Scandinavian Sculptures
to
455
1,300
427
90
19
31
1,250
517
137
672
325
15
12
48
113
58
142
193
144
68
53
429
282
272
100
25
16
10
5
5
4
4
3
1
852
333
288
270
248
1,442
358
72,104
26,086
7,694
7,462
7,330
Height
to
Width
to
1,817
1,551
1,690
82
52
51
32
28
Place of Origin: Scandinavian
Periphas Kosta Boda Eagle Crystal Vase
By Kosta Boda
Located in New York, NY
Periphas was a legendary king of Attica and dutiful priest to Apollo. Zeus became indignant because Periphas was revered and honoured as if he were Zeus himself. Zeus wanted to destr...
Category
1930s Art Deco Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Crystal
Bertil Vallien for Kosta boda Sweden Miniature sculpture Fish , 1990’s
By Bertil Vallien
Located in Delft, NL
Dimensions: 9cm W, 4.5cm H, 2.5cm D
Period: 1990’s
Condition: Mint
Material: Glass
Category
1990s Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Art Glass
Stig Lindberg for Gustavsberg. Ceramic horse figurine with light green glaze.
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Stig Lindberg (1916-1982) for Gustavsberg.
Horse figurine in glazed stoneware with light green glaze
In excellent condition.
Signed: Gustavsberg Sweden.
Sticker.
Dimensions: W 10.0 ...
Category
20th Century Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Stoneware
Thomas Hellström, Nittsjö Keramik, Sweden, Handmade Ceramic Sculpture
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Thomas Hellström, Nittsjö Keramik, Sweden.
Handmade ceramic sculpture with a male figure.
Approx. 1970s.
Marked.
In perfect condition.
Dimensions: H 25.5 x D 18.0 cm.
Category
1970s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Ceramic
Scandinavian Modern Nude Sculpture; "Model changes her position" in Bronze
Located in Stockholm, SE
Stamped by the Swedish artist Torolf Engström. Executed in bronze, number 1 out of 10 editions. Casting by E. Pettersson FUD.
The Swedish Modern Nude Sculpture "Model Changes Her Po...
Category
1950s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Bronze
Royal Copenhagen Figurine No. 3539, Girl with a Doll
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Royal Copenhagen figurine no. 3539. Girl with a doll.
Height 15 cm. 1st. Factory quality.
Perfect condition. Early stamp.
The design of Ada Bonfils.
Category
1920s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
Spinal I, Unique Tree Inspired White & Aubergine Glass Vase by Mårten Medbo
By Mårten Medbo
Located in London, GB
‘Spinal I' is a limited edition (ed 49) tree-inspired white & aubergine glass vase by the Swedish artist, Mårten Medbo.
Among his work, there are numerous examples of pieces having ...
Category
2010s Organic Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Glass, Art Glass, Blown Glass
Bing & Grøndahl, rare porcelain figurine of a Doberman pinscher.
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Bing & Grøndahl, rare porcelain figurine of a Doberman pinscher.
Model number 2244.
Approximately from the 1930s.
First factory quality.
Perfect condition.
Marked.
Dimensions: Heigh...
Category
1930s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
Barbro Åberg, Dragon Egg III, Ceramic Sculpture, Denmark, 2015-18
By Barbro Åberg
Located in New York, NY
Åberg's works, made largely in black and white, are often purely sculptural,
even playfully non-utilitarian. Rough surfaces inspired by geology are set in
contrast to a refined elega...
Category
2010s Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Ceramic
Extremely Rare Bing & Grondahl Porcelain Figurine of a Guinea Fowl
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Extremely rare Bing & Grondahl porcelain figurine of a guinea fowl.
B&G 1735.
Measures 22 x 17.5 cm.
In perfect condition. 1st. factory quality.
Category
20th Century Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
B&G, Kai Nielsen 1882-1924, Figurine in the Form of a Lying Woman, 1919
By Kai Nielsen
Located in Copenhagen, DK
B&G, Kai Nielsen, 1882-1924.
Figurine in the form of a lying woman with a bunch of grapes, from the series 'Grape Harvesting.'
Signed Kai Nielsen, 1919.
Model number 4...
Category
1910s Art Deco Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Contemporary Ceramic Sculpture with Weaving Shuttle by Aage Birck, Denmark, 2013
By Aage Birck
Located in New York, NY
One of several arresting sculptures by Danish contemporary ceramist Aage Birck in which he incorporates the tools from other arts into his work, using them as details or ornamentation. This particular piece is inset with porcelain weaving...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Ceramic
Bertil Vallien for Kosta Boda Sweden miniature sculpture , 1990’s
By Bertil Vallien
Located in Delft, NL
Bertil Vallien for Kosta Boda Sweden miniature sculpture , 1990’s
Category
1990s Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Art Glass
Large Porcelain Figure of Lady with Ball by Designer Luitpold Adam
Located in Praha, CZ
- Figure is stamped by Rossethal
- Excellent condition.
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
Stig Lindberg for Gustavsberg. Horse figurine in glazed stoneware.
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Stig Lindberg (1916-1982) for Gustavsberg.
Horse figurine in glazed stoneware in a light green shade.
In excellent condition.
Signed: Gustavsberg Sweden.
Dimensions: B 14.0 cm. x 11...
Category
20th Century Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Stoneware
Beautiful Sculpture by Karl Hultström, Sweden, Early 19th Century
Located in Örebro, SE
Beautiful sculpture by Karl Hultström, Sweden, early 19th century.
Wear and patina consistent with age and use.
Glue residue on cheek and neck, see last 3 pictures.
Engraved on the b...
Category
Early 19th Century Scandinavian Modern Antique Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Plaster
Britt-Louise Sundell for Gustavsberg. Ringo 1 baby elephant in glazed ceramics.
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Britt-Louise Sundell for Gustavsberg.
Ringo 1 baby elephant in glazed ceramics.
1960's.
In perfect condition.
Signed.
Dimensions: 12.5 x 12.0 cm.
Category
1960s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Ceramic
Lisa Larson for Gustavsberg, Rare Figure, "Johanna", Glazed Ceramics
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Lisa Larson for Gustavsberg, Rare figure, "Johanna", glazed ceramics.
20th century.
Marked.
In perfect condition.
Measures: 15.5 x 10.5 cm.
Category
20th Century Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Ceramic
Rosalie, Pink, Brown, Aubergine & Khaki Glass Vase by Gunnel Sahlin
By Gunnel Sahlin
Located in London, GB
'Rosalie', from the Hortus Poetica Collection, is a unique glass sculptural vessel by the Swedish artist, Gunnel Sahlin.
Sahlin’s current passions inc...
Category
2010s Organic Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Glass, Art Glass, Blown Glass
Kjell Engman for Kosta Boda ‘Snapshot’ sculpture Women in the wind, 1990’s
By Kjell Engman
Located in Delft, NL
Dimensions: 23,5cmH, 9cm W , 9cm D, 18cm H without stand.
Condition: Mint
Designer : Kjell Engman
Producer: Kosta Boda
Origin: Sweden
Material: Glass
Category
1990s Mid-Century Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Art Glass
Thomas Hellström for Nittsjö, Flute Shaped like a Bird in Glazed Stoneware
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Thomas Hellström for Nittsjö. Flute shaped like a bird in glazed stoneware.
1960s / 70s.
Measures: 19 x 10,5 cm.
In excellent condition.
Stamped.
Category
1960s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Stoneware
Origin Dark #0323, black & slate coloured glass sculpture by Morten Klitgaard
By Morten Klitgaard
Located in London, GB
‘Origin Dark #0323’ is a unique sculpture by the Danish artist, Morten Klitgaard.
In the artist's own words:
"My work is driven by the urge to investigate and push the limits of gl...
Category
2010s Organic Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Glass, Art Glass, Blown Glass
Scandinavian Modern Shell Sculpture by Gunnar Nylund for Rörstrand, 1930s
By rorstrand studio, Gunnar Nylund
Located in Stockholm, SE
Stunning stoneware sculpture by Gunnar Nylund in the shape of a shell. Beautifully executed with close resemblance to a real shell. Muted green glaze with a...
Category
1930s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Stoneware
Very Important Bronze Statue by Gerhard Henning
By Gerhard Henning
Located in Aalsgaarde, DK
Very important bronze statue signed by Gerhard Henning. He is considered to be one of greatest Danish artists and is represented in many Danish museums, including "Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek" where he's bronze sculpture are exhibited together with degas sculptures...
Category
Early 20th Century Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Bronze
Royal Copenhagen, rare porcelain figurine of a mermaid with fish in her hands
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Royal Copenhagen, rare porcelain figurine of a mermaid holding fish in her hands.
Model: 2412.
Approximately 1930.
Marked.
Second factory quality.
In excellent condition.
Dimensions:...
Category
1930s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
Two Children's Aid Day Figures, Aluminia, 1940s
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Two Children's Aid Day figures.
Aluminia, 1940s
The children's aid figures were designed in a masterpiece style by Herluf Jensenius and designed by Hans...
Category
1940s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Ceramic
Earthenware Sculpture by Lennart Olausson
By Lennart Olausson
Located in Stockholm, SE
Soulful earthenware sculpture of a face by Lennart Olausson. Glazed turquoise with a slight shimmer.
Lennart Olausson (born 1944) is a Swedish a...
Category
Early 2000s Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Earthenware
Royal Copenhagen Porcelain Figurine, Nurse, Dated 1969-1974
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Royal Copenhagen porcelain figurine. Nurse. Model 4507.
Dated 1969-1974.
Measures: 21.5 x 6.5 cm.
In excellent condition.
Stamped.
1st factory quality.
Category
1960s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
"Head of a Potter, " Highly Rare Art Deco Sculpture of Male Figure by Nielsen
By Jais Nielsen
Located in Philadelphia, PA
This rare and remarkable "Head of a Potter" in the pebbly Sung glaze by Jais Nielsen is both strong and subtle, an evocative and beautiful capturing of a young man's visage, no doubt...
Category
1920s Art Deco Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Ceramic
Origin Dark #0423, dark grey & pink standing glass sculpture by Morten Klitgaard
By Morten Klitgaard
Located in London, GB
‘Origin Dark #0423’ is a unique sculpture by the Danish artist, Morten Klitgaard.
In the artist's own words:
"My work is driven by the urge to investigate and push the limits of gl...
Category
2010s Organic Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Glass, Art Glass, Blown Glass
Lisa Larson for Gustavsberg, Stoneware Figure from "All the World's Children."
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Lisa Larson for Gustavsberg. Stoneware figure from "All the world's children."
Height 10 cm.
In perfect condition.
Marked.
Category
20th Century Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Stoneware
Bing & Grondahl Porcelain "The Tinderbox" Hans C Anderson 8051 Royal Copenhagen
By Jens Jakob Bregnoe
Located in Bloomfield Hills, MI
The Tinder Box is a small exquisite porcelain figurine that shines like a jewel. The figures are carefully created in great detail with much attention paid to the clothes and their decorations, the crutch, the cat, etc. This porcelain was based on the Hans Christian Anderson tale of “The Tinder Box”. A soldier is returning from the wars one day when he meets a witch. She tells him that she can give him riches, if he will do a favor for her. There is a hole at the top of a nearby tree. If the soldier climbs the tree, the witch tells him, and slides down the inside of the hollow trunk...
Category
1970s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
P. Ipsen's, Denmark, Girl No. 888, in Rare Light Glaze, Venus Kalipygos
Located in Copenhagen, DK
P. Ipsen's, Denmark. Girl no. 888. In rare light glaze. Venus Kalipygos.
Designed by Kai Nielsen. 1940's.
Measures: 22,5 x 10,5 cm.
In excellent condition.
Stamped.
Category
1940s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Ceramic
Danish Modern Wooden Sculpture
Located in Queens, NY
Danish Modern Wooden Sculpture
Category
20th Century Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Wood
Sculptural Mid-century Organic Object Holder in brass, Denmark 1960s
By Hans Arp, Henry Moore
Located in Argelato, BO
Rare sculptural holder in solid brass, organic Danish style, it is a work of great refinement and style.
A work of applied arete, which can be used as an ashtray, pocket emptier, or ...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Brass
Dahl Jensen, porcelain figurine of a sitting Scottish Terrier.
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Dahl Jensen, porcelain figurine of a sitting Scottish Terrier.
Model number 1078.
Design Jens Peter Dahl Jensen (1874-1960).
Approximately from the 1930s.
Second factory quality.
Per...
Category
1930s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
Fm Ronneby, Sweden, Seven Ducklings in Mouth-Blown Art Glass
Located in Copenhagen, DK
FM Ronneby, Sweden. Seven ducklings in Swedish mouth-blown art glass.
Approx. 1970-1980s.
In perfect condition.
Sticker.
Red figure measures: L 8.0 x W ...
Category
1970s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Art Glass
Bing & Grøndahl Porcelain Figure, Clown, Model Number 2511.
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Bing & Grøndahl porcelain figure. Clown. Model number 2511.
Measures: 11.5 x 5.5 cm.
In excellent condition.
Stamped.
Category
20th Century Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
Swedish glass book stands by Erik Höglund Boda, Sweden, 1960s
By Boda, Erik Höglund
Located in Eskilstuna, SE
Beautiful sculptural book stands designed by Erik Höglund. Produced by Swedish company Boda suring the 1960s.
Made in frosted glass. Signed on bottom.
Category
Mid-20th Century Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Glass
Lisa Larson for Gustavsberg. Rare "Johanna" figurine in glazed ceramic.
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Lisa Larson for Gustavsberg. Rare "Johanna" figurine in glazed ceramic.
Late 20th century.
Marked.
In perfect condition.
Dimensions: H 15.5 cm x D 10.0 cm.
Category
Late 20th Century Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Ceramic
Bing & Grøndahl, porcelain figurine of a pointer puppy.
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Bing & Grøndahl, porcelain figurine of a pointer puppy.
Model number 2026.
Designed by Lauritz Jensen.
Approximately from the 1960s.
First factory quality.
Perfect condition.
Marked....
Category
1960s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
Pair, Small Bronze Statues of Hunters, Denmark circa 1900
Located in Round Top, TX
Pair of sculptures of two hunters in the field. The gentleman hunter has rifle and dog on leash while his country assistant has rifle and what appears to be a deer at his feet.
Bronz...
Category
Early 20th Century Country Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Bronze
Torolf Engström, Swedish Sculptor, Unique Modernist Iron Sculpture
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Torolf Engström (1909-1987) Swedish sculptor.
Unique modernist iron sculpture "Etyd".
Approx. 1970/80s.
Signed and numbered 4/75.
Dimensions: H 34.0 D 13.0 cm.
Category
1970s Modern Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Iron
Cane in rosewood with a carved motif of a man being bitten by a snake 1960
Located in Lejre, DK
Cane in rosewood with a carved motif of a man being bitten by a snake from around the 1960s. Cane of high quality workmanship.
H: 92
Category
1960s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Rosewood
Bing & Grondahl after Thorvaldsen. Figure of Pharisee in biscuit. 1870/80s
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Bing & Grondahl after Thorvaldsen. Figure of Pharisee in biscuit. 1870/1880s
First factory quality.
In excellent condition.
Marked.
Dimensions: H 30.0 x D 10.0 cm.
Category
1870s Neoclassical Antique Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Ceramic
Monumental Lars Hellstrom Glass Sculpture Sweden
Located in Miami, FL
A large circular sculpture mounted on its original stand. Signed and dated.
Category
1990s Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Steel
1950s Lisa Larson Cat Stoneware Sculpture Paperweight Gustavsberg Danish MCM Era
Located in Hyattsville, MD
One day in the middle of the 1950s, Lisa modeled a cat with the tail straight up in the air. The cat was made of dark brown stoneware with carved stripes. This modernist figurine was...
Category
1950s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Stoneware
Lars Dan. Glazed Stoneware Sculpture
Located in Kastrup, DK
Lars Dan, Danish artist born 1960.
Glazed stoneware sculpture. Organic, abstract form - according to the artist himself, the sculpture depicts people crawlin...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Stoneware
No Limits #2, a Grey & Amber Abstract Glass Sculpture by Maria Bang Espersen
By Maria Bang Espersen
Located in London, GB
‘No Limits #2' is a unique glass sculpture by the Danish artist, Maria Bang Espersen.
Maria Bang Espersen works around the idea that all things are malleable, like glass, and that nothing can be permanently defined. Her experimental sculptures are therefore not only an approach but also a statement; one that states to never get caught up in the restrictive norms or to obey established hierarchies. Essentially, her works in glass, are a play with the possibilities of the material and an attempt to expand the viewer’s understanding of her chosen medium.
Although static and solid in their final sate, Espersen stretches, pulls and bends her glass, resulting in works that appear soft and almost possible of languid movement. Her chosen sweets confectionery colour palette entices and draws the onlooker towards the artwork, which deliciously glisten.
Espersen studied glass and ceramics at Engelsholm Højskole, in Denmark, continuing her studies at the Kosta School of Glass in Sweden, The Royal Danish Academy of Design, and Haystack Mountain...
Category
2010s Organic Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Glass, Art Glass
Johnny Mattsson Sculpture / Bowl Produced by Johnny Mattsson in Sweden
By Johnny Mattsson
Located in Limhamn, Skåne län
Sculpture / bowl designed by Johnny Mattsson. Produced by Johnny Mattsson in Sweden.
Category
1950s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Pine
"Mother and Child" by Kai Nielsen for Bing & Grondahl
By Kai Nielsen
Located in Philadelphia, PA
Exquisitely crafted by Bing and Grondahl in 1913, this blanc de chine porcelain figure by Kai Nielsen explored his facination with female figures that seem to be mothers to both huma...
Category
Early 20th Century Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
Lisa Larson for Gustavsberg, Stoneware Figure from "All the World's Children."
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Lisa Larson for Gustavsberg. Stoneware figure from "All the world's children."
Boy with a bucket.
Measures: 13 cm x 9 cm.
In perfect condition.
Sticker.
Category
20th Century Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Stoneware
Lars Dan, Glazed Stoneware Sculpture
Located in Kastrup, DK
Lars Dan, Danish artist born 1960.
Glazed stoneware sculpture. Organic, abstract form - according to the artist himself, the sculpture depicts people crawlin...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Stoneware
Royal Copenhagen, porcelain figurine of a boxer puppy. Ca 1930
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Royal Copenhagen, porcelain figurine of a boxer puppy.
Model 3169.
Approximately from the 1930s.
Marked.
First factory quality.
In excellent condition.
Dimensions: H 7.5 cm x L 8.0 cm.
Category
1930s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Porcelain
Svend Lindhart (1898-1989) own workshop. Danish ceramicist. Muskox in ceramic.
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Pre-owned goods are exempt from import duties for U.S. customers.
Therefore, no import tariffs will be applicable to your purchase.
Svend Lindhart (1898-1989), own workshop. Danish...
Category
1960s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Ceramic
Søren Kongstrand (1872-1951), Danish ceramicist. Large sculpture of a dachshund.
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Pre-owned goods are exempt from import duties for U.S. customers.
Therefore, no import tariffs will be applicable to your purchase.
Søren Kongstrand (1872-1951), Danish ceramicist....
Category
1910s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Ceramic
Åsa Jungnelius for Kosta Boda. ‘Make Up’ sculpture in the shape of a lipstick.
Located in Copenhagen, DK
Pre-owned goods are exempt from import duties for U.S. customers.
Therefore, no import tariffs will be applicable to your purchase.
Åsa Jungnelius for Kosta Boda, Sweden.
‘Make Up...
Category
1980s Vintage Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Art Glass
Gunnel Sahlin for Kosta Boda Pink roots collection
By Gunnel Sahlin
Located in Delft, NL
Gunnel Sahlin for Kosta Boda Pink roots collection
Category
Early 2000s Scandinavian Modern Scandinavian Sculptures
Materials
Art Glass
Read More
He Wrote ‘Oedipus Rex,’ but Do You Know What He Looked Like?
The Greek tragedian is said to have been handsome in his day.
These Soft Sculptures Are Childhood Imaginary Friends Come to Life
Miami artist and designer Gabriela Noelle’s fantastical creations appeal to the Peter Pan in all of us.
Salvatori Commissioned Several Famous Architects to Create Miniature Homes in Stone
Gabriele Salvatori explains how the COVID lockdowns inspired his design company's latest collection, the Village.
Christopher Norman Is Turning the Cast-Off Urban Trees of Los Angeles into Art
With a World War II–era milling machine, the California artist crafts poetic, sculptural furniture pieces.
These Human-Size Ceramic Hares Evoke Serious Emotions
Swedish artist Margit Brundin's large anthropomorphic animal sculptures are on view for the first time in the United States at Dienst + Dotter Antikviteter, in New York.
Tour the Wabi-Sabi New York Apartment of Andrianna Shamaris
As her sun-filled home reveals, the furniture maker and dealer puts a contemporary spin on antiques from around the globe.
Vicente Wolf’s Tips for Finding — and Living with — Eastern Treasures
The A-list designer shares his expertise on choosing authentic objects and displaying them with style.
Rodrigo Rivero Lake’s Mexico City Showroom Is a Museum-Worthy Trove of Spanish Colonial and Asian Antiques
The dealer and curator has spent the past 50 years amassing a collection of exceptional art, furniture and architectural elements that trace the cultural influence of the Spanish empire from Europe to the Americas and beyond.