ hand; her style of draftsmanship shies away from intellectualism and instead makes her compositions feel very personal. Each design is intensely intricate, incorporating gouache, acrylic, pen, graphite, ink and colored pencil. Artist Statement: My work is about the way visual diagrams present information that describes how something is made or the way it is. I am interested in drawing and collaging multiple layers of information that refer abstractly to maps, architectural drawings and blueprints or patterns and structures found in such things as roller coasters, power lines and fences. I use gouache and collaged paper in a series of layers that are a visual and ideological response to the previous layer to define my pictorial space. For each piece I create a set of rules to follow about the use of a limited palette, a grid format, opacity of paper and whether a piece may include curving lines or maintain a rectilinear structure. Artist CV: EDUCATION Master of Fine Arts in Painting Bard College 1986 Bachelor of Science in Art History State University College at New Paltz 1977 Additional Study: New York Studio School (Drawing Marathons) Columbia University, School of Architecture Women’s Studio Workshop TEACHING Professor of Studio Art, Department of Art and Art History, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY Coordinator, Interior Design Program, Florence, Italy campus 1992-present AWARDS NYFA Fellowship in Painting 2018 Invitational Award for Outstanding Contemporary Talent, University of Bridgeport, CT 2000 Purchase Prize, “11th National Juried Exhibition” College of Notre Dame of Maryland, Baltimore 1999 First Prize, “Women in the Visual Arts ‘95” Erector Square Gallery, New Haven, CT 1995 Joseph A. Cain Memorial Purchase Award for Sculpture Del Mar College, Corpus Christi, TX 1994 Honorable Mention, “National Juried Exhibition” University of Bridgeport, CT 1993 Individual Artists Fellowship in Sculpture Dutchess Arts Fund 1992/93 Tallix, Morris, Singer Internship in Sculpture Tallix Foundry, Beacon, NY 1990/91 MEMBERSHIP Royal British Society of Sculptors SELECTED JURIED/INVITATIONAL EXHIBITIONS 2020 “edu: Art Faculty of the Hudson Valley”, Hudson Valley MOCA, Peekskill, NY 2019 “Contemporary Abstraction”, Carrie Haddad Gallery, Hudson, NY “Mixed Media”, SITE Gallery, Brooklyn, NY 2018 “JuxtaPositions”, The Painting Center, New York, NY “Peculiar Rarities”, Carrie Haddad Gallery, Hudson, NY 2017 “Interlock: Color and Contrast in Abstraction”, Carrie Haddad Gallery, Hudson, NY “Donise English: Encaustics”, Catskill Art Society, Livingston Manor, NY 2016 “Let’s Stay in Touch”, Howard County Center for the Arts, Ellicott City, MD “Under, Over, After Over”, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 2015 “Off the Grid”, Arts & Culture Program, Albany International Airport, Albany, NY “Gridspace”, KMOCA, Kingston, NY “Abstraction”, Carrie Haddad Gallery, Hudson, NY “Assuming Identity”, NY Institute of Technology, New York, NY 2013 “Modern Artists”, Carrie Haddad Gallery, Hudson, NY “Artists of the Mohawk-Hudson Region”, The Hyde Collection, Glens Falls, NY Stone Canoe/Community Folk Art Center, Syracuse, NY 2012 New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY “Contemporary Painters (Who Just Happen To Be Women)”, Carrie Haddad Gallery, Hudson, NY “Strange Glue: Collage at 100”, Cambridge School, Weston, MA “Dear Mother Nature”, Dorsky Museum, SUNY New Paltz, NY “Fresher Paint”, Rockland Center for the Arts, Nyack, NY Courthouse Gallery, Lake George Arts Project, Lake George, NY 2011 “Process+Content: Donise English”, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY “Donise English-Paintings”,Orange County Community College, Newburgh, NY “Gender Matters/Matters of Gender”, Freedman Gallery, Albright College, Reading, PA 2010 Carrie Haddad Gallery, Hudson, NY “Encaustics: Wax and Image”, Westchester Community College, White Plains, NY “Dots, Lines and Figures”, Carrie Haddad Gallery, Hudson, NY “Spring Awakening”, NY Institute of Technology, New York, NY “Clay City Dreams”, NY Institute of Technology, New York, NY “Texture,Pattern, Fragment”, Krause Gallery, Moses Brown School, Providence, RI 2009 “Collage”, NY Institute of Technology, New York, NY “Working in Wax”, Bedford Gallery, Walnut Creek, CA “Encaustic 2009”, College of New Rochelle, NY “Three Artists”, Carrie Haddad Gallery, Hudson, NY “Convergence: The Human Experience”,Howard County Center for the Arts, MD 2008 “Suckers and Biters: Love, Lollipops, and Exquisite Corpse” Chashama Gallery, New York, NY Carrie Haddad Gallery, Hudson NY 2007 “Patterns and Light”, Blue Hill Gallery, Blue Hill, ME “Suckers and Biters”, AG Gallery, Brooklyn, NY 2006 “100 Artists, 100 Watercolors”, Jeannie Freilich Fine Art, New York, NY “On/Of Paper”,Kirkland Art Center, Clinton, NY “The Love Show”, Manchester Community College, Manchester, CT 2005 The Soap Factory, Minneapolis, MN “Small Tales”, Valdosta State University, Georgia National Juried Exhibition,Art Institute and Gallery Salisbury, MD, Juror: Stephen Haller “Greed, Envy, Jealousy, Fear”, TSL Warehouse, Hudson, NY 2004 “Women in the Middle: Borders, Barriers, Intersections” University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee “Girl Art Now”,Hera Gallery, Wakefield, RI 3 Person Exhibition, Monterey Peninsula College, Monterey, CA “The Feminine Eye”, Bradley University, Peoria, IL “Women Painting Women”, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA “Thought Patterns”, Kent Place Gallery, Summit, NJ “Surface, Matter and Artifice”, Dutchess Community College Art Gallery Poughkeepsie, NY 2003 “Beefcake/Cheesecake”,Orange County Center for Contemporary Art, Santa Ana, CA,Juror: Jamie Wilson, Curator Halpert Bienniel, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC Juror: Jeff Fleming, Senior Curator, Des Moines Art Center “The Great White Oak”, Garrison Art Center, Garrison, NY Carrie Haddad Gallery, Hudson, NY 2002 “Cat Calls”, Red Clay Arts, Brooklyn “Hudson Valley Regional”, SUNY New Paltz Juror: Sydney Jenkins, Director, Ramapo College Art Galleries 2001 One-Person Exhibition, Davis and Hall Gallery, Hudson, NY “Beyond the Surface”, Womanmade Gallery, Chicago One-Person Exhibition, Garrison Art Center, Garrison, NY 2000 “Vision 2000...

Rocio Rodriguez July 8, 2013, 2013 pastel, oil pastel, charcoal and pencil on paper 18 x 24 in. This original oil oil pastel drawing on paper by Rocio Rodriguez features abstracted ...

This experimental painting entitled “Faster! Faster!” by Chicago artist Patrick Fitzgerald continues his series of abstract “track paintings,” initially born as the imagined racetrac...

In this contemporary abstract painting in watercolor and colored pencil on paper, carefully ordered patterns and geometric shapes in lavender purple and golden ochre and delicate geo...

Bright and colorful abstract geometric watercolor with multicolor connected forms cascading in a dynamic vertical composition by Ellwood Graham (American, 1911-2007). Signed "GRAHAM" in the upper right corner, and "Ellwood Graham" on verso. Circa 1961-1966. The title "Indian Dance...

Delicate strokes and natural hues shape Shiri Phillips' watercolor, ink, and colored pencil artworks, showcasing her exploration of minimalism and organic forms. Departing from her u...

Artist: Eduardo Arranz-Bravo, Spanish (1941 - ) Title: Cosmos 4 Year: 2003 Medium: Acrylic and Mixed Media on Paper, signed and dated Paper Size: 15.5 x...

Carefully ordered patterns and geometric shapes in dark indigo and light olive grass green, and delicate lines in bright prismatic colors complement a light teal blue background in t...

Beautiful floral still life by American artist Jane Piper (1916-1991) . Pastel, oil crayon and pencil on tracing paper. Image measuring 13 x 15.5 inches in ...

Ink, graphite and colored pencil on graph paper The final composition measured 28 x 28 inches Annotated #615 in the lower right corner of the sheet Provenance: Francine Seders Galler...

Nam June Paik Untitled, Plate Six from Novecento, 1992 Mixed Media: Color offset lithograph with unique chalk pastel drawing 13 3/10 × 18 inches Hand signed, Edition 104/130 Pencil numbered 104/130, hand signed in pastel chalk on the front Edizioni Carte Segrete, Rome, Italy Excellent condition; held in matting which can be easily removed The matting measures 18" x 21" This was part of a series of works produced for the Nam June Paik retrospective at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Rome, 1992, Nam June Paik: Arti Elletroniche. This is one of the editions which bears unique hand coloring with pastel chalk. A comparable work sold at auction in 2015 for US $12,583. (see details below): Nam June Paik Title Novecento Description Nam June PAI K Novecento 1930-1940, 1992 Pastel sur offset en couleurs, épreuve signée et numérotée 104/130 Edizioni Carte Segrete, Rome 23,5 x 39,5 cm EH Oeuvre réalisée a l'occasion de la rétrospective Paik au Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Rome, 1992, Nam June Paik: Arti Elletroniche, cinema e Media Verso il XXI Secolo Medium pastel Year of Work 1992 Size Height 9.3 in.; Width 15.6 in. / Height 23.5 cm.; Width 39.5 cm. Misc. Signed Sale of Millon & Associés: Monday, June 22, 2015 [Lot 00090] Design Sold For 11,057 EUR Hammer (12,583 USD) Nam June Paik Biography Nam June Paik was born in 1932 in Seoul. He received a BA in aesthetics from the University of Tokyo in 1956 where he also studied music and art history. After graduating, he studied for a year with composer Thrasybulus Georgiades Georgiades at the University of Munich and for two years with composer Woflgang Fortner at the International Music College in Freiburg. He attended the International Summer Courses for New Music in Darmstadt in 1957, when he met Karlheinz Stockhausen, and in 1958, when he met John Cage. Cage, and through him Marcel Duchamp, had a significant influence on Paik as he became a major force in the avant-garde through performances. In Hommage à John Cage (1959), Paik employed audiotape and performance to attack traditional musical instrumentation and compositional practices, splicing together piano playing, screaming, bits of classical music, and sound effects. Realizing that taped sound was not enough, he decided to move into performance, first by introducing performative actions into his audio works. In 1961 Paik performed Simple, Zen for Head and Étude Platonique No. 3, in which he became a volatile figure, thrashing about in unexpected patterns and sudden movements to his signature soundtracks. In 1962 Paik participated in the Fluxus International Festival of the New Music in Weisbaden. Paik's first exhibition, entitled Exposition of Music - Electronic Television, in 1963 at Galerie Parnass at Wuppertal, launched his transition from composer and performance artist to the inventor of a new art form: an engagement with the material site of television as an instrument. In the exhibition, thirteen televisions lay on their backs and sides with their reception altered; for example, Zen for TV (1963) reduced the television picture to a horizontal line and Kuba TV (1963) shrank and expanded the image on the television set according to the changing volume. In 1964 Paik traveled to the US. He quickly settled in New York and became a leading innovator among an emerging generation of artists seeking new modes of artistic expression and distribution. That same year, Paik collaborated with Shuya Abe to create Robot K-456 (1964), a remote controlled robot that played audiotaped speeches by John F. Kennedy and defecated beans in Paik's Robot Opera (1964). In the interactive work Magnet TV (1965), Paik invited viewers to modify the television's output into swerving abstract lines through the movement of a magnet over the TV. In 1967 Paik and frequent collaborator Charlotte Moorman were arrested when Moorman performed Paik's Opera Sextronique (1967), a striptease as she played the cello at the Filmmakers' Cinematheque in New York. Paik's TV Bra for Living Sculpture (1969), which Moorman wore in performances, featured two television tubes...

The Summer Bloom Series is an ongoing project that Shizico Yi returns to each summer, painting en plein air in her garden. She began gardening in 2015 to create a healing space for h...

Signed lower right, 'Mario Cespedes' (Bolivian-American, born 1942) and created circa 1985. Matted dimensions: 24 H x 18 W x .25 D inches. Born in Bolivia, Mario Cespedes immigrated...

Carefully ordered patterns, geometric shapes in indigo, bright blue and dark hunter green and delicate lines in bright prismatic colors complement a teal grayish blue background. Sig...

Richard Garrison collects information from typically overlooked aspects of daily life. Observed data from places like big box stores and parking lots are systematically transformed i...

'Untitled' abstract composition, mixed media on soft board, Japanese ink, oil, pencil and gouache by Erez Yardeni (2018). Beautifully balanced, stunningly...

Robert Petersen Detail Sketch from January 1986, 1991 Pure pigment collage, acrylic painting and drawing Hand-signed by artist, Hand signed, hand initialed, annotated, dated by hand and with date stamp and stamped by artist and inscribed to Dr. Joseph and Mary Bottino Provenance: Bottino family 16 1/2 × 21 inches Unframed Unique Robert Petersen is a longtime collaborator, friend and protege of Robert Rauschenberg. Detail Sketch from January 1986, dated by the artist April 20, 1991, as well as April 1, 1991 and April 19, 1991, hand signed, as well as stamped RP several times, inscribed, and bears instructions"can paint over pink and blues and whites", and initialed. More about Robert Petersen: Robert Petersen was born in 1945 in the small farm town of Le Mars, Iowa and was raised there until 1952 when he moved with his family to Whittier, California. His education as an artist began in 1963 at Fullerton Community College where his interest in architectural drafting led him to develop a passion for drawing, painting, and printmaking. In 1966, he pursued his love for printmaking further at California State University, Long Beach under the former Tamarind Lithography Workshop printer, Robert Evermon. In 1969, Petersen went on to work as an assistant printer at Gemini G.E.L. where he printed editions for Frank Stella, Roy Lichtenstein, and Robert Rauschenberg. Most notably, Petersen served as one of the head printers for Rauschenberg's Stoned Moon series, during which the two formed a close friendship. In late 1970, Rauschenberg invited Petersen to live and work with him on Captiva Island, Florida, which had recently become the artist's permanent residence and studio. In 1971, Rauschenberg and Petersen...

In this contemporary drawing in ink, colored pencil and graphite on archival Fabriano Artistico Paper, carefully drawn dots and lines in soft shades of indigo blue with yellow, teal ...

Dorothy Dehner Untitled Mid Century Modern abstract sculptural drawing, 1955 Marker and graphite on paper Signed and dated by Dorothy Dehner in black felt tip pen on the front Frame ...

Andrea Belag A Second Hand II, 1990 Monotype on cotton rag paper 42 1/2 × 30 inches Hand-signed by artist, Signed, titled and dated in pencil on the front; bears publishers name and copyright on the back, along with the unique inventory number Unframed Poignant 1990 monotype, in elegant pastel colors. The cotton rag paper has lightly deckled edges so it will look gorgeous when floated and framed. American painter Andrea Belag creates lush and luminous abstractions inspired by the visual and spiritual principles of Zen, as well as artists such as Mary Heilmann, Bernard Frize...

In this contemporary drawing on cut paper with carefully drawn dots and lines in soft shades of indigo blue with light pink flowers, the intricate composition is inspired by patterns...

Abstract modernist style still life graphite and acrylic painting inspired by Giorgio Morandi's bottle still life paintings "Morandi II” by Hudson Valley artist, David Dew Bruner, m...

Live Transmission Morgan O'Hara's conceptually based performative drawing researches the vital movement of living beings, the human experience of time and space. It is culturally co...

Figurative abstract cubist style drawing in an antique wood frame, inspired by artwork by Graham Sutherland “Sutherland Project VII” by Hudson Valley artist, David Dew Bruner, made ...

Figurative abstract cubist style drawing inspired by the Infanta Margarita in an antique gold frame “Infanta IV” by Hudson Valley artist, David Dew Bruner, made in 2015 23 x 18 inch...

Michael Heizer III-8 (two pages), 1983 Monoprint on two individual sheets of white handmade TGL paper, hand colored with colored pencils, paint sticks, and liquid and spray acrylic p...

Charles Hinman Untitled Geometric Abstraction (Hand Signed), 1980 Pastel & Graphite painting on Paper Signed and dedicated to "Michael and Rene" in graphite by the artist on the fron...

Abstract black-and-white still life drawing of bottles on a surface by David Dew Bruner graphite on paper 19.5 x 38.5 x 1.75 inches Framed in vintage frame, hangs flush to the wall ...

Large strokes of bright colors are the framework of artist Shiri Phillips’ abstract artworks. Her paintings are flooded with texture through the layering of acrylic paint in fluent b...

The Summer Bloom Series is an ongoing project that Shizico Yi returns to each summer, painting en plein air in her garden. She began gardening in 2015 to create a healing space for h...

James Siena Untitled t-nail drawing (reference: two against two), 1999 Graphite on paper Pencil signed, titled, annotated and dated on the reverse of the sheet (see photos) also penc...

My 80's Hart "Token 4" 2019, gouache, acrylic, graphite, panel, yellow, orange

Artist: Claude Lagouche (French 1943-2020) Claude Lagouche was born January 2, 1943 in Naves, died January 16, 2020. He quickly gained recognition for his talent and his work, exh...

Andrea Belag Untitled, from the Lehman Brothers Art Collection, 2003 Watercolor monotype on paper Pencil signed and dated on the front Framed Gorgeous ...

Graham Vivian Sutherland (British, 1903 – 1980) ‘Thorn cross’ Pencil on paper 6.1/2 x 5.1/2 in. (16.5 x 14 cm)

Black and white pencil drawing sketch of an abstract male figure by Cuba-born artist Alberto Godoy. The work features Godoy's iconic robust figure. The d...

Meg Hitchcock The Luminous Regions of the Sky, 2024 Text from Lucretius’ On the Nature of the Universe, acrylic, graphite, colored pencil 22.5 x 18 in. frame size: 27 x 22.25 in. (Hi...

Large strokes of bright colors are the framework of artist Shiri Phillips’ abstract artworks. Her paintings are flooded with texture through the layering of acrylic paint in fluent b...

This layered paper collage and drawing artwork titled "Mass Study III" is an original artwork by Seth Clark made of paper, charcoal, pastel, graphite, an...

Lux on the 5th (Abstract painting) Acrylic, charcoal and graphite on paper - Unframed. Artwork exclusive to IdeelArt. Adrienn Krahl’s paintings express a profound sense of drama ...

Carefully ordered patterns and geometric shapes in indigo, navy blue and dark eggplant purple with delicate prismatic rainbow lines complement a soft grayish blue background. Signed ...

Shipping in a tube rolled. This drawing is a fresh imprint of the impulse of the liveliness of the present moment. It is done on white watercolor paper using ink and two pastels. Wh...

Krisanne Souter weaves together elements of nature and ancient feminine archetypes, such as the Mother and the Mystic. Botanical themes, playful elements, and unexpected surprises ar...

Abstract drawing on paper of graphic bold lines in an antique wood frame with gold detail Graphite and pale blue colored pencil 28 x 21 inches framed This vertical, black, white and light blue graphite and acrylic drawing was inspired by the Russian Constructivist art movement. The work is drawn in an abstracted cubist style where the artist composes bold white overlapping arcs on a black background with cross hatching details of light blue acrylic. Through the continuous layering of the graphite pencil and acrylic the artist makes interesting thick, shard like shapes. The pale blue acrylic is concentrated at the center of the drawing and radiates outward, creating interesting depth and textural effects. The artist fit the original drawing to a mid century modern wood frame, measuring 28 x 21 inches. The frame exhibits some wear consistent with age, which is an intentional decision made by the artist. About the artist: A recent visit to David Dew Bruner’s train depot converted artist studio in Valatie, NY confirmed that the man does not sleep. Nor has he entirely put to rest the various series of graphite drawings on paper presented in a stunning array of mid-century and antique frames that were exhibited at the gallery last year. The still lives and figures inspired by artists like Velasquez, Morandi, and Lindner are morphing on a continuum of brilliance; the highly graphic influences of the Italian futurists like Giacomo Balla and Marcel du Champs, as well as the more obscure English Vortex movement have taken hold of Bruner’s intuitive approach to design as he channels it into his own drawings. The series of Infanta figures are emboldened with a new perspective and scaled up in size. A recent series of Arcs reference the gestural abstract shapes prevalent in the aesthetic of the Russian Constructivists. These works explore depth, movement, space and repetition that is more about design than reference. Bruner tastefully pairs drawings with a vintage frame from his collection, refashioning mirror frames from the 1960s or hand painting an antique Italian frame...

Delicate strokes and natural hues shape Shiri Phillips' watercolor, ink, and colored pencil artworks, showcasing her exploration of minimalism and organic forms. Departing from her u...