North American Lighting
to
2,105
17,391
11,670
6,581
539
Height
to
Width
to
14,757
9,582
5,438
5,807
5,203
5,538
5,105
5,422
5,055
5,315
4,989
5,294
5,916
2,965
832
650
451
444
225
141
125
90
58
48
43
41
39
38
16
15
19
320
11,331
7,120
1,466
5,699
2,815
137
186
390
413
381
1,328
1,688
1,381
493
210
13,633
6,201
4,514
2,784
2,569
129,591
50,398
24,688
18,790
16,587
18,790
13,194
15,038
346
338
256
237
236
Place of Origin: North American
Mid-Century Modern Cypress Wood 19" Pendant
Located in Beaverton, OR
This pendant light features a contemporary Mid-Century Modern design with Scandinavian influences, showcasing a minimalist silhouette crafted from cypress wood veneer. Each light is...
Category
2010s Scandinavian Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Other
Ballard and Brothers 19thc
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Great used condition.
Ballard and Brothers Pottery crock lamp with newly made linen shades. Wonderful condition, great pattern. Working condition.
Category
19th Century Adirondack Antique North American Lighting
Materials
Pottery
Globe Sconce by Research.Lighting, Black, 5in Glass Globe, Made to Order
By Research.Lighting
Located in Brooklyn, NY
This listing is for 1x Globe Sconce in black designed and manufactured by Research.Lighting.
Materials: Steel & Glass
Finish: Powder-coated steel
Electronics: 1x G9 Socket, 1x 4.5 ...
Category
2010s Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Steel
6 Art Deco Skyscraper Fixtures, c.1930 Vintage Lights Priced each
Located in Prescott, US
Priced for each fixture with 6 available.
From the historic 538 / 542 5th Ave. buildings in San Diego's Gaslamp district. Vintage original globes with a black stenciled design, show...
Category
Mid-20th Century Art Deco North American Lighting
Materials
Nickel
Copa Brass Ceiling Lights by Gallery L7
By Gallery L7
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Elegant articulate 'Copa' ceiling lights designed by Gallery L7, handcrafted and finished in Los Angeles from American brass with an aged brass cone on black enameled rod. The cone a...
Category
2010s Organic Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Art Sconce, Handcrafted in Chicago, Designed by Christopher Gentner
By Christopher Gentner
Located in Chicago, IL
Brass art light with LED.
Category
2010s Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Stiffel Sculptural Table Lamp, Ceramic and Brass, Mid Century Modern
By Stiffel
Located in Clifton Springs, NY
Vintage Stiffel table or accent lamp was made with graphic, angular brass base and pillar top juxtaposed by rounded ceramic body in complex medium grey color glaze. Reserved color p...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Contemporary Pendant Lamp 'Column' 175-6, Horizontal, Amber
By AND Light, Lukas Peet
Located in Paris, IDF
Contemporary Pendant Lamp 'Column' 175
Designer: Lukas Peet
Electrical :
Voltage: 110–120V, 220–240V, 110–277V
Lamp: 12W 24V DC LED
The model shown in main image: COL-175-6-P-H...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Organic Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Glass
Mid-Century Stiffel Brass Table Lamp
By Stiffel
Located in Forney, TX
A beautiful tall mid-20th century Stiffel table lamp in brass with matte black enamel accents and foliate leaf detailing. Having an urn-form turned brass central standard, rising on ...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Kyoto Indoor Outdoor Led Sconce Poured Aluminum Blackened Size Long Wet Rating
By Atelier de Troupe
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Kyoto is a unique outdoor/indoor lamp collection. Sand cast in poured Aluminum, and finished in bronze, silver or blackened. The sconces are handmade sc...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Aluminum
Cumberland Sconce, Handmade Contemporary Glass Sconce by Studio Dunn
By Studio DUNN
Located in Rumford, RI
Our sculptural glass wall sconce is handmade by a New England glassblower. A metal canopy complements the custom glass shade. Available in two Smoke Grey or Opal White, the colored g...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Metal
Pair of Vintage Grotto Style Seashell Encrusted Table Lamps
Located in Palm Beach, FL
Standout pair of large table lamps ambitiously handcrafted in a grotto style assemblage of exotic seashells and presented on tuned wood bases.
Category
Late 20th Century Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Shell, Wood
Pair of Large MCM Studio Pottery Stoneware Table Lamps by Larry & Terry Brown
Located in San Diego, CA
Pair of large MCM studio pottery stoneware table lamps by Larry & Terry Brown, circa 1970s. The lamp is in very good working condition and measures 12"D x 18.5"H (to the top of ligh...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Stoneware
Mid Century Gooseneck Desk Lamp with Bullet Hood Shade with Wood Finial 1950/60s
By Gerald Thurston, Lightolier
Located in New York, NY
Iconic Mid Century gooseneck desk lamp, having a bullet form hood shade desk lamp, flex arm, and a circular plinth base. This example is in good, original, clean and working condi...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Metal
Pair of Vintage Solid Brass Beveled Glass Dome Wall Lantern
Located in Delray Beach, FL
Elegant pair of wall lantern hand crafted from brass with three 60/watt lights each.
Suitable for wet locations, electrified and ready to use.
Beautiful beveled glass dome. Nice pa...
Category
20th Century North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Expertly Restored - Mid-Century Modern Sculpted Walnut Table Lamps by Modernera
By Modernera Lamp Co.
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Mid-Century Modern Sculpted Walnut Table Lamps by Modernera Co.
Dimensions
35in H x 7in W
Lamp Shade: 10in H x 17in W
_____________________________________________________________...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Signal Arm Sconce in White x Nickel, Long, by Souda, Made to Order
By Souda, Shaun Kasperbauer
Located in Brooklyn, NY
The signal arm sconce is a rotatable sconce that seamlessly blend the Mid-Century Modern aesthetic with that of science fiction. A bent aluminum tube cantilevers from a wall-mounted ...
Category
2010s Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Metal, Steel
1980s 30 Brass Plated Wall Sconces, USA
By Maison Charles, Lightolier
Located in St- Leonard, Quebec
Elegant brass plated wall sconces that where dismantle from a chic hotel. See picture with fixture mounted on mirror
Well made with prime quality ...
Category
1980s Modern Vintage North American Lighting
Materials
Metal, Aluminum, Brass
Whimsical Brass Frog Floor Lamp by Chapman 1979
By Chapman Manufacturing Company
Located in St.Petersburg, FL
An unusual floor lamp by Chapman, circa 1979. Bronze/brass finish, whimsical frog design. Heavy and well made.
Category
1970s Modern Vintage North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
MONTERA Wall Sconce or Flushmount , biomorphic Brass & Glass, Blueprint Lighting
By Gino Sarfatti, Blueprint Lighting
Located in New York, NY
Introducing the Montera Wall Sconce or flushmount, a sleek and versatile addition to our collection. Unlike its pendant counterpart, this fixture foregoes the drop rod for a seamless...
Category
2010s Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass, Nickel, Enamel, Bronze
Gia Lantern Pendant by AVRAM RUSU STUDIO
By Andreea Avram Rusu
Located in Brooklyn, NY
The Gia lighting collection consists of hand blown glass adorned with hand built porcelain plants. The glass pieces are offered in three forms: globe, lantern or bell. The handcrafted porcelain ornaments are cast from live succulent plants. The shapes and sizes of the plants have been selected to complement the form and scale of the glass model it accompanies.
AVRAM RUSU...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary North American Lighting
Materials
Porcelain, Blown Glass
LUCIE Calacatta Marble Flushmount/Sconce Emily Del Bello x Blueprint Lighting
By Blueprint Lighting
Located in New York, NY
LUCIE FLUSHMOUNT
Introducing the Lucie Flushmount in Calacatta marble and glass; a daring tribute to timeless design inspired by the graceful proportions of Dior's iconic pearl earrings. Lucie's circular stone backplate serves as an exquisite canvas for the soft, inviting glow it radiates, seamlessly encapsulating the spirit of both Parisian elegance and New York modernity. Part of the Emily Del Bello...
Category
2010s Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Travertine, Marble
Arturo Pani Floor Lamp 1970s Brass Verdigris Vintage Palm Tree Hollywood Regency
By Arturo Pani
Located in London, GB
An impressive floor lamp by the creator of the 'Acapulco Look' Arturo Pani.
This floor lamp in brass plated and verdigris supports three heart shaped shades on its branches making no...
Category
1970s Hollywood Regency Vintage North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Crackle Textured Handmade Ceramic Mushroom Lamp, Blue
By Ethan Streicher, Streicher Goods
Located in Brooklyn, NY
Every mushroom lamp is hand-made and hand-painted by Ethan Streicher, the founder and designer behind the Streicher Goods brand in Brooklyn, NY. The lamp's silhouette is simple and c...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Ada Sconce 9 Black by Ravenhill Studio (Damp Rated)
By Brendan Ravenhill
Located in Los Angeles, CA
The Ada sconce gets its name and its raison d’être from the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which dictates that hallway sconces must not protrude fro...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary North American Lighting
Materials
Sheet Metal
KINA Wall Sconce or Flushmount in Blown Glass and Bronze by Blueprint Lighting
By George Nelson, Isamu Noguchi, Blueprint Lighting
Located in New York, NY
Introducing the Kina - a striking display of naturalism and intricate design. With its delicate lines and curves, this fixture emulates the beauty of a sea urchin, evoking a sense of...
Category
2010s Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass, Nickel, Enamel, Bronze
Large Pair of Brass Wall Lantern, Sconces
Located in Delray Beach, FL
Pair of elegant wall sconces hand crafted from solid brass beautiful patina, with one 60/watt light each, projecting the light upward, great decora...
Category
20th Century North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Martz / Marshall Studios Ceramic Table Lamp—White Glaze w/ Vertical Stripes
By Gordon & Jane Martz
Located in Portland, OR
What is it?
—
This Gordon and Jane Martz lamp features a white glaze with a subtle gray cast, giving it a soft, nuanced appearance. The glaze has a gentle sheen, adding a touch of un...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Folk Art Industrial Wood Floor Lamp
Located in New York, NY
Unique Folk Art floor lamp, constructed of a 19th C factory gear piece, later mounted and wired as a floor lamp. The lamp features a vertical center post which is threaded like a scr...
Category
Mid-20th Century Folk Art North American Lighting
Materials
Wood
KINA 3 Flushmount in Bronze and Blown Glass by Blueprint Lighting
By Gino Sarfatti, Blueprint Lighting
Located in New York, NY
Crafted with a nod to nature's beauty, the KINA 3 Flushmount boasts an asymmetrical design that draws inspiration from an intricate sea urchin. Not for the faint of heart; the Kina 3...
Category
2010s Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass, Bronze, Enamel, Nickel
Brutalist, Handmade Ceramic Table Lamp, Double Decker Lamp by Streicher Goods
By Ethan Streicher, Streicher Goods
Located in Brooklyn, NY
The Double Decker lamp is a tall, brutalist-inspired table lamp, perfect for lighting in larger living spaces, created by Streicher Goods in Brooklyn, NY.
The lamp is composed of a...
Category
2010s Brutalist North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Anna Karlin Sketch Light - Small
By Anna Karlin
Located in New York, NY
It is as the name suggests, a sketch brought to life. Glowing porcelain shades made in England hang from its metal structure. Inside each shade, a han...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary North American Lighting
Materials
Aluminum, Steel, Brass
Large Lawrence Modern Globe Pendant in Oil Rubbed Brass
By Lostine
Located in Philadelphia, PA
Inspired by the croquis and contour drawings of our creative director, the Lawrence Pendants evoke elegant simplicity with a refined sense of play. Mad...
Category
2010s Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Brass and Leather Meander Flexible Arm Wall Light
Located in Pound Ridge, NY
Brass and leather wrapped meander wall or ceiling mounted light fixture, shown in natural blue indigo leather and brushed brass. Adjustable arms allow for your own stylish poses. Ava...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
FORMOSA Wall Light or Sconce in Bronze by Blueprint Lighting
By Jean Arp, Blueprint Lighting, Mathieu Matégot
Located in New York, NY
Inspired by the abstract, organic forms of French-German artist Jean Arp, Formosa embodies unfussy elegance and natural beauty. Its asymmetric shape, sculptural curves, and negative ...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass, Nickel, Enamel, Bronze
Series01 Small Sconce, Polished Unlacquered Brass, Ash Leather Shade, Pivoting
By Adam Otlewski
Located in Ozone Park, NY
Solid machined brass in polished unlacquered finish, hand-dyed soft unstructured leather pivoting shade. All material finishes are living finishes: they will change and patina for th...
Category
2010s Bauhaus North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Pair of Echo Six Sconces in Brass, from Souda, Made to Order
By Shaun Kasperbauer, Souda
Located in Brooklyn, NY
Simple, elegant and playful, the Echo Series is a line of surface-mount fixtures that can be used on a wall or ceiling. White or brass cones mount to mirrored glass to perfectly refl...
Category
2010s Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Metal, Steel
Speckled Bamboo Task Lamp with Scallop Shell Shade and Coiled Seagrass Base
By Tennant New York
Located in Brooklyn, NY
Introducing the Ligurian Summer Collection, a sophisticated family of handmade fixtures in natural sea shell, coiled leather, marble, and bamboo, inspired by the faded splendor of the northern Italian coast.
A fully articulated cousin to the original Lion’s Paw Lamp...
Category
2010s Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Chrome Fountain Style Five Light Floor Lamp att. to Sonneman c 1960/70's
By Robert Sonneman, Laurel Lamp Company
Located in New York, NY
Hard to find Space Age, Hollywood Regency, Mid Century period, chrome fountain form floor lamp, designed by Robert Sonneman, for the Laurel Lamp Company, circa 1960/70's. The lamp fe...
Category
Mid-20th Century Space Age North American Lighting
Materials
Chrome
Mid-Century Modern Limited-Edition Cypress 19" Pendant
Located in Beaverton, OR
This pendant light features a contemporary Mid-Century Modern design with Scandinavian influences, showcasing a minimalist silhouette made from cypress wood veneer. Each piece is a u...
Category
2010s Scandinavian Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Other
Beacon Small Table Lamp with Walnut Body and Cream Linen Shade by Studio Dunn
By Studio DUNN
Located in Rumford, RI
The Beacon 18" small table lamp features a handcrafted walnut body and cream linen shade. Its modern Silhouette is perfectly balanced with clean, proportional lines and curves that r...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Orbit-40 Chandelier by Gallery L7
By Gallery L7
Located in Los Angeles, CA
stunning large-scale three-arm chandelier by Gallery L7, handcrafted and finished in Los Angeles from American brass with aged brass finish and three matte opaline glass globes, meas...
Category
2010s Organic Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Kyoto Indoor Outdoor LED Sconce Poured Aluminum Size Long Wet Rated Light
By Atelier de Troupe
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Kyoto is a unique outdoor/indoor lamp collection. Sand cast in aluminum with a raw aluminum finish but available blackened, brass, bronze and silver. Th...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Aluminum
Chiton-2 Chandelier by Gallery L7
By Gallery L7
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Elegant two shield pendant light designed by Gallery L7, handcrafted and finished in Los Angeles from American brass. Reminiscent of stag beetle armor, in an aged raw brass finish, o...
Category
2010s Organic Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Contemporary Checker Patterned Ceramic Mushroom Lamp, Black and White
By Streicher Goods, Ethan Streicher
Located in Brooklyn, NY
Every mushroom lamp is hand-made and hand-painted by Ethan Streicher, the founder and designer behind the Streicher Goods brand in Brooklyn, NY. The lamp's silhouette is simple and c...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Medium Terracotta Ceramic Pendant Light, Brushed Brass, Diamantes Atzompa
By L'Aviva Home
Located in New York, NY
Our Atzompa Collection is created in the Oaxacan town of Santa María Atzompa, where the pottery-making tradition has roots tracing back to ancient Zapotec culture.
Building on this ...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Ceramic
Pianeta Large-Scale Wall Light or Sconce in Enamel & Brass, Blueprint Lighting
By Blueprint Lighting, Mathieu Matégot, Arteluce
Located in New York, NY
Introducing the Pianeta wall lamp--an over-scaled sculptural light that adds instant drama wherever it goes. Inspired by a vintage European design, brought into the 21st century by Blueprint Lighting in 2022. This fixture has full rotation on a flat plane (parallel to the wall), so that you can arrange the two arms any way you would like. Nearly a 4 foot wingspan when fully extended, but can be folded inward to become more compact if desired; create your own distinct shape!
Shown here in our SLATE enamel and our classic NATURAL BRASS hardware, but available in 36 colors and 6 metal finishes. What will you create?
Our sconces and wall lights...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass, Bronze, Enamel, Nickel
Meander Leather and Brass Flexible Single Sconce
Located in Pound Ridge, NY
Add color and flexibility to any room with the Meander One Arm Reading Light, an adjustable wall-mounted light fixture, with flexible leather wrapped arm.
Shown here in orange leather, Brushed Brass cone shade, optional switch on square backing plate. Also availble with round backing plate.
15" arm fully extended (12" leather arm plus 3" cone shade), or custom length.
Choose from 30 leather colors; please contact us for color chart and samples
4 brass finishes (Brushed Brass, Polished, Aged or Antiqued...
Category
2010s Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Louis Flush Mount with Steel Canopy and Solid Brass Extension
By Atelier de Troupe
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Small: W 6in (15cm) x D 2.25in (6cm) x H 6in (15cm)
The Louis flush mount is fabricated with a darkened steel flat canopy and a solid brass or darken...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass, Steel
Maine-18 Wall Light by Gallery L7
By Gallery L7
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Elegant ‘Maine-18’ wall or ceiling light designed by Gallery L7, handcrafted and finished in Los Angeles from American brass, with an opaline glass shade on an aged raw brass perfora...
Category
2010s Organic Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Seguso for Marbro Pair of Huge Blue Murano Glass Lamps, 1960s
By The Marbro Lamp Company, Archimede Seguso
Located in Clifton Springs, NY
Stunning sculptural Murano glass lamps feature extra-large hand-blown glass bodies, assembled from multiple separate parts and mounted on gilded wood bases with brass fittings. The ...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Gold, Brass
Serpentine Vertical Ceramic Wall Sconce - Right facing only - Single
By Farrah Sit
Located in Brooklyn, NY
This listing is for a single "right facing" sconce - specially priced as an overstock.
See our other listing for a mirrored pair.
In this ceramic wall sconce, generous curves are p...
Category
2010s Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Mid-Century Modern Space Age 3-Globe Chrome Table Lamp
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Add a touch of mid-century modern flair to your space with this striking Space Age 3-Globe Chrome Table Lamp from the 1950s. Crafted in the United States, this lamp features three po...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage North American Lighting
Materials
Chrome
Green Enamel Vintage Industrial Cast Iron Sconce Wall Light by Benjamin USA
By Benjamin Electrical Company 1
Located in Amsterdam, NL
American factory wall light by Benjamin USA
Green enamel, white interior
diameter cast iron wall piece: 8 cm, 2 holes to secure
Weight: 3.20 kg...
Category
Mid-20th Century Industrial North American Lighting
Materials
Enamel, Iron
Wabi Short Smoky Topaz, Pendant Light, Hand Blown Glass - Made to Order
By Siemon & Salazar
Located in Aliso Viejo, CA
The Wabi Pendant is a departure from the more symmetrical shapes of our other lines, celebrating the natural movement and fluid matter of the glass. It gets its namesake from the Jap...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass, Nickel
Concha Wall Lights by Gallery L7
By Gallery L7
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Elegant Concha indoor/outdoor wall lights designed by Gallery L7, handcrafted and finished in Los Angeles from American brass, with one opaline glass shade (glossy or satin finish) o...
Category
2010s Organic Modern North American Lighting
Materials
Brass
Gia Globe Pendant by AVRAM RUSU STUDIO
By Andreea Avram Rusu
Located in Brooklyn, NY
The Gia lighting collection consists of hand blown glass adorned with hand built porcelain plants. The glass pieces are offered in three forms: globe, lantern or bell. The handcrafted porcelain ornaments are cast from live succulent plants. The shapes and sizes of the plants have been selected to complement the form and scale of the glass model it accompanies.
AVRAM RUSU STUDIO...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary North American Lighting
Materials
Porcelain, Blown Glass
Two-Tier Wrought Iron Chandelier by Melissa Levinson
By Melissa Levinson
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Custom two-tier wrought iron chandelier by Melissa Levinson. This chandelier has a classic, elegant structure. It has eight arms, each curving gracefully to hold a drip wax candle...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Spanish Colonial North American Lighting
Materials
Wrought Iron
Read More
This Paavo Tynell Chandelier Is a Radiant Bouquet
The alluring pendant light exemplifies the designer’s winsome mid-career work.
Ettore Sottsass Captures a Shooting Star in This Rare 1970s Floor Lamp
Before founding the Memphis Group, Sottsass bent the rules of lighting design with the wonderfully wavy Cometa.
You Don’t Need a Fictional Fairy to Get This Real Pinocchio Lamp
Warm chalet style meets cool Bauhaus functionality in Pietro Cascella’s cleverly carved creation.
Why Is Italy Such a Hotbed of Cool Design?
Patrizio Chiarparini of Brooklyn’s Duplex gallery sheds light on the lasting legacy of Italy’s postwar furniture boom.
With a High-Tech Flagship and Cool Collabs, Lladró Is Breaking the Mold for Porcelain Production
Thanks to its new leadership, the Spanish maker of figurines, busts and lighting is on a mission to update the art of porcelain for the 21st century.
Christopher Tennant’s Lamps and Dioramas Evoke Sunny Days and Seaside Locales
The former magazine editor blends elements of the Far East and America’s eastern shores, bringing wit and delight to his handmade, upcycled designs.
Paavo Tynell’s Snowflake Chandelier Warms Up Any Room
This circa 1950 piece by the legendary Finnish lighting designer spent the past several decades in a family's home in Michigan.
NASA Parachutes Inspired Lighting Designer Bec Brittain’s New Collection
In "Paraciphers," now on view at Emma Scully Gallery in New York, Brittain introduces works that were more than a decade in the making.