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Bruno PaulSelf-portrait - Homo nudus -1895
1895
About the Item
Bruno Paul (1874 Seifhennersdorf - 1968 Berlin). Self-portrait, c. 1895. Pencil on paper, mounted on cardboard, 53.5 x 35 cm, signed 'Paul' at upper left.
- Homo nudus -
About the artwork
In a mirrored situation, Bruno Paul looks at himself in the picture. While his body, which is the size of the format, is shown in profile parallel to the picture, he turns his head into the picture in order to become aware of himself there, whereby the lighter use of the drawing tool indicates that this is another level of reality - a mirror image, to be precise. The encounter with himself is a sober introspection of his own 'naked actuality'. A stock-taking beyond academic idealisation, whose point of departure and destination is the realisation addressed simultaneously to the observer: "I am what I am". And one's own form of existence is certainly deformed, which becomes particularly apparent when Paul portrays himself in the final position, directly challenging an academic view of the body. Piquantly, he has made this self-exploration on the inside cover of a portfolio of embroidered representations that serve as models for the study of fine forms of beauty.
Despite the realism of an unadorned, truthful self-portrait, there is an inscrutability. The sitter remains hidden from himself, as evidenced by the distanced gaze of self-observation. Accordingly, one half of the sitter's face appears to be erased in the mirror image.
Here Bruno Paul creates a self-portrait that is unique in his oeuvre and that, in the form of a pictorial self-reflection, poignantly illustrates the experience of self-alienation in modernity.
Alfred Ziffer (ed.): Bruno Paul. Deutsche Raumkunst und Architektur zwischen Jugendstil und Moderne, Münchner Stadtmuseum, Munich 1992, cat. No. 5, p. 26. There identified as a "Male Nude" of 1894/95.
About the artist
Bruno Paul's talent for drawing led him to study at the 'Kunstgewerbeschule' in Dresden from 1890 to 1893, while working as a draughtsman. From 1894 Paul studied under Paul Höcker at the Academy of Fine Arts, while also attending lectures at the Technical University. Between 1896 and 1900 he contributed graphic illustrations to the magazine 'Jugend' and between 1897 and 1906 numerous illustrations to the magazine 'Simplicissimus'. He also produced book illustrations and exhibition posters.
In 1898, together with Bernhard Pankok, Richard Riemerschmid and Hermann Obrist, he founded the 'Münchner Vereinigte Werkstätten für Kunst im Handwerk', designing furniture, textiles, wallpaper, carpets and metalwork. Paul was also one of the founding members of the 'Münchner Vereinigung für angewandte Kunst', established in 1903, whose aims anticipated those of the 'Deutscher Werkbund', of which Paul was also a co-founder.
The prizes Paul received for interior design in Paris (1900), St Louis (1904) and Dresden (1906) led to his appointment in 1907 as head of the teaching department at the Museum of Decorative Arts in Berlin, which Wilhelm von Bode secured against Kaiser Wilhelm II, despite Paul's earlier caricatures in Simplicissimus. With the construction and lavish furnishing of 'Haus Westend' for the director of the Berlin branch of the Vereinigte Werkstätten in 1908, Paul became a sought-after architect among the Berlin bourgeoisie, who also commissioned him to furnish ships of the Norddeutscher Lloyd. From 1907 to 1908 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and from 1909 to 1910 the future Bauhaus architect Adolf Meyer worked in Bruno Paul's office.
In 1908 Paul developed the first 'Type Furniture Programme' and in 1911 the 'Series Furniture', which was produced at the Deutsche Werkstätten in Dresden-Hellerau until 1942. In 1910 Paul was entrusted with the artistic direction of the German section at the World Exhibition in Brussels. After his admission to the Prussian Academy of Arts in 1919, Paul focused his reform efforts increasingly on the field of state art education and published the programmatic paper 'Erziehung der Künstler an staatlichen Schulen'.
In 1924, he brought about the unification of the Unterrichtsanstalt and the Hochschule der bildenden Künste to form the Vereinigte Staatsschule für freie und angewandte Kunst - today's Universität der Künste Berlin. In 1925, Paul acquired the Richmodishaus in Cologne and founded the Vereinigte Zoo-Werkstätten in Berlin, initially producing lamps and later furniture. After international successes that consolidated Paul's leading role in the field of artistic interior design, he was forced to resign when the Nazis seized power. Together with Ernst Barlach, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Emil Rudolf Weiß, he was expelled from the Academy in 1937 for being "politically unreliable". Despite this, Paul was held in high esteem by Adolf Hitler, who included him on his "Gottbegnadetenliste" (list of those blessed by God), thus saving him from war service. After the war, Paul worked as an architect on the reconstruction of Höxter and Düsseldorf. In 1948 he turned down an appointment as president of the German Academy in East Berlin. In 1955 he was reinstated by the Akademie der Künste. In 1957 he moved to Berlin, where he died in 1968 at the age of 94.
Selected Bibliography
Alfred Ziffer (Hg.): Bruno Paul. Deutsche Raumkunst und Architektur zwischen Jugendstil und Moderne, Münchner Stadtmuseum, München 1992.
Sonja Günther: Bruno Paul. 1874–1968, Berlin 1992.
Andreas Strobl; Barbara Palmbach: Bruno Paul. Simplicissimus, München 2003.
Ralph Musielski: Bau-Gespräche. Architekturvisionen von Paul Scheerbart, Bruno Taut und der "Gläsernen Kette", Berlin 2003.
GERMAN VERSION
Bruno Paul (1874 Seifhennersdorf - 1968 Berlin). Selbstporträt, um 1895. Bleistift auf Papier, auf Karton aufgezogen, 53,5 x 35 cm, links oben signiert "Paul.".
- Homo nudus -
zum Werk
In einer Spiegelsituation steht sich Bruno Paul innerhalb des Bildes selbst gegenüber. Während sein formatdurchmessender Körper in der bildparallelen Profilansicht gezeigt ist, wendet er sich mit dem Kopf ins Bild hinein, um dort seiner selbst ansichtig zu werden, wobei der leichtere Auftrag des Zeichenwerkzeugs anzeigt, dass es sich hier um eine andere Realitätsebene - eben um ein Spiegelbild - handelt. Die Selbstbegegnung ist eine nüchterne Selbstbetrachtung der eigenen 'nackten Tatsächlichkeit'. Eine Bestandsaufnahme jenseits akademischer Idealisierung, dessen Ausgangs- und Zielpunkt die zugleich an den vom Spiegelbild adressierten Betrachter gerichtete Erkenntnis ist: "Ich bin, der ich bin." Und die eigene Daseinsform weist durchaus Unförmigkeiten auf, die besonders auffällig werden, indem sich Paul in der Schlussstellung porträtiert, was eine akademische Körperbetrachtung geradewegs herausfordert. Pikanterweise hat er diese Selbsterkundung auf der Innenseites des Einbanddeckels einer Mappe für Stickerei-Darstellungen angefertigt, die als Vorlagen zum Studium feiner Schönheitsformen dienen.
Trotz der Realistik einer ungeschönt wahrhaftigen Selbstdarstellung besteht dennoch eine Unfassbarkeit. Der Porträtierte bleibt sich selbst verborgen, wovon der in der Selbstbeobachtung sich selbst gegenüber distanzierte Blick zeugt. Dementsprechend erscheint die eine Gesichtshälfte im Spiegelbild wie ausgelöscht.
Bruno Paul schafft hier ein innerhalb seines Oeuvres einzigartigen Selbstporträt, das in Form einer bildlichen Selbstreflexion auf ergreifende Weise die Erfahrung der Selbstentfremdung der Moderne veranschaulicht.
Alfred Ziffer (Hg.): Bruno Paul. Deutsche Raumkunst und Architektur zwischen Jugendstil und Moderne, Münchner Stadtmuseum, München 1992, Kat. Nr. 5, S. 26. Dort als "Männlicher Akt" von 1894/95 ausgewiesen.
zum Künstler
Aufgrund seiner zeichnerischen Begabung absolvierte Bruno Paul von 1890 bis 1893 eine Ausbildung an der Kunstgewerbeschule Dresden und nebenher ein Praktikum als Bauzeichner. Seit 1894 studierte Paul dann bei Paul Höcker an der Kunstakademie und besuchte parallel dazu Vorlesungen an der Technischen Hochschule. Zwischen 1896 und 1900 lieferte er grafische Beiträge für die „Jugend“ und von 1897 bis 1906 zahlreiche Illustrationen für den „Simplicissimus“. Daneben fertigte er Buchillustrationen und Ausstellungsplakate an.
1898 gründete er zusammen mit Bernhard Pankok, Richard Riemerschmid und Hermann Obrist die "Münchner Vereinigten Werkstätten für Kunst im Handwerk" und entwarf Möbel, Textilien, Tapeten, Teppiche und Metallarbeiten. Zudem gehörte Paul zu den Gründungsmitgliedern der 1903 in Leben gerufenen „Münchner Vereinigung für angewandte Kunst“, deren Zielsetzungen das Programm des "Deutschen Werkbundes" vorwegnahmen, zu dessen Initiatoren Paul ebenfalls gehörte.
Die Auszeichnungen für Raumausstattungen, die Paul in Paris (1900), St. Louis (1904) und Dresden (1906) zu teil wurden, führten 1907 zu seiner Berufung als Leiter der Unterrichtsanstalt am Kunstgewerbemuseum in Berlin, die Wilhelm von Bode, trotz Pauls früherer Karikaturen im Simplicissimus, gegen Kaiser Wilhelm II. durchsetzte. Mit dem Bau und der aufwendigen Ausstattung von „Haus Westend“ für den Direktor der Berliner Filiale der Vereinigten Werkstätten 1908 wurde Paul zum gefragten Architekten des Berliner Großbürgertums, der auch für die Ausstattung von Schiffen der Norddeutschen Lloyd herangezogen wurde. Von 1907 bis 1908 war Ludwig Mies van der Rohe und zwischen 1909 und 1910 der spätere Bauhausarchitekt Adolf Meyer im Architekturbüro Bruno Pauls tätig.
1908 entwickelte Paul das erste „Typenmöbel-Programm“ und 1911 die „Serien-Möbel“, die bis 1942 an den Deutschen Werkstätten in Dresden-Hellerau hergestellt wurden. 1910 wurde Paul mit der künstlerischen Leitung der Deutschen Abteilung auf der Weltausstellung in Brüssel betraut. Nach seiner Aufnahme in die Preußische Akademie der Künste, 1919, verlegte Paul seine Reformbemühungen verstärkt in den Bereich der staatlichen Kunstausbildung und gab die programmatische Schrift „Erziehung der Künstler an staatlichen Schulen“ heraus. 1924 erwirkte er die Vereinigung der Unterrichtsanstalt und der Hochschule der bildenden Künste zur „Vereinigten Staatsschule für freie und angewandte Kunst“ - die heutige Universität der Künste Berlin.
1925 erwarb Paul das „Richmodishaus“ in Köln und richtete in Berlin die „Vereinigten Zoo-Werkstätten“ ein, die zunächst Lampen und später auch Möbel herstellten. Nach internationalen Erfolgen, die Pauls führende Rolle auf dem Gebiet der künstlerischen Wohngestaltung befestigten, musste er mit der Machtergreifung der Nationalsozialisten sein Amt niederlegen. 1937 wurde er zusammen mit Ernst Barlach, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe und Emil Rudolf Weiß als "politisch unzuverlässig" aus der Kunstakademie ausgeschlossen. Dennoch wurde Paul von Adolf Hitler geschätzt, der Paul in dessen "Gottbegnadeten-Liste" aufnahm, was ihn vor einem Kriegseinsatz bewahrte. Nach dem Krieg betätigte sich Paul in Höxter und Düsseldorf als Architekt am Wiederaufbau. Die Berufung zum Präsident der Deutschen Akademie in Berlin-Ost 1948 lehnte er ab. 1955 wurde er von der Akademie der Künste rehabilitiert. 1957 übersiedelte er nach Berlin, wo er 1968 im Alter von 94 Jahren starb.
Auswahlbibliographie
Alfred Ziffer (Hg.): Bruno Paul. Deutsche Raumkunst und Architektur zwischen Jugendstil und Moderne, Münchner Stadtmuseum, München 1992.
Sonja Günther: Bruno Paul. 1874–1968, Berlin 1992.
Andreas Strobl; Barbara Palmbach: Bruno Paul. Simplicissimus, München 2003.
Ralph Musielski: Bau-Gespräche. Architekturvisionen von Paul Scheerbart, Bruno Taut und der "Gläsernen Kette", Berlin 2003.

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