Wood Paintings
to
203
290
178
146
153
308
Overall Width
to
Overall Height
to
211
864
3
15
37
47
28
22
1,150
1,075
283
283
152
111
61
54
47
34
29
25
24
5
358
322
285
23
23
20
10
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
303,707
38,882
23,215
23,127
16,667
47
30
27
27
24
322
119
614
307
Style: Abstract
Medium: Wood
"Nile Delta II" Abstract Mixed Media Painting 96" x 48" inch by Ibrahim Khatab
Located in Culver City, CA
"Nile Delta II" Abstract Mixed Media Painting 96" x 48" inch by Ibrahim Khatab
Ibrahim Khatab was born in Cairo 1984, works as a co-teacher in Cairo University, he mixes between pai...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Mixed Media, Acrylic
VERSO EQUIVALENCE 1 - acrylic, staples, pine wood, cut linen -Abstract geometric
Located in Signal Mountain, TN
This painting by Linda King Ferguson is part of her equivalence series, which began as a feminist project; works that subvert the historically male gaze and a material language speaking of gendered concerns. While typically, King Ferguson paints both sides of the canvas and cuts a flap on the the frontside to reveal the color of the back of the canvas, she unexpectedly does the opposite here. The painting is hung from the "frontside" of the canvas, revealing to us the raw edges of her linen canvas, stapled to the stretchers. Two oblong shapes of pink and red dominate the center of the painting. A thin semioval cut has been made inside of both of these shapes.
Her color choices first came from Helen Molesworth’s essay, Painting With Ambivalence, published in WACK! Art of the Feminist Revolution. The Essay includes a large reproduction of Mary Heilmann’s 1979 painting...
Category
2010s Abstract Geometric Wood Paintings
Materials
Metal
I - Ching Hexagram 3 Chun - 20th Century Oil on Wood Abstract by George De Goya
Located in Watford, Hertfordshire
Professor George De Goya. PhD. MA. FRSA. Born In Budapest, 1915-1992, related to the Spanish artist Goya on his mother’s side. Educated in Budapest and France where he received a de...
Category
1970s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Oil
Leviticus - Late 20th Century Mixed Media on Wood Abstract by George De Goya
Located in Watford, Hertfordshire
Professor George De Goya. PhD. MA. FRSA. Born In Budapest, 1915-1992, related to the Spanish artist Goya on his mother’s side. Educated in Budapest and France where he received a de...
Category
1970s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Mixed Media, Oil
Waves by Kera - Contemporary Geometric Abstraction with black and white
By Kera
Located in DE
Artist: Kera
Geometric abstraction, contemporary painting in yellow, pink, blue
Medium: Acrylics and spraypaint on canvas, framed in thin wood frame.
Size: 120 x 90 cm
Original p...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Spray Paint, Acrylic
Surface Flou - geometric abstract painting
Located in New York, NY
This hand painted piece by Lucchetta is part of the op art series where he is able to catch movement with his unique technique. Lucchetta is challenging himself. His precise stable h...
Category
2010s Abstract Geometric Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Ink, Acrylic, Cardboard
Brave Girl II
Located in New York, NY
Angels Grau is a Catalan artist who spends her time between Barcelona, New York, and a small village located in the breathtaking Priorat, one of the most notorious wine regions in Eu...
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Acrylic
"Green" Sewell Sillman, Op Art Abstract Blue And Green Geometric Composition
Located in New York, NY
Sewell Sillman
Green, circa 1958
Acrylic on masonite
21.5 x 28 inches
Upon attending Black Mountain College in Asheville, North Carolina, Sewell Sillman’s life was arguably altered...
Category
1950s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Masonite, Acrylic
Texture Golden 2019 - Geometric Abstract
Located in New York, NY
This hand painted piece by Lucchetta is part of the op art series where he is able to catch movement with his unique technique. Lucchetta is challenging himself. His precise stable h...
Category
2010s Abstract Geometric Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Ink, Acrylic, Cardboard
Dynamic Superface 2019 - Geometric Abstract
Located in New York, NY
This hand painted piece by Lucchetta is part of the op art series where he is able to catch movement with his unique technique. Lucchetta is challenging himself. His precise stable h...
Category
2010s Abstract Geometric Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Paper, Ink, Acrylic, Cardboard
Untitled 028 - Geometric Abstraction with turquoise, black and blue
By Kera
Located in DE
Artist: Kera
Geometric abstraction in white, yellow, black and blue
Medium: Acrylics and spraypaint on canvas, framed in thin wood frame.
Size: 130 x 90 cm
Original painting
___...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Spray Paint, Acrylic
"Cactus Triptych" Abstract Painting (Triptych) 47" x 75" inch by YASMINE HASSAN
Located in Culver City, CA
"Cactus Triptych" Abstract Painting (Triptych) 47" x 75" inch by YASMINE HASSAN
Yasmine Hassan’s still life portrayals of cacti and other stark foliage can scarcely be described as ...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Expressionist Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Mixed Media
Yvette Cohen, Swimming On Air #13, 2017, Canvas, Wood, Acrylic Paint, Graphite
By Yvette Cohen
Located in Darien, CT
Yvette Cohen makes art that transforms space.
Her oil paintings of geometric masses of color on shaped canvas look sculptural, but mount flat on the wall. Paintings become objects ...
Category
2010s Abstract Geometric Wood Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Acrylic, Graphite
Electric Brainwave By Troy Smith With Gilt Frame Fine Art Abstract Art
Located in Toronto, CA
"Electric Brainwave" bursts with vibrant energy reminiscent of neural activity or the rapid movement of thoughts through the human mind. The composition features bold splashes of yel...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Acrylic, Canvas
Green surface 2021 - geometric abstract painting
Located in New York, NY
This hand-painted piece by Lucchetta is part of the op art series where he is able to catch movement with his unique technique. Lucchetta is challenging himself. His precise stable h...
Category
2010s Abstract Geometric Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Ink, Acrylic, Cardboard
Golden texture 2023 - geometric abstract painting
Located in New York, NY
This hand-painted piece by Lucchetta is part of the op art series where he is able to catch movement with his unique technique. Lucchetta is challenging himself. His precise stable h...
Category
2010s Abstract Geometric Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Ink, Acrylic, Cardboard
"7 Koi" Expressionist Brightly Colored Koi Underwater in Red/Yellow/Blue/Green
By Linda Holt
Located in Wellesley, MA
"7 Koi" is a complex work of koi fish swimming underwater filled with light and brilliant color painted in a lush and fluid style bordering on abstraction. Fish are in shades of ...
Category
2010s Abstract Expressionist Wood Paintings
Materials
Oil, Masonite
Portico, painting on masonite, Signed, Estate of gallerist Andre Zarre, Framed
Located in New York, NY
Sonia Gechtoff
Untitled portico, from the estate of gallerist Andre Zarre, 1977
Acrylic and graphite on masonite
Signed and dated '77 in graphite on the front
Unique
Provenance: Acqu...
Category
1970s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Masonite, Acrylic, Graphite
Onde Cyan
Located in PARIS, FR
Pearlescent wave series, in aluminum with mixed media and pearlescent enamel on wood.
Wall sculpture is sold with it's certificate of authenticity.
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Metal
$4,800 Sale Price
20% Off
"HARLEM CANDU" Abstract Mixed media painting 48" x 96" inch by Cameron Michel
Located in Culver City, CA
"HARLEM CANDU" Abstract Mixed media painting 48" x 96" inch by Cameron Michel
Michel has been an apprentice to established artists Matthew Barney (NY), Sterling Ruby (LA), and The H...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Expressionist Wood Paintings
Materials
Resin, Wood, Mixed Media, Acrylic
"Murel", from the Series "Restful home"
Located in Palm Beach, FL
Kim Jeong Yeon - Contemporary Conceptual Korean painter and installation Artist, based in Seoul South Korea.
Kim is recognized for her installations ...
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Stone
$95,000 Sale Price
20% Off
Untitled by Enzio Wenk, 2017 - Acrylic Paint on Masonite, Abstract Expressionism
By Enzio Wenk
Located in Bresso, IT
Acrylic paint on masonite.
The frame was painted by the artist.
Category
2010s Abstract Expressionist Wood Paintings
Materials
Masonite, Acrylic
"Luzar IV" Abstract
By Tina Fuentes
Located in Soquel, CA
Lovely abstract titled 'Luzar IV' by Tina Fuentes (American, b. 1949), 2005. Mixed media using oils and tissue paper on wood panel. Titled, signed and dated on bottom and on verso. I...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Expressionist Wood Paintings
Materials
Oil, Plywood
$2,400 Sale Price
20% Off
Organized Chaos By Troy Smith Acrylic On Birch Panel with Epoxy Resin
Located in Toronto, CA
"Organized Chaos" is a striking exploration of movement and contrast rendered in bold, abstract form. Painted on a solid birch panel, the piece features dynamic white brushstrokes se...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Gold
Constructions by Laura Petrovich Cheney Contemporary Geometric Wood Artwork
Located in DE
Vibrant colors arranged in bold rectangles form a striking artwork. Measuring 92 x 92, this piece explores the diverse sizes and shapes possible in the humble rectangle. Its captiva...
Category
2010s Abstract Geometric Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Paint
Dressing Screen (Paravent) by French Artist Marielle Guégan, Room Divider
Located in Paris, FR
More than Art an installation, this exquise painted screen paravent is painted in both side ( back side from the picture number 11 ).
Each panel is 4...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Mixed Media, Acrylic
Adventurous Bottle - Mid 20th Century Oil on Wood Abstract by George De Goya
Located in Watford, Hertfordshire
Professor George De Goya. PhD. MA. FRSA. Born In Budapest, 1915-1992, related to the Spanish artist Goya on his mother’s side. Educated in Budapest and France where he received a degree in philosophy from the Sorbonne, Paris. Returned to Budapest to study art at the Fine Arts Academy, then continued his studies at the Academie Julienne, Paris, where he was influenced by the post impressionist artists including Picasso, Salvadore, Dali and Chagall. His motto was “history is the inevitable conveyance of great situations by great personalities.”
He came to England due to the Hungarian uprising in 1956 where he taught history of art and art appreciation.
Started receiving commissions for book and commercial illustrations...
Category
1970s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Oil
$1,006 Sale Price
20% Off
Laddie John Dill, Robert Rauschenberg protege signed mixed media painting Unique
Located in New York, NY
Laddie John Dill
Untitled Mixed Media painting, 2011
Cement, polymer, wood, mixed media on board
12 × 18 × 1 1/2 inches
Signed and dated on the back
Unique work
This exquisite unique...
Category
2010s Abstract Expressionist Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Acrylic Polymer, Mixed Media, Permanent Marker
"TRANSURANIC SIEVERT" Abstract Painting 48" x 96" inch by Cameron Michel
Located in Culver City, CA
"TRANSURANIC SIEVERT" Abstract Mixed media painting 48" x 96" inch by Cameron Michel
Michel has been an apprentice to established artists Matthew Barney (NY)...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Expressionist Wood Paintings
Materials
Resin, Wood, Mixed Media, Acrylic
The Kite - Late 20th Century Oil on Wood Abstract - Dalí Style by George De Goya
Located in Watford, Hertfordshire
Professor George De Goya. PhD. MA. FRSA. Born In Budapest, 1915-1992, related to the Spanish artist Goya on his mother’s side. Educated in Budapest and France where he received a de...
Category
1970s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Oil
White fabric 2019 - abstract painting
Located in New York, NY
This hand painted piece by Lucchetta is part of the op art series where he is able to catch movement with his unique technique. Lucchetta is challenging himself. His precise stable h...
Category
2010s Abstract Geometric Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Ink, Acrylic, Cardboard
Dynamic Structures - geometric abstract painting
Located in New York, NY
This hand-painted piece by Lucchetta is part of the op art series where he is able to catch movement with his unique technique. Lucchetta is challenging himself. His precise stable h...
Category
2010s Abstract Geometric Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Ink, Acrylic, Cardboard
"Waterfall in the Forest, " Original Abstract Landscape signed by David Barnett
Located in Milwaukee, WI
"Waterfall in the Forest" is an original acrylic painting on masonite by David Barnett, signed on the verso. The work breaks down the image of the title to its most basic colors and ...
Category
1960s Abstract Expressionist Wood Paintings
Materials
Masonite, Acrylic
Old Flame (Abstract painting)
By Emily Berger
Located in London, GB
Old Flame (Abstract painting)
Oil on wood - Unframed.
She layers paint in gestural, horizontal swaths from left to right, stacking the horizontal bands from top to bottom of the surf...
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Oil
Pearlescent Wave - White
Located in PARIS, FR
Pearlescent wave series, in aluminum with mixed media and pearlescent enamel on wood.
Wall sculpture is sold with it's certificate of authenticity.
Can be purchased individually or a...
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Metal
Rachet Red (Abstract Painting)
Located in London, GB
Rachet Red (Abstract Painting)
Oil on wood and found wood. Unframed.
Feinberg has been working for many years in oil on wood or oil paint with found wood.
Color is her predominan...
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Oil
"Clover Valley II, " Mixed Media Kite
Located in Chicago, IL
Chicago-based artist Michael Thompson creates unique kites crafted from split bamboo frames covered with stretched muslin and a collage of vintage Asian ephemera—including fragments ...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Muslin, Silk, Wood, Ink, Rice Paper
Rachet Red (Abstract Painting)
Located in London, GB
Rachet Red (Abstract Painting)
Oil on wood and found wood. Unframed.
Feinberg has been working for many years in oil on wood or oil paint with found wood.
Color is her predominan...
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Oil
Colorful Portrait Painting on Board by Peter Keil w Tiffany Blue Background
By Peter Keil
Located in Hudson, NY
This modern abstract painting by Peter Keil is on a smooth masonite board with a painted Tiffany Blue background, black abstract portrait. Here you ...
Category
Late 20th Century Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Masonite, Acrylic, Board
Gladiola & Cleome
Located in Summit, NJ
Gorgeous oil on board by Robin Reynolds. Abstract floral with every color imaginable creating a glorious arrangement.
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Oil, Board
Belgian Contemporary Art by Jean-Roch Focant - La Momie
Located in Paris, IDF
Pigments, sand glue & acrylic on wood
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Glue, Acrylic, Pigment
$2,720 Sale Price
20% Off
Belgian Contemporary Art by Jean-Roch Focant - Le Fond du Pot Rouge
Located in Paris, IDF
Pigments, sand glue & acrylic on wood
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Glue, Acrylic, Pigment
$1,000 Sale Price
20% Off
Belgian Contemporary Art by Jean-Roch Focant - Carré Rouge Souligné Jaune
Located in Paris, IDF
Pigments, sand glue & acrylic on wood
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Glue, Acrylic, Pigment
$1,000 Sale Price
20% Off
1970 Abstract large Mixed Media “FORMA” by Robertino Fatica - Black & Brown
Located in Rancho Santa Fe, CA
Robertino Fatica was born in 1948 in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1970 he completed a three-year program at the Cooper School of Art in Cleveland. Following that, Fatica served in the U.S. Ar...
Category
1970s Abstract Geometric Wood Paintings
Materials
Masonite, Mixed Media, Tape
Tulips & Daffodil
Located in Summit, NJ
Gorgeous oil on board by Robin Reynolds. Abstract floral with vibrant colors that create a glorious arrangement.
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Oil, Board
North Shore: abstract painting evoking a night ocean landscape w/ blue & purple
Located in Bryn Mawr, PA
This is an abstract acrylic painting on masonite board evoking a night time seascape or ocean landscape. Predominant colors are blues and purples. Signed "Jomac" lower right, also s...
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Masonite, Acrylic
The Star of the Three Ways - 20th Century Oil on Wood Abstract by De Goya
Located in Watford, Hertfordshire
Professor George De Goya. PhD. MA. FRSA. Born In Budapest, 1915-1992, related to the Spanish artist Goya on his mother’s side. Educated in Budapest and France where he received a de...
Category
1970s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Oil
$1,342 Sale Price
20% Off
M. Bultrini 15 Blue Big collage "GRAND BLUE"2006 original abstract
Located in CORAL GABLES - MIAMI, FL
"GRAND BLUE"2006 original abstract mixed media painting
Beautiful composition by the Italian artist
Mixed technique and combustion on wood.
Perfect state.
BULTRINI, Mateo (Rome 197...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Mixed Media
Finding Paradise By Troy Smith With Gilt Frame Fine Art Abstract Art
Located in Toronto, CA
Large vibrant abstract painting with extensive palette marks. Crisis crossing colours of blue, yellow and green on a bright red background. Tremendous energy is found in this paintin...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Acrylic, Wood
Stripes S3
Located in King, ON
This artwork is signed by artist on the back. Signed certificate of authenticity. Acrylic on Wood Panel in floating frame. This work will be shipped in a box. Ready to hang.
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Acrylic
Blue Solace
Located in Boston, MA
Artist Commentary:
meditative piece inspired by summer vacations on Cape Cod fresh air vitality life force rejuvenation
Words that describe this piece: blue,meditation,monochrome,e...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Acrylic, Wood
Untitled 10 and 9, Diptych. From Mexican Ryōan-ji Series
Located in Miami Beach, FL
Ryōan-ji is the Japanese Zen temple in Kyoto, a monastery that gave rise to the idea of the purely abstract Zen garden that inspired this series Francisco Larios’ works are done by...
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Gold Leaf
Mégalithes. Large Scale Abstract Expressionist Mixed Media Wall Sculpture
Located in Cotignac, FR
Large Abstract Expressionist mixed media from the 'Megaliths' series by French artist Joseph Alessandri. Signed to the front bottom left side and dated 99 and signed with a reference...
Category
Late 20th Century Abstract Geometric Wood Paintings
Materials
Metal
$3,626 Sale Price
27% Off
Eternal Flame III - Koi Carp - Print on Museum Glass with Gold and Silver leaf
Located in London, GB
"The bottomless depths of a private koi pond in a Sussex garden. Dancing light, rhythmic flow and a coloured whirl of so many flashing fins, all help to convey the dark mystery of a life below the surface"
ETERNAL FLAME III, 2017
Printed on museum glass, hand finished with White Gold and Silver leaf
30 x 30 cm image glass size/ 31 x 31 cm/ 12.2 x 12.2 inches (Framed)
From edition of 5
Series: Southern Song
Each piece is individually hand finished by the artist with White Gold and Silver leaf giving the piece its own unique style.
Larger dimensions available from limited edition of 5 also available and made upon order.
The beauty of the pieces printed on glass are truly revealed when seen in the flesh, which shimmer in the daylight and change constantly as different light sources are reflected off the print.
"I am primarily driven by an exploration of colour and form. My objective is to bring an emotional element and aesthetic balance to my work. I try to depict the subtleties of the landscape and am happiest making images from the smallest, most insignificant detail - the challenge being to portray the essence of what is about my subject matter that has taken my eye." - Valda Bailey...
Category
2010s Abstract Impressionist Wood Paintings
Materials
Gold, Silver, Gold Leaf
$2,237 Sale Price
20% Off
Strata
Located in Boston, MA
Artist Commentary:
the series Strata explores pure abstraction and a reference to natural formations
Words that describe this piece: strata,nature,deep colors,lines,mixed media
Ar...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Acrylic, Wood
"Ikea Alang" Encaustic Geometric Abstract painting in aqua, blue, yellow green
By Joanne Ungar
Located in New York, NY
This cast wax wall panel painting contains blues in aqua and turquoise which blend into a gradient, with warm earth tones emerging amongst violet and yellow green undertones.
21"x3...
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Wood, Wax, Cardboard
$4,360 Sale Price
20% Off
Bauhaus
Located in King, ON
This abstract painting from new Series “Bauhaus” is inspired by architectural style Baushaus, minimalism, modern art and hard edge.
This work is signed, dated and tilted by Artist on...
Category
2010s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Gesso, Wood
New Orleans
Located in Wilton Manors, FL
Harry Dunn (1929-1998). Island People, ca. 1970. Oil on masonite panel, 18 x 30 inches; 24 x 36 inches framed. Signed lower right. Excellent condition.
Du...
Category
1970s Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Masonite, Oil
$4,000 Sale Price
20% Off
Untitled 046 by Kera - Contemporary Geometric Abstraction with black and white
By Kera
Located in DE
Artist: Kera
Geometric abstraction, contemporary painting in yellow, pink, blue
Medium: Acrylics and spraypaint on wood, framed in thin wood frame.
Size: 90 x 180 cm
Original p...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Spray Paint, Acrylic
Pink Flow by Kera - Contemporary Geometric Abstraction with black and white
By Kera
Located in DE
Artist: Kera
Geometric abstraction, contemporary painting in yellow, pink, blue
Medium: Acrylics and spraypaint on canvas, framed in thin wood frame.
Size: 160 x 90 cm
Original p...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Wood Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Spray Paint, Acrylic
Wood paintings for sale on 1stDibs.
Find a wide variety of authentic Wood paintings available on 1stDibs. While artists have worked in this medium across a range of time periods, art made with this material during the 21st Century is especially popular. If you’re looking to add paintings created with this material to introduce a provocative pop of color and texture to an otherwise neutral space in your home, the works available on 1stDibs include elements of blue, pink, green, yellow and other colors. There are many well-known artists whose body of work includes ceramic sculptures. Popular artists on 1stDibs associated with pieces like this include Hunt Slonem, Nemo Jantzen, Robert Richter, and Enzio Wenk. Frequently made by artists working in the Abstract, Contemporary, all of these pieces for sale are unique and many will draw the attention of guests in your home. Not every interior allows for large Wood paintings, so small editions measuring 0.1 inches across are also available
Read More
At 89, Artist Lucio Pozzi Is Reaching New Career Heights
The Italian-American’s 2020 abstract painting “The Hoe” personifies his “art of not knowing.”
Brooklyn Artist Angel Otero’s Abstract Works Tell a Unique Story about Art and Heritage
In his current show at New York's Lehmann Maupin gallery, the Puerto Rican–born talent reveals new paintings with a semiautobiographical aspect.