Candlesticks
to
233
1,382
423
1,222
3,029
885
526
1,378
772
91
38
115
183
70
220
345
323
167
54
555
254
149
17
15
14
14
11
10
10
8
8
5
4
3
2
1
967
429
209
157
144
770
570
1,068
506
275
206
152
Height
to
Width
to
1,382
1,382
1,382
41
38
34
24
23
Candlesticks For Sale
Period: Mid-20th Century
Period: 1730s
Kai Blomqvist Pair Of Candel Holders In Silver, Kultakeskus Oy 1965
Located in Helsinki, FI
Pair of elegant candle holders desgined by Kai Blomqvist and manufactured by Kultakeskus Oy back in 1965. Both pieces have a series of markings and stamp...
Category
1960s Finnish Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Silver
Pair of Walnut and Pewter Candlesticks by Paul Evans and Phillip Powell
Located in Toledo, OH
Pair of Walnut and Pewter Candlesticks by Paul Evans and Phillip Powell. circa 1950s. A design from Designer's Inc, an early collaboration between Paul Evans and Phillip Lloyd Powell...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Pewter
Seguso Vetri d’Arte Murano Black and White Scavo Glass Candle Holder
Located in Troy, MI
Single tall Murano glass candle stick in black glass with white speckles by Segusa Vetri d’Arte, circa 1970s. Excellent vintage condition wit...
Category
Mid-20th Century Italian Mid-Century Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Murano Glass
Pair of Danish Modern Rosewood Candlesticks
Located in San Diego, CA
A gorgeous pair of highly polished Danish modern rosewood candlesticks, circa 1960's. The taller candlestick is 10" high and 1.62" in diameter; the small one is 6.25" high and 1.5" i...
Category
Mid-20th Century Danish Scandinavian Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Rosewood
Gunnar Ander for Ystad Metall, Two Candlesticks in Brass and Blue Art Glass
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Gunnar Ander for Ystad Metall. Two candlesticks in brass and blue art glass shaped like flowers. 1950s.
Measures: 9 x 7.5 cm.
In excellent condition.
Category
1950s Swedish Scandinavian Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Brass
Three Art Deco Pewter Candlesticks Signed by Nils Fougstedt and Made 1937
Located in Stockholm, SE
Three elegant, functionalist Art Deco pewter candlesticks by Nils Fougstedt made 1937. Embossed stripes around the sphere. Signed and stamped Nils Fougstedt and FAK, L8, Svenskt Tenn...
Category
1930s European Scandinavian Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Pewter
A group of 3 Candlesticks Brass - Sweden Mid century
Located in Stockholm, SE
A group of 3 beautiful candlesticks in brass (not solid brass). They are between 23 - 31 cm tall and in excellent condition except from some marks and scratches, They’ve released sli...
Category
1940s Swedish Scandinavian Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Brass
Handcrafted Copper Candle Holder by Mussbach Metall, West Germany
Located in Göteborg, SE
Handmade copper candle holder by Mussbach Metall, West Germany, mid-20th century. Features a hammered copper base with a warm, speckled patina and a sculptural form. The top holds a ...
Category
1960s German Mid-Century Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Copper
Set of Ten Swedish 'Liljan' Brass Candleholders by Ystad
Located in Brooklyn, NY
Five pairs of "Liljan" brass candleholders by Ivar Ålenius Björk. Though identical in size, each pair differs slightly in patina and branding (likely based on production period varia...
Category
1960s Swedish Mid-Century Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Brass
Brass Candlesticks by Jens Quistgaard for Dansk, Set of 6
By Dansk, Jens Quistgaard
Located in Brooklyn, NY
A set of six brass candle sticks by the Danish designer Jens Quistgaard for the renowned manufacturer Dansk. The candlesticks have a rich patina consistent with age and use. Stamp of...
Category
Mid-20th Century Danish Mid-Century Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Brass
Pair of Danish Modern Candleholders, Off-White / Ivory Pottery and Teak Base
Located in Kansas City, MO
Pair of Danish candleholders / candlesticks. Fluted ivory ceramic with solid teak base. Beautifully understated pair. No chips, cracks, or repairs. Free and fast shipping to the Cont...
Category
1960s Danish Scandinavian Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Ceramic, Teak
Set of 3 Mid Century Modern Candlestick Holders by Lino Sabattini, Italy 1960s
Located in Beograd, RS
In this listing you will find a set of 3 minimalist silver-plated candlestick holders designed by a renowned Italian designer and silversmith Lino Sabattini. Minimalist and elegant d...
Category
1960s Italian Mid-Century Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Silver Plate
Vintage Brass Candlestick, Czechoslovakia, 1960's.
Located in Praha, CZ
A brass candlestick arranged in a classic, symmetrical design with curved arms.
It is used for decorative purposes, adding a touch of elegance to a formal setting, or used for tradit...
Category
1960s Czech Mid-Century Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Brass
Vintage Regency Sterling Candlesticks - Set of 2
Located in west palm beach, FL
This elegant set of vintage Regency-style sterling silver candlesticks exudes timeless sophistication. Each piece features a graceful column adorned with an intricate engraved laurel...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Regency Candlesticks
Materials
Sterling Silver
Repousse Brass Taper Candlestick Holders - a Pair
Located in Bradenton, FL
A pair of repousse brass taper candlestick holders. Decorated throughout with floral details, drapery, ribbons and wreaths. Dimensions per candlestick.
Category
Mid-20th Century Candlesticks
Materials
Brass
Franciscan by Gladding McBean Pair of Taper Candle Holders 1951-1954 California
Located in Clifton Springs, NY
Rare pair of taper candle holders feature classic Mid Century Modern lines with combination of lightly textured ceramic surfaces and high gloss glaze providing additional visual int...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Ceramic, Pottery
Royal Copenhagen Blue Fluted Curved. A pair of candlesticks in porcelain.
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Royal Copenhagen Blue Fluted Curved. A pair of porcelain candlesticks.
Model 10/1711.
Dating: 1966.
Marked.
In perfect condition.
First factory quality.
Dimensions: Diameter 10.0 cm ...
Category
1960s Danish Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Porcelain
Fritz Nagel, Modular Candlestick, Germany, 1960
Located in Vienna, AT
Fritz Nagel, modular candlestick, Germany, 1960, total height 23 cm, set of five pieces, good condition.
Category
1960s Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Metal
1944 René Lalique - Pair Of Candlesticks Porquerolles Glass With Grey Patina
By René Lalique
Located in Boulogne Billancourt, FR
Pair of Candlesticks "Porquerolles" made in clear and frosted glass with grey patina by René Lalique in 1944.
Stamped signature under each candlestick.
Perfect condition. Very decor...
Category
1940s European Art Deco Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Glass, Art Glass
Pair of Signed St. Louis Crystal Sculptural Green & Clear Candlesticks
Located in Hamilton, Ontario
This pair of graduated sculptural crystal candlesticks were made by the renowned St. Louis Crystal factory of France in approximately 1965 in the period Mid-Century Modern style. The...
Category
Mid-20th Century French Mid-Century Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Crystal
Vintage Pair of Mid Century Modern Atomic Decorative Candle Stick Holder
Located in Seattle, WA
Walnut Toned Decorative Candle Stick Holder. Atomic Design. Circa 1960s- 1970s. Possibly Teak. The Inner Metal Piece is missing from one of the Holders as Shown. Vintage Condition Co...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Wood
1960s Walnut and Brass Candlesticks
Located in Tarrytown, NY
A pair of 1960s walnut and brass Swiss candlesticks.
Category
1960s Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Brass
1960s Danish Moden Candlestick in Steel, Brass and Teak
Located in Knebel, DK
1960s Danish Moden candlestick in steel, brass and teak
Rare elegant minimalistic Danish Modern candlestick from the 1960s.
The candle...
Category
1960s Danish Scandinavian Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Brass, Steel
Three Gien Porcelain Candlesticks
Located in Antwerp, BE
Three very beautiful Gien Renaissance model candlesticks in its night blue version.
The base is cut out for a wire passage. Probably an adjustment to...
Category
Mid-20th Century French Mid-Century Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Porcelain
Brutalist Sunflower Glass Candlestick by Göran Wärff, Kosta Boda, Sweden 1970s
Located in Vorst, BE
Crystal glass candlestick, design by Göran Warff for Kosta Boda, Sweden in the 1970s.
Groovy mid-century design classic from Scandinavia. Great design in colourless glass with a bru...
Category
Mid-20th Century Swedish Scandinavian Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Art Glass
Blenko Ice Cube Pillar Candleholders, a Pair
By Blenko Glass
Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL
Pair of vintage hand blown pillar candleholders by Blenko. Heavy weight construction in aqua blue glass with the look and texture of ice.
Manuf...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Glass, Art Glass, Blown Glass
1930s Set of Two Danish Just Andersen Gartner Art Deco Pewter Candlesticks
Located in Knebel, DK
Set of two Danish Just Andersen art deco pewter candlesticks produced by Just Andersen A/S in the 1930´s.
The candlesticks each have a small relief of a gardener and are in good v...
Category
1930s Danish Art Deco Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Metal, Pewter
1930s Set of Two Danish Just Andersen Four-Leaf Clover Pewter Candlesticks
Located in Knebel, DK
Set of two Danish Just Andersen four-leaf clover Art Deco pewter candle holders produced by Just Andersen A/S in the 1930s.
The four-leaf clover is a uni...
Category
1940s Danish Art Deco Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Metal, Pewter
Marion Anderson Noyes Modernist Sterling Silver Candlesticks
By Marion Anderson Noyes, Towle Silversmiths
Located in Atlanta, GA
Pair of Sterling Silver Modernist candlesticks, designed by Marion Anderson Noyes for Towle Silversmiths, circa 1950s. Signed ins...
Category
1950s American Mid-Century Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Metal, Sterling Silver
Pair of Modernist Art Deco Candleholders by French Silversmiths Ercuis
By Ercuis
Located in Crespières, FR
Pair of modernist Art Deco Candlesticks by the ever famous French Ercuis Company in Silver Plated Metal.
A very sleek design of candlestick, circa 1930, with a stepped circular base...
Category
1930s French Art Deco Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Silver Plate
Danish Modern Brass Candleholders by Jens Harald Quistgaard - IHQ, 1960s
Located in Esbjerg, DK
A pair of large candlesticks in engine turned solid brass. Designed in the late 1950s by Danish Industrial design icon Jens Harald Quistgaard (IHQ). They are to be used with regular ...
Category
Mid-20th Century Danish Mid-Century Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Brass
Pair French Art Deco Wrought Iron Candle Sticks by Edgar Brandt
By Edgar Brandt
Located in Long Island City, NY
A stunning pair of French Art Deco hand forged wrought iron Candle Sticks by Edgar Brandt in great condition. Distinctively designed with ex...
Category
Mid-20th Century French Art Deco Candlesticks
Materials
Wrought Iron
Rare Hammered Brass Candlestick by Atelier Brom
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Spectacular hammered brass candlestick by Atelier Brom. Unique rare piece. Unusually large.
Category
1930s Dutch Art Deco Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Brass
Vintage DANSK 16" White Tiny Taper Candles Set of 12 in Box
By Dansk
Located in North Hollywood, CA
Vintage Dansk 16" White Color Tiny Taper Candles Set of 12 in Original Box.
These hard to find Dansk tiny taper candles are in great shape.
"DANSK design with light".
Mid Century Dan...
Category
Mid-20th Century Danish Mid-Century Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Earthenware
1930s Pair of Art Deco Pewter Candlesticks by Just Andersen
Located in Knebel, DK
Pair of Art Deco pewter candlesticks by Just Andersen
The candlesticks are in good vintage condition.
Marked Just. A. no, 2574. H.
Category
1930s Danish Art Deco Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Pewter
Pair of Silver over Bronze Column Candlesticks with Large Ionic Capitals
Located in Yonkers, NY
A pair of Thai silver over bronze candlesticks from the mid 20th century, with Ionic capitals. Created during the midcentury period, each of this pair of Thai candlesticks features a...
Category
Mid-20th Century Thai Candlesticks
Materials
Bronze
Four Mid Century Sterling Silver Double Branch Candlesticks by J. Tostrup Norway
Located in Hamilton, Ontario
This set of four double branch sterling candlesticks were made in the period and style of Mid-Century Modern and are signed by J. Tostrup of Norway. Each candlestick has a black enam...
Category
Mid-20th Century Norwegian Mid-Century Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Sterling Silver
Pair of Brushed Silver over Bronze Column Candlesticks with Large Ionic Capitals
Located in Yonkers, NY
A pair of Thai brushed silver over bronze candlesticks from the mid 20th century, with Ionic capitals. Created during the midcentury period, each of this pair of Thai candlesticks fe...
Category
Mid-20th Century Thai Candlesticks
Materials
Bronze, Silver
Set of Three Silver-Plated "Luise" Candlesticks by Lambert, 1960s
Located in Hamburg, DE
This elegant trio of silver-plated candlesticks was produced by the esteemed German design house Lambert in the 1960s. Designed in the spirit of Art Deco, the “Luise” model combines ...
Category
1960s German Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Metal
Set of 3 Karl Springer for Seguso Italian Venetian Gray Scavo Glass Candlesticks
By Karl Springer, Seguso
Located in Queens, NY
SET of 3 Italian Venetian-style (circa 1980) candlesticks in graduating heights in gray pebble scavo blown glass. (KARL SPRINGER FOR SEGUSO)(PRICED AS SET)
Condition: Good; Wear con...
Category
Mid-20th Century Italian Baroque Candlesticks
Materials
Blown Glass
Vintage Signed Rebajes Blackened Copper Mid-Century Modern Candlesticks Pair Of
Located in North Miami, FL
This lovely pair of signed vintage Mid-Century Modern Rebajes midcentury candlesticks have blackened copper with alternating copper forms. They resemble origami folds in metal. They ...
Category
1950s Mexican Mid-Century Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Copper
Vintage Boho Twisted Moon Candle Snuffer
Located in west palm beach, FL
Elevate your candle-lighting ritual with this enchanting Vintage Boho Twisted Moon Candle Snuffer. Featuring a beautifully intricate twisted handle and a crescent moon motif adorned ...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Rustic Candlesticks
Materials
Metal
John White / Paul De Lamerie Antique Sterling Silver Pair of Candlesticks, 1739
Located in London, London
Hallmarked in London in 1739 by John White, this exquisite pair of George II, Antique Sterling Silver Candlesticks, are cast and are each engraved with an original crest. Each candle...
Category
1730s English George II Antique Candlesticks
Materials
Sterling Silver
Art Deco Brass Calla Lily Candle Holder by Carl-Einar Borgström for Ystad-Metall
Located in Grythyttan, SE
This rare Art Deco Swedish Grace candle holder, designed by Carl-Einar Borgström, takes the form of a calla lily and is crafted from brass by Ystad-Metall in the 1940s. Each piece is...
Category
1930s Swedish Art Deco Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Brass
Josef Ekberg for Gustavsberg. Pair of candle holders and small bowl in ceramic.
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Josef Ekberg for Gustavsberg, Sweden.
A pair of candle holders and a small bowl in ceramic.
Glaze in blue-green tones with a gold rim.
Mid-20th century.
Marked.
In perfect condition...
Category
Mid-20th Century Swedish Candlesticks
Materials
Ceramic
Pair of Whimsical Painted Bronze Dancing Frog Candlesticks
Located in Hopewell, NJ
Charming pair of painted bronze candlesticks, one is a dapper Mr. dancing frog in red jacket, and his partner is a tutu'd frogette, equally jovial.
Category
1950s American Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Bronze
1940s Set of Two Danish Just Andersen Pewter Candlesticks
Located in Knebel, DK
Set of two Danish Just Andersen art deco pewter candle holders by
Just Andersen A/S in the 1940's.
The candle holders are in good vintage condition and marked with Just. Andersens ...
Category
1930s Danish Art Deco Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Metal, Pewter
Pair of Swedish Art Deco Pewter Candlesticks, 1930s
By Svenskt Tenn
Located in Frederiksberg C, DK
Pair of Swedish Art Deco Pewter Candlesticks, Stamped 'Svenskt Tenn Handarbete I8', 1930s
Decorative pair of Swedish Art Deco pewter candlesticks from the 1930s, each featuring two ...
Category
1930s Swedish Art Deco Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Pewter
Pair of Sterling Silver Candleholders by Carl F. Christiansen, Denmark, 1950s
Located in Kansas City, MO
Pair of Danish sterling silver candleholders, each with three arms. Engraved Denmark and with the insignia for Sterling silver. Some tarnish. Very good original condition. Made by th...
Category
1950s Danish Mid-Century Modern Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Sterling Silver
Pair of Design Metal Candlesticks, Made in Italy, Mid-20th Century
Located in Roma, IT
Pair of design metal candlesticks is an original decorative object realized in the Mid-20th Century.
Made in Italy.
Dimensions: 18 x 20 cm.
Good Conditions.
Category
Mid-20th Century Italian Candlesticks
Materials
Metal
Mottahedeh Pear Tree Candlesticks
By Mottahedeh
Located in New York, NY
Pair of silver plate stylized pear and leaf motof candlesticks on a traditional central post. Stamped Mottahedeh. We have left the patina on the silver, cou...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Silver Plate
Two Royal Copenhagen Blue Flower Curved Candlesticks, Model Number 10/1711
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Two Royal Copenhagen blue flower curved candlesticks. Model number 10/1711.
Dated 1965.
Measures: 10.5 x 10.5 cm.
In excellent condition.
Stamp...
Category
1960s Danish Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Porcelain
1930s Set of Two Danish Just Andersen Pewter Candlesticks
Located in Knebel, DK
Set of two Danish Just Andersen art deco pewter candle holders produced by Just Andersen A/S in the 1930's.
The candle holders are in good vintage condition and marked with Just. ...
Category
1930s Danish Art Deco Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Metal, Pewter
1950s Mid-Century Modern Italian Frosted White Murano Glass Pair of Candlesticks
By Cenedese
Located in New York, NY
1950s Italian Vintage frosted white scavo Murano glass cup holder candlesticks, on Art Deco design reeded columns and raised on a double round lipped plinth. The quality of the work ...
Category
1950s Italian Art Deco Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Art Glass, Blown Glass, Murano Glass
Pair of David Heinz Gumbel silver candlesticks, modern Judaica, Bauhaus style
Located in Tel Aviv - Jaffa, IL
We are offering here this perfectly designed pair of sterling silver candlesticks, all hand Hammered in a fine and sleek Bauhaus design, the candlesticks were made after Gumbel Left his work in the bezalel school of arts in Jerusalem, they date from the 60s'.
This pair will be an amazing addition to any Judaica or silver collection, and will be Amazing in any house with their Bauhaus, delicate hammered sleek design.
The candlesticks are both marked 925 for sterling silver and the latter "G" in Hebrew for "Gumbel"
Measurements:
Height : 9.7 inch / 24.8 cm
Width : 3.6 inch / 9.1 cm
Master silversmith David Heinz Gumbel, was born in Sinsheim, Germany, near Heidelberg. He studied at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Berlin-Charlottenberg from 1927 to 1931. Although Gumbel did not actually study at the Bauhaus, he was profoundly Influenced by its teachings and incorporated its design aesthetic into his silver and Judaica. In 1934 Gumbel fled Nazi Germany and moved to Palestine. As a member of the Faculty of the recently opened New Bezalel School in Jerusalem, he joined a group of Highly cultured artists and colleagues who worked under the directorship of Joseph Budko, a craftsman who championed the modernist aesthetic. Gumbel taught Silversmithing, hammered work, and jewelry design at Bezalel, and retired in 1955. His Personal style always remained classic modern -- his objects emphasize streamlined Design and graceful contours.
He was born in Sinsheim to a secular family among the pioneers of the local silversmith Industry. In 1918, the Gumbels relocated to Heilbronn where David worked as an Apprentice in the "Bruckmann & Sons" factory, becoming a certified steel engraver.
In the late 1920s, Gumbel studied to be a silversmith at the school of applied arts in Berlin At the Kunstgewerbeschule. Following his studies, Gumbel was employed at workshops In Düsseldorf and Stockholm, as well as in the family factory in Heilbronn. It was there that Gumbel began to design hand-made silver pieces in the modern style. Simultaneously, He produced Jewish ritual objects like a Chanukah menorah or candlesticks. Gumbel Utilized polished silver and other materials, such as ivory, in his works.
In 1936, Gumbel left Germany for Land of Israel, joining the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design as a teacher and the administrator of the metal department, alongside Ludwig Yehuda Wolpert...
Category
1960s Israeli Bauhaus Vintage Candlesticks
Materials
Silver
Set of 3 tulip shaped Candlesticks by Brdr Bonfils of Denmark, 1960s
Located in The Hague, NL
Set of 3 Candlesticks by Brdr Bonfils of Denmark, 1960s.
Organically shaped and very decorative design object.
Marked by the maker and designed in Denmark.
Please contact us for the...
Category
Mid-20th Century Danish Scandinavian Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Wood
Antique Georgian English Sterling Silver Taperstick
Located in Jesmond, Newcastle Upon Tyne
A fine and impressive antique early Georgian English cast sterling silver taperstick; an addition of our ornamental silverware collection.
This fi...
Category
1730s English George II Antique Candlesticks
Materials
Silver, Sterling Silver
Just Andersen Candelabra, Pewter, Denmark, 1933-1935
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Just Andersen - Scandinavian Modern
A sculptural Just Andersen candelabra model 1453, two-armed, rectangular footed, in matte pewter.
Ma...
Category
Mid-20th Century European Scandinavian Modern Candlesticks
Materials
Pewter
Vintage, New and Antique Candlesticks for Sale
Vintage, new and antique candlesticks and candleholders do not simply infuse a dining room with a soft, warm glow. They also add dimension, conjure drama and draw attention to a table or mantel. Despite their practical origins, today, decorative candlesticks and their holders elevate spaces by matching interiors or adding color and bold shapes.
For those who enjoy the rich pageantry of the Old Masters, candlesticks in the Baroque and Rococo styles offer intricacy and opulence. The design of Baroque candlesticks — thanks to the influence of the Catholic Church — often boasted complex shapes and featured biblical figures. While bronze candlestick holders have a long history dating back to the ancient world, many 17th-century candlesticks were made of luxurious silver. Armed with a disposable income and a desire to show off their status, the newly emerging middle class acquired candlestick holders as intricate art pieces, beautiful and opulent in their own right.
The Art Deco movement of the early 20th century saw candlesticks designed with simplicity and symmetry in mind. Art Deco candlesticks boast all manner of forms, ranging from sleek curves to bodies of ribbed crystal or bronze that take the shape of animals.
While some 20th-century-era candlesticks are akin to statues in their grandeur, these decorative items became especially fashionable in the mid-20th century for atmospherically illuminating dinner tables. Mid-century modern candlesticks frequently epitomize the streamlined functionality that we’ve come to associate with the era.
Find a comprehensive collection of vintage, new and antique candlesticks on 1stDibs.