Charcoal Figurative Drawings and Watercolors

Mid Century French Portrait Josine Vignon (French 1922-2022) Medium: Pencil/ charcoal on artists paper, double sided Size: 12 (height) x 9.5 (width) Stamped Verso Condition: Good Pr...

Gustave Poetzsch (1870-1950) Carriage coming from a Small Village, c. 1900 Original charcoals and pencil drawing Signed bottom right Stamp of the Estate auction sale on the back On...

Artist: Ian Hornak (1944-2002) Title: Renaissance Female Nude Figure Study Year: circa 1964 Medium: Charcoal on vélin paper Size: 23 x 18 inches Condition: Good Provenance: Estate of...

A Fine, Mid-Century Modern 1950s Drawing of a Reclining African American Male Nude Model by Notable Chicago Artist, Harold Haydon (Am. 1909-1994). A well executed studio figure stud...

Sketched portrait is an original drawing on paper, realized around the Seventies by the great Italian artist and journalist, Mino Maccari (Siena, 1898 ...

Village is an original drawing on paper realized by Simon Goldberg (1913-1985). Hand-signed in pencil on the lower left. The state of preservation is very good. Sheet dimension: 21...

This drawing by Mark Beard is already framed, price includes framing. Untitled (Nude Man with Raised Leg) 1990 Signed and dated, l.l. Charcoal with red and white conté crayon on R...

Fredrick Reichman (1925 - 2005) Nude on Mattress 1940s Charcoal on Paper 25"x19", unframed Signed on left in pencil Came from a portfolio owned by artist John Bowers Post War Calif...

Nude is an original artwork realized in the 1970s by the Italian Contemporary artist Leo Guida (1992 - 2017). Original drawings in China Ink, Charcoal and Watercolor on paper. Go...

Cat is a charcoal drawing realized by Giselle Halff (1899-1971). Good conditions. Giselle Halff (1899-1971) born in Hanoi, student of R.X. Prinet, R. Ménard, L. Simon, B. Boutet de...

French Romantic school, circa 1840 Portrait of a young man, charcoal on paper 22.5 x 17 cm In good condition, however, there is a restoration of the paper in the upper right-hand qu...

Signature: Signed Lower Right Medium: Charcoal on Paper Sight Size 18.00" x 34.50", Framed 23.5" x 40.25" This is a preliminary drawing. It’s a masterful drawing that was mounted lo...

Artist: Ian Hornak (1944-2002) Title: Renaissance Female Figure Study Year: circa 1963 Medium: Original drawing on vélin paper Size: 23 x 18 inches Condition: Good Provenance: Estate...

Image dimensions: 22.3 x 31.4 cm. Ship and Arcade is a charcoal and chalk drawing on brown paper, realized by Augustus Koopman in the late 19th Century. The artwork represents a ...

One of my favourite pieces at the moment - the subject, a mysterious young woman seated on a stool with her back towards us has such a strong presence that it feels as if she were ri...

Octave Denis Victor Guillonnet (1872 - 1967) A naked young woman seated Charcoal and red chalk on thin paper transfered on cardboard 49 x 39 cm Framed : 55.5 x 45.5 cm Octave Denis...

Policemen is an original modern artwork realized in France by Hermann-Paul (1879 - 1969). Original watercolor and Charcoal. Good conditions except for a missing corner of the dyell...

Movies, TV and magazines are constant source of inspiration. Fame, as fleckring and shallow it can be sometimes, is very intriguing to him. The worlds of fashion, society and pop cu...

A sculptor of animals, Sirio Tofanari (Florence 1886 – Milan 1969) is not inclined to the school discipline, he decides to learn and train as self-taught by travelling around Europe ...

A large charcoal-on-paper rendering by arguably one of America's most influential artists. It comes from the pioneering Allan Stone Galleries, who ...

Henri ROYER Nancy 1869 - 1938 Paris Study of dancers Sanguine pastel and charcoal on cream white paper Circa 1900-1910 Unsigned 47 x 62.5 cm sheet 67 x 83 cm cm frame Provenance: Es...

Carl Hofer (German, 1875 – 1955) Einflusterung (Whispering) Charcoal and pencil on paper Signed and inscribed ‘Einflusterung’ (lower middle) 17.1/4 x 13.3/8 in. (43.8 x 34 cm.) Provenance: These works come from the artist’s second wife Elizabeth and from then by descent. Carl Hofer was a German expressionist painter and the director of the Berlin Academy of Fine Arts. One of the most important painters of the Expressionist movement, his work was among those that was considered degenerate art by the Nazis. He studied in Karlsruhe under Hans Thoma. He first visited Paris in 1899 making acquaintance with Julius Meier-Graefe. In 1902 he studied in Stuttgardt and became friends with the sculptor Hermann Haller...

Portrait Of Man is a charcoal drawing on brown paper, hand-signed by the artist on the lower right. Good conditions except for some folds and rips along the margins. Prolific and eclectic, the Italian Gio Colucci (Florence, 1892 – Paris, 1974), also known in France as Geo Colucci, was a painter, engraver, illustrator, ceramist, and sculptor. From 1921, he exhibited his engravings in various salons. He worked with French publishers specialized in the illustrated books of high bibliophilia, and delivered series of remarkable prints for texts by Barbey d'Aurevilly, Pierre Loti, Guy Maupassant...

Portrait of an old man done in charcoal by California artist Ralph Edward Joosten (American, 1928-2009). Signed "R. Joosten 82" lower right. Pre...

Galloping Horses is a wonderful and original drawing in charcoal on paper, realized by the italian divisions artist Giuseppe Cominetti. Hand-signed in charcoal and dated on the lower...

"The unusual shapes coming together in their raw simplistic form, how they interact with each other, the shapes creating their own language. I let them stand alone in their purest fo...

Nude is an original charcoal drawing on paper realized by Simon Goldberg (1913-1985). Hand-signed on the lower right. The state of preservation is very good. Sheet dimension:25 x 3...

This is a beautiful and unique charcoal on paper drawing. The Fabriano paper is a high quality watercolour grade set in a custom white wood frame, all archival materials. Scottish ...

Artist: Ian Hornak (1944-2002) Title: Renaissance Hand Study Year: circa 1963 Medium: Original drawing on vélin paper Size: 23 x 18 inches Condition: Good...

Portrait of the young thinker is an artwork, charcoal drawing on paper, realized by the French Artist Albert Decaris. It is not signed nor dated.. The artist represents a portrait...

Study of Ruth, c. 1925 Charcoal and sepia ink on paper 22 1/4 x 27 3/4 inches (56.5 x 70.5 cm) Signed upper center: Lillian Westcott Hale Lilian Westcott Hale...

Park is an original drawing in charcoal on paper realized by Simon Goldberg (1913-1985). Hand-signed on the lower left. The state of preservation is good with marks of sticks on the...

This architectural wall-hanging artwork titled "In Isolation Series I" is an original artwork by Seth Clark made of collage, charcoal, pastel, graphite, and acrylic on wood. This pie...

Daniel Ludwig is an American figurative artist who lives and works in Brooklyn, NY and Berkley. His original piece of artwork pictured above is called 'Back View' and this work of ar...

Cottage in the countryside is an original artwork realized by a French artist of the Mid-20th century. Pencil and charcoal drawing on paper. Includes a green cardboard frame. Good...

The artist has covered New York collections for over 16 years and has interviewed, as a journalist, several fashion designers and personalities for different publications. He loves t...

Three Horsemen is an original charcoal drawing on laid paper, realized around the Sixtes by the great Italian artist and journalist, Mino Maccari (Siena, 1898 - 1989). Signed "Macca...

Portrait is an original charcoal drawing on paper, realized by an anonymous artist in the Mid-20th Century. Good conditions with some foxing. The artwork is represented through de...

Sleeping Woman is a black and white charcoal drawing realized by Serge Fontinsky (1887-1971) in the half of the 20th Century. Good conditions but top left of sheet missing. Hand-s...

Three studies of a woman in movement is an original black charcoal drawing on thick serrated sheet on the left side, realized at the beginning o...

Albert Paul Guilmet (1879-1922) Portrait of a man, signed upper left charcoal on paper 26.5 x 33,8 cm Framed : 43.5 x 52 cm Little is known about Abert Paul Guilmet, apart from th...

In a Gothic Church is a beautiful original drawing (China ink and watercolor on paper). Hand-signed "Stothard" in brown ink on the lower left margin outside of the image. Very sweet drawing representing a woman praying...

Figures is a charcoal and oil pastel drawing on brown paper, realized by Augustus Koopman in the late 19th Century. The artwork represents some figures under an arch. Image dimen...

Charcoal with red and white conté crayon on Rives BFK paper Signed and dated, recto This artwork is offered by ClampArt, located in New York City. Mark Beard, born in 1956 in Salt ...

Robin Cole's (US based) "Underfoot" is an original, handmade charcoal drawing in a diptych format that depicts grey monochrome grasses and pinecones. Nature and those that inhabit ...

Young Woman Sitting is a charcoal drawing on brown paper. Unsigned. Good conditions except for some folds on the corners. Prolific and eclectic, the Italian Gio Colucci (Florence, 1892 – Paris, 1974), also known in France as Geo Colucci, was a painter, engraver, illustrator, ceramist, and sculptor. From 1921, he exhibited his engravings in various salons. He worked with French publishers specialized in the illustrated books of high bibliophilia, and delivered series of remarkable prints for texts by Barbey d'Aurevilly, Pierre Loti, Guy Maupassant...

David Becker b. 1937 David H. Becker, painter, printmaker and educator, was born on August 16, 1937 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He studied at the Milwaukee State Teachers College, the Layton School of Art between 1956 and 1958, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison where he enrolled in the science curriculum. After a chance meeting with Warrington Colescott, department chair of the art department, Becker decided on a career in art and received his BFA degree in 1961. After graduation he served for two years in the US Army and then entered a graduate studies program at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and earned his MFA in 1965. ------- Becker moved to Detroit after receiving his degree and joined the faculty at Wayne State University where he taught life drawing. In 1985 he left Detroit to join the faculty of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and he retired from teaching in 2006. His first solo exhibition was mounted in 1968. About 1970 Becker turned most of his attention towards printmaking as he could not paint and create prints during the same period of time and was pulled toward printmaking. He stated that he enjoys “putting images together in an unpredictable fashion.” Becker worked slowly and an etching plate could take up to two years to complete and he ultimately only produced thirteen prints. His etchings were included in the Twenty-fourth National Exhibition of Prints at the Library of Congress in 1975; the Third American Biennial of Graphic Arts at the Museo de Arte Moderno in Cali, Columbia in 1976, winning the gold medal; and Brooklyn Museum National Print Exhibition. His work was included in the Ninth British International Print Biennale in Bradford, England in 1986; the 162nd and 165th Annual at the National Academy of Design in 1987 and 1990. Becker was elected an Associate of the National Academy of Design in 1983 and elevated to full Academician in 1991. He received a Visual Artists Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts which helped him transition back into painting. He also received the University of Wisconsin Chancellor’s Faculty Development Award in the Creative Arts in 1996 and 1999. He is a member of and exhibited with the Boston Printmakers, Society of American Graphic Artists, and the Philadelphia Print Club. In the late 1990's and early aughts, Becker returned to painting and drawing full time. David H. Becker is represented in the collections of the Brooklyn Museum, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Detroit Institute of Arts Museum, and the Smithsonian Museum of American Art. Exhibitions 2017 Figure8, Gallery Victor Armendariz, Chicago, IL Coming Attractions, Gallery Victor Armendariz, Cicago, IL 2012 Eye Teeth Group Show, Paint Creek Center for the Arts, Rochester, MI 2011 Art Chicago 2011, Merchandise Mart, Chicago, IL 2010 Art Chicago 2010, Merchandise Mart, Chicago, IL 2009 David Becker Retrospective, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL Art Chicago 2009, Merchandise Mart, Chicago, IL The 184th Annual Exhibition of Contemporary American Art, National Academy Museum, NYC Selections, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL 2008 Art Chicago 2008, Represented by Ann Nathan Gallery, Merchandise Mart, Chicago, IL 2007 Unruly Muse, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL SOFA NY (Sculptural Objects Functional Art), Ann Nathan Gallery, 7th Regiment Armory, NY, NY Art Chicago, Merchandise Mart, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL 2006 Palm Beach³, Ann Nathan Gallery, Palm Beach, FL 2005 SOFA NY (Sculptural Objects Functional Art), Ann Nathan Gallery, 7th Regiment Armory, NY, NY Art Chicago in the Park, Butler Field, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL Palm Beach³, Ann Nathan Gallery, Palm Beach, FL 2004 Contemporary Prints: National Academy Museum Collection, National Academy of Design, NYC Art Chicago 2004, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL Fantastic & Visionary Art, touring exhibit: Orange, Manning, Riddoch, & Ballart Gallery, Australia Return of the Men, Peltz Gallery, Milwaukee, WI 2003 Art Chicago 2003, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL Fantastic & Visionary Art, touring exhibit: Orange Regional Gallery, New South Wales, Australia National Academy of Design 178th Annual Exhibition, NY, NY 2002 Art Chicago 2002, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, IL Art of the 20th Century, Ann Nathan Gallery, Park Ave. Armory, NY, NY Outsider Art Fair, The Puck Building @ Houston & Lafayette Sts., NYC Self and Other Portraits, Wisconsin Artists, Charles Allis Art Museum, Milwaukee, WI Return of the Men, Peltz Gallery, Milwaukee, WI 2001 Beyond the 50's, May 4 - July 1, Exhibit A, A Gallery of Art & Design, Birmingham, Michigan Outsider Art Fair, January 26-28, The Puck Building @ Houston & Lafayette Sts., NYC "FANTASTIC ART", April/May, Orange Regional Gallery, Orange NSW, Australia. David Becker: Etchings and Engravings, Ann Nathan Gallery, Chicago, solo exhibition of prints, February. 2000 Four person exhibition, Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia, Oct. 31 - Nov. 27, 2000. 1999 National Academy 174th Annual Exhibition, NY University of Wisconsin-Madison Faculty, Elvehjem Museum of Art, Madison, WI Treasures Revealed: 19th and 20th Century American Works on Paper, National Academy, NY 1995 Bharat Bhavan International Biennial of Prints, Bhopal, India Contemporary Prints, Selections from John Szoke Gallery, NYC, Drew University, Madison, NJ Collection Update, 1994, National Academy of Design Museum, NY 1994 David Becker and Robert Sholties, Peconic Gallery, Suffolk Community College, Riverhead, NY In Black and White: Works by Four Printmakers, Atrium Gallery, University of Connecticut, Storrs Aesthetics of Athletics: Sports, Games, and Exercise, Charles A. Wustum Musem, Racine, WI GMI IX Award Winners, Art Center Gallery, Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg 1993 Take Home a Nude benefit auction, NY Academy of Art Graduate School Of Figurative Art, NY 1993 American Prints: Last Half 20th Century, Jane Haslem Gallery, Washingtion, DC Outstanding American Prints, Anderson Arts Center, Kenosha,WI National Academy of Design 168th Annual Exhibition, NY David Becker: Etchings, Davidson Galleries, Seattle, WA Portraits, Davidson Galleries, Seattle, WA 1992 The Print Fair, 7th Regiment Armory, NY 1991 166th Annual Exhibition, National Academy of Design, NY Alma College Collection, Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan Modes of Expression, Potsdam College, SUNY, Potsdam, NY 1990 With Nothing On, Prints and Drawings of the Nude, New Orleans Museum of Art, LA Prints by Printmakers, Staller Art Center, SUNY-Stonybrook, NY Publications/Reviews 2007 November 60 Years of North American Prints: 1947-2007, Boston U. Art Gallery, Boston, MA 2003 July 11 Isthmus, Madison, “Welcome to My Nightmare,” by Robert Cozzolino. 2001 March 14 The Wall Street Journal, "Time Off: A Week of Diversions." Review of Progressive Printmakers (LVM) exhibition. 2001 February Isthmus, Madison, "America's Printland," by Jennifer Smith. 2001 February Capital Times, "The Crowned Prints," by Kevin Lynch. 1999 July Progressive Printmakers: Wisconsin Artists & the Print Renaissance. 1995 – 1999 Who’s Who in America. 1993 Summer The Journal of the Print World, review. March 14 The New York Times, review. March 12 The Daily Oklahoman, review. 1990 Dec. 13 The Capital Times, review. April 28 The Washingtion Post, review. March 25 The New York Times, review. Summer The Journal of the Print World, review. Selected Collections - additional collections available on requestArkansas Arts Center Foundation, Little Rock, AR Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL Brooklyn Museum, NYC Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, OH Detroit Institute of Art, Detroit, MI Elvehjem Museum of Art, U of Wisconson-Madison Honolulu Academy of Arts, Honolulu, HI Library of Congress, Washington, DC Metropolitan Museum, Miami, FL Museo de Arte Moderno, Cali, Columbia National Academy, NY, NY National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC New York Public Library, NY Portland Art Museum, Portland, Oregon Rose Art Museum, Brandeis University, MA United States Information Agency, Prague, Czech. Alberta College of Art, Alberta, Canada Albion College, Albion, MI Alma College, Alma, MI Art Center, South Bend, IN AT&T Corporate HQ, Plainfield, NJ Boston Printmakers, Boston, MA Bradley University, Peoria, IL Columbia Green Community College, Hudson, NY Columbus State University, Columbus, GA Davidson College, Davidson, NC Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA Georgia State University – Atlanta Hope College, Holland, MI Hunterdon Art Center, Clinton, NJ Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS Madison Art Center, Madison, WI Marui Imai Inc., Sapporo, Japan Milwaukee Art Center, Milwaukee, WI Minot Art Association, Minot, ND North Carolina Print/Drawing Society, Charlotte, NC North Texas State University – Denton Ohio University – Athens Oklahoma Art Center, Oklahoma City, OK Oklahoma State University, OK Quad Graphics, Milwaukee, WI Silvermine Guild of Arts, New Canaan, CT Springfield College, Springfield, MA St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY State University of New York – Fredonia State University of New York – Potsdam Trenton State College, Trenton, NJ University of Arizona Museum of Art, Tucson, AZ University of Colorado-Boulder University of Dallas, TX University of Louisville, Louisville, KN University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada University of North Dakota – Grand Forks University of South Dakota – Vermillion University of Tennesse – Knoxville West Chester State College, West Chester, PA Western Kentucky University – Bowling Green Private Collections Carla Leighton, New York, NY Marc Hauser...

Arthur Berridge (British, 1902-1957) Abstracted figures #2 1950 Blue crayon 14.1/2 x 21.1/2 in. (36.8 x 54.7 cm.) Provenance: David Lay, Penzance Born in Leicester in 1902, Ber...

Charcoal on paper drawing by Toronto-based artist Katherine Curci. Framed. Katherine Curci began this series of charcoal drawings, premiered in This L...

3580 Charcoal drawing Set in a vintage giltwood frame Image size 13x9"

A Stylized, 1930s Art Deco Pastel Landscape Drawing of Two Young Men Planting a Tree by Notable Chicago Modern Artist, Harold Haydon (Am. 1909-1994). Artwork size: 9 x 12 inches, u...

Carl Hofer (German, 1875 – 1955) Figures from a dream Pencil and charcoal on paper Signed with initial ‘CH’ (lower right) 17 x 13 in. (43.2 x 33 cm.) Provenance: These works come fr...

This gorgeous artwork on paper was created initially with a screen print base of the model, then Rosie hand finishes the work with a unique splash and painted composition. Some call ...

William Glackens, 1870-1938 M. Durand... Arrived on the Scene, 1903 Ink, wash, charcoal and Chinese white on paper Signed (at lower left): W. Glackens...

Alexander O. Levy was a painter, illustrator, printmaker and designer who was born in 1881 in Bonn, Germany. He died in 1946 in Buffalo, New York. At age three, he was brought to ...

Robin Cole's (US based) "When They Bloom" is an original, handmade ink and charcoal drawing that depicts two grey monochrome artichokes beginning to b...

This beutiful unique edition is framed on a custom black box frame, all archival materials. Rosie Emerson, born in 1981, is a contemporary artist working almost exclusively on representing the female form. Emerson’s figures draw reference from archetypes old and new, from Artemis to the modern day super model, each solitary figure, an allegory of her own fantasy. Interested in surface, the interplay between photography and painting. Emerson’s works are playful constructs; Photography is used, not as a device for capturing reality but for creating romanticised optical illusions. Inspired by her love of theatre, performance, shrines and rituals, she uses lighting, costume, set and prop making, alongside printmaking and painting to create other worldly one off pieces. Her photography is inspired by both the drama of the baroque, and ethereal qualities of Pre Raphaelite works. Other important influences include late medieval and renaissance paintings, Japanese prints, and magical realist literature. Emerson’s screen...

This piece, titled "Wanderer 12" is an original artwork by Seth Clark as part of his newest solo exhibition, "Passing Through". made of collage, charcoal, pastel, acrylic, and graphi...

Charcoal and watercolor drawing on brown paper realized by Mino Macari in 1960 ca. Hand signed lower right. Very good condition.

Female Illustrator of the Golden Age Alice Barber Stephens renders in an academic style and women sitting in a chair and responding to something outside of the frame. Signed lower left. Most likely done for a major newsstand magazine like Harper's, Century or Scribner's Monthly. Work is framed under glass in a simple black wood frame. Perhaps period. Matt is new. Frame size: 20.5 x 14.5 From: Wikipedia Alice Barber Stephens (July 1, 1858 – July 13, 1932) was an American painter and engraver, best remembered for her illustrations. Her work regularly appeared in magazines such as Scribner's Monthly, Harper's Weekly, and The Ladies Home Journal. Early life and education Alice Barber was born near Salem, New Jersey. She was the eighth of nine children born to Samuel Clayton Barber and Mary Owen, who were Quakers. She attended local schools until she and her family moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At age 15 she became a student at the Philadelphia School of Design for Women (now Moore College of Art & Design), where she studied wood engraving. The Women's Life Class (1879), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was admitted to the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1876 (the first year women were admitted), studying under Thomas Eakins. Among her fellow students at the Academy were Susan MacDowell, Frank Stephens, David Wilson Jordan, Lavinia Ebbinghausen, Thomas Anshutz, and Charles H. Stephens (whom she would marry). During this time, at the academy, she began to work with a variety of media, including black-and-white oils, ink washes, charcoal, full-color oils, and watercolors. In 1879, Eakins chose Stephens to illustrate an Academy classroom scene for Scribner's Monthly. The resulting work, Women's Life Class, was Stephens' first illustration credit. New Woman As educational opportunities were made more available in the nineteenth century, women artists became part of professional enterprises, including founding their own art associations. Artwork made by women was considered to be inferior by the art world, and to help overcome that stereotype women became "increasingly vocal and confident" in promoting women's work, and thus became part of the emerging image of the educated, modern and freer "New Woman". Artists then, "played crucial roles in representing the New Woman, both by drawing images of the icon and exemplifying this emerging type through their own lives." Alice Barber Stephens, The Women Business, oil, 1897, Brandywine River Museum, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania One example of overcoming women stereotypes was Stephens' Woman in Business from 1897, which showed how women could focus not only in the home, but also in the economic world.[8] As women began to work, their career choices broadened and illustration became a commendable occupation. People's ideas about education and art started to merge, and the outcome of a certain sensitivity to the arts began to be seen as uplifting and educational. By using illustration as a means to further their practices, women were able to fit the traditional gender role while still being active in their pursuits for the "New Woman". According to Rena Robey of Art Times, "The early feminists began to leave the home to participate in clubs as moral and cultural guardians, focused on cleaning up cities and helping African Americans, impoverished women, working children, immigrants, and other previously ignored groups." Stephens took advantage of the explosion of illustration opportunities, including the opportunity to work from home. Women's education Edwin Forrest House, formerly the home of the Philadelphia School of Design for Women. Throughout the period before the civil war, textile and other decorative work became acceptable occupations for those who aspired to be in the middle class. The Philadelphia School of Design for Women, founded in 1848 by Sarah Worthington Peter was first among a group of women's design schools established in the 1850s and 1860s; others appeared in Boston, New York, Pittsburgh, and Cincinnati. It began as a charitable effort to train needy and deserving young women in textile and wallpaper design, wood engraving, and other salable artistic skills, providing a means for training women who needed wage work. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA) was established in 1805 by painter and scientist Charles Willson Peale, sculptor William Rush...