Skip to main content

Couch Velvet Ottoman

to
25
158
126
152
132
95
75
43
41
12
9
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
34
23
22
21
19
Sort By
Zanotta “Alfa 1326” L- Shape Sofa & Ottoman in Pale Grey Velvet
By Zanotta
Located in Barrowford, GB
This is a rare, pristine “Alfa 1326” L-Shape 4-Seat Sofa & Ottoman from the world renown Italian
Category

2010s Sofas

Materials

Velvet

Airborne Sectional Sofa with Ottoman 'Patate' in Black Velvet Corduroy
Located in Waalwijk, NL
Airborne, sectional sofa with ottoman model 'Patate', velvet corduroy, metal, France, 1970s This
Category

Vintage 1970s French Mid-Century Modern Sectional Sofas

Materials

Metal

Exceptional Jack Lenor Larsen ~Primavera~ Velvet Playpen Sofa and Ottomans
By Jack Lenor Larsen
Located in Las Vegas, NV
Gorgeous down filled sofa upholstered in Jack Lenor Larsen Primavera velvet with a pair of oversize
Category

Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Sofas

Materials

Upholstery

1960s "Skyscraper" Design Velvet Sectional Sofa
Located in New York, NY
1960s "Skyscraper" design velvet sectional sofa. There are eight sections to the sofa (including
Category

Vintage 1960s Mid-Century Modern Sofas

Materials

Velvet

Dark Grey Velvet Bourne, Round Sofa
By Century Furniture
Located in Stamford, CT
A stunning dark grey velvet four section custom made bourne. The base is hexagonal in shape with a
Category

Late 20th Century American Napoleon III Sofas

Materials

Velvet, Wood

21st Century Modular Mood Sofa Cotton Velvet
Located in RIO TINTO, PT
our expert artisans and upholstered in cotton velvet, this modular sofa features a lacquered feet and
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Portuguese Sofas

Materials

Velvet, Walnut

21st Century Modular Mood Sofa Cotton Velvet
21st Century Modular Mood Sofa Cotton Velvet
H 32.68 in W 176.38 in D 114.18 in
21st Century Modular Mood Sofa Cotton Velvet
Located in RIO TINTO, PT
our expert artisans and upholstered in cotton velvet, this modular sofa features a lacquered feet and
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Portuguese Sofas

Materials

Velvet, Walnut

21st Century Modular Mood Sofa Cotton Velvet
21st Century Modular Mood Sofa Cotton Velvet
H 32.68 in W 176.38 in D 114.18 in
Sofa / Couch Chesterfield Luxury Baroque Style Design Velvet Red Alcantara Look
Located in Berlin, DE
Exclusive Chesterfield sofa with ottoman in beautiful velvet / alkantara look.  
Category

20th Century English Chesterfield Sofas

Materials

Velvet

Mid Century Low Profile Velvet Sectional Sofa
By Dunbar Furniture
Located in Pasadena, TX
Modern velvet modular sectional sofa Stunning low profile sofa in rich gold velvet. Modular
Category

Mid-20th Century North American Mid-Century Modern Sofas

Materials

Velvet

Art Deco Walnut Wood Light Green Velvet Sofa
Located in IT
Art Deco sofa in light green velvet. A sofa From 1930s period from France. The walnut wood
Category

Early 20th Century European Art Deco Sofas

Materials

Velvet, Walnut

Art Deco Walnut Wood Light Green Velvet Sofa
Art Deco Walnut Wood Light Green Velvet Sofa
H 31.5 in W 47.25 in D 28.35 in
Contemporary Sofa Gropius CS1 by Noom, Blue Velvet
By Kateryna Sokolova, NOOM
Located in Paris, FR
Sofa Gropius CS1 by Noom Designer: Kateryna Sokolova Dimensions: H 71 cm x W 150 cm x D 70 cm
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Ukrainian Organic Modern Sofas

Materials

Fabric, Wool, Velvet

Ottoman Sofa, Large by Colé Italia
Located in Geneve, CH
Ottoman sofa, large by Colé Italia with Aksu/Suardi Dimensions: H.72 D.80 W.220 cm Materials
Category

2010s Italian Modern Sofas

Materials

Upholstery, Wood

Ottoman Sofa, Large by Colé Italia
Ottoman Sofa, Large by Colé Italia
H 28.35 in W 86.62 in D 31.5 in
Maralunga 675 Sofa, Armchair and Ottoman by Vico Magistretti for Cassina
By Vico Magistretti, Cassina
Located in Dronten, NL
Maralunga 2-seat sofa with matching lounge chair and ottoman, designed by Vico Magistretti for
Category

Vintage 1970s Italian Modern Sofas

Materials

Velvet

Ottoman Sofa, X-Large by Colé Italia
Located in Geneve, CH
Ottoman Sofa, Large by Colé Italia with Aksu/Suardi ( Custom Made Product ) Dimensions: H.72 D.140
Category

2010s Italian Modern Sofas

Materials

Upholstery, Wood

Ottoman Sofa, X-Large by Colé Italia
Ottoman Sofa, X-Large by Colé Italia
H 28.35 in W 86.62 in D 55.12 in
Togo Sofa velvet by Michel Ducaroy for Ligne Roset, Set of 2
By Michel Ducaroy
Located in Porto, PT
Togo sofa VELVET by Michel Ducaroy for Ligne Roset. Togo was designed in 1973. This set is made
Category

Vintage 1960s French Mid-Century Modern Sofas

Materials

Velvet, Foam

Open Air Modern Purple Blue Velvet Custom Modular Tufted Loveseat with Ottoman
Located in Brooklyn, NY
OAM Design Studio presents our first in a line of custom contemporary design sofas. The Modular
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern Sofas

Materials

Steel

Casquet Ecological Red Passion Velvet Ottoman
By D3co
Located in Milan, IT
Harmonious and Elegant Relaxation. This harmonious and extremely compact ottoman proposes a plush
Category

2010s Italian Modern Ottomans and Poufs

Materials

Textile, Cotton, Velvet, Latex

Casquet Ecological Red Passion Velvet Ottoman
H 16.15 in W 27.56 in D 17.33 in
Vintage Togo Sofa Set in Cognan Brown Velvet by Michel Ducaroy for Ligne Roset
By Michel Ducaroy, Ligne Roset
Located in Baambrugge, NL
France. This iconic corner armchair with ottoman features original cognac brown velvet upholstery
Category

Vintage 1970s French Sofas

Materials

Fabric

"Verlaine" Ottoman for Verlaine Sofa by Lievore Altherr for Driade
By Driade, Lievore Altherr Molina
Located in Brooklyn, NY
"Verlaine" is an ottoman, designed by Lievore Altherr and manufactured by Driade, with a polimex
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Ottomans and Poufs

Materials

Leather, Fabric, Velvet

Pascal Modular Curve Sofa
By Michael Felix
Located in Los Angeles, CA
seat back. As shown: Arm right chair with armless chair and ottoman.
Category

2010s American Sofas

Materials

Leather, Bouclé, Velvet, Wood

Pascal Modular Curve Sofa
Pascal Modular Curve Sofa
H 27 in W 131.5 in D 48 in
Lem 3 Seat Sofa in Upholstery, by Francesco Beghetto
By Francesco Beghetto, Miniforms
Located in Brooklyn, NY
This is three-seated Lem sofa, upholstered in the listed fabrics. Please note that this product
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Sofas

Materials

Upholstery

Astor Square Brass Ottoman in Emerald Velvet by Montage
Located in Wilton, CT
. This Ottoman's generous square proportions stand alone elegantly or accompanying a sofa. Astor was
Category

21st Century and Contemporary American Mid-Century Modern Ottomans and P...

Materials

Brass

Tacchini Pink Julep Sofa Designed by Jonas Wagell in STOCK
By Jonas Wagell Design & Architecture, Tacchini
Located in New York, NY
simplicity and grandeur, refined by a contemporary, romantic, feminine allure. Star of the series is the sofa
Category

2010s Italian Sofas

Materials

Velvet

Mario Bellini "Camaleonda" Modular Sofa for B&B Italia, 1970
By B&B Italia, Mario Bellini
Located in Lonigo, Veneto
Mario Bellini "Camaleonda" modular sofa for B&B Italia, Italy, 1970, four elements. "Camaleonda
Category

Vintage 1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern Sofas

Materials

Metal

Serenity Three Seater Sofa with Plush Tan Fabric by Nika Zupanc
By Scarlet Splendour, Nika Zupanc
Located in Kolkata, IN
is at home, on a sofa that welcomes you. On an ottoman that suggests a day of calm and peace. It is
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Indian Modern Sofas

Materials

Velvet, Foam, Wood

Contemporary Melodia Curved Sofa Handcrafted by James by Jimmy Delaurentis
By JAMES by Jimmy DeLaurentis
Located in Philadelphia, PA
, or her standard sofa with our Lea Ottoman. Shown in black and white velvet with contrast welt and
Category

21st Century and Contemporary American Art Deco Sofas

Materials

Brass

RARE Alberto Rosselli Sofa Two Seater for Saporiti 'Confidential', Italy, 1970s
By Alberto Rosselli Saporiti, Saporiti
Located in Basel, BS
Alberto Rosselli Set For Saporiti 'Confidential', Italy Design, 1972 Two seater sofa by Alberto
Category

Vintage 1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern Sofas

Materials

Steel

Serenity Two Seater Sofa with Plush Tan Fabric by Nika Zupanc
By Scarlet Splendour, Nika Zupanc
Located in Kolkata, IN
sofa that welcomes you. On an ottoman that suggests a day of calm and peace. It is in the leisurely
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Indian Modern Sofas

Materials

Velvet, Foam, Wood

Serenity Three Seater Lounge Sofa with Plush Tan Fabric by Nika Zupanc
By Scarlet Splendour, Nika Zupanc
Located in Kolkata, IN
is at home, on a sofa that welcomes you. On an ottoman that suggests a day of calm and peace. It is
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Indian Modern Sofas

Materials

Velvet, Foam, Wood

Serenity Two Seater Lounge Sofa with Plush Tan Fabric by Nika Zupanc
By Scarlet Splendour, Nika Zupanc
Located in Kolkata, IN
sofa that welcomes you. On an ottoman that suggests a day of calm and peace. It is in the leisurely
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Indian Modern Sofas

Materials

Velvet, Foam, Wood

Art Deco Alessandra Curved Sofa Handcrafted by JAMES by Jimmy Delaurentis
By JAMES by Jimmy DeLaurentis
Located in Philadelphia, PA
curves embrace as you relax on her stunning frame. Whether clothed in velvet, wool or mohair, this sleek
Category

21st Century and Contemporary American Art Deco Sofas

Materials

Mohair, Velvet, Acrylic, Wood

Art Deco Gabriella Curved Sofa Handcrafted by JAMES by Jimmy DeLaurentis
By JAMES by Jimmy DeLaurentis
Located in Philadelphia, PA
Presenting Gabriella, a shapely sofa with finishes fit for royalty. Whether covered in a rich
Category

21st Century and Contemporary American Art Deco Sofas

Materials

Leather, Mohair, Velvet, Acrylic, Wood

Art Deco Gabriella Curved Sofa Handcrafted by JAMES by Jimmy DeLaurentis
By JAMES by Jimmy DeLaurentis
Located in Philadelphia, PA
Presenting Gabriella, a shapely sofa with finishes fit for royalty. Whether covered in a rich
Category

21st Century and Contemporary American Art Deco Sofas

Materials

Mohair, Velvet, Acrylic, Wood, Leather

Alastair Sofa by Marta Sala Editions
Located in Geneve, CH
Alastair sofa by Marta Sala Editions Dimensions: W 230 x D 96 x H 78 cm Materials: Mohair velvet
Category

2010s Italian Modern Sectional Sofas

Materials

Velvet, Foam

Alastair Sofa by Marta Sala Editions
Alastair Sofa by Marta Sala Editions
H 30.71 in W 90.56 in D 37.8 in
B&B Italia by Antonio Citterio Brown Velvet Richard Ottoman
By Antonio Citterio, B&B Italia
Located in London, GB
Originally designed by Antonio Citterio for B&B Italia in 2016, the Richard sofa collection is a
Category

2010s Italian Ottomans and Poufs

Materials

Fabric

Mah jong sofa from Hans Hopfer for Roche Bobois design by Kenzo Takata
By Roche Bobois, Hans Hopfer
Located in Alsdorf, NW
Presenting the remarkable "Mah Jong" sectional sofa, a creation by Hans Hopfer in collaboration
Category

Late 20th Century French Post-Modern Sofas

Materials

Fabric, Silk, Velvet

Camaleonda Sofa by Mario Bellini for B&B Italia, Italy
By Mario Bellini, B&B Italia
Located in Brussels, BE
with one ottoman, all upholstered in the original and nice lobster-colored fabric. This sofa is
Category

Vintage 1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern Sectional Sofas

Materials

Fabric, Velvet

Mario Bellini "Camaleonda" Modular Sofa for B&B Italia, 1970
By B&B Italia, Mario Bellini
Located in Lonigo, Veneto
Mario Bellini "Camaleonda" modular sofa for B&B Italia, velvet, metal and plastic, Italy, 1970
Category

Vintage 1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern Sectional Sofas

Materials

Metal

Mario Bellini "Camaleonda" Modular Sofa for B&B Italia, 1970
By Mario Bellini, B&B Italia
Located in Lonigo, Veneto
Mario Bellini "Camaleonda" modular sofa for B&B Italia, velvet, metal and plastic, Italy, 1970
Category

Vintage 1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern Sectional Sofas

Materials

Metal

Mario Bellini "Camaleonda" Modular Sofa for B&B Italia, 1970
By Mario Bellini, B&B Italia
Located in Lonigo, Veneto
Mario Bellini "Camaleonda" modular sofa for B&B Italia, velvet, metal and plastic, Italy, 1970
Category

Vintage 1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern Sectional Sofas

Materials

Metal

Mario Bellini "Camaleonda" Modular Sofa for B&B Italia, 1970
By B&B Italia, Mario Bellini
Located in Lonigo, Veneto
Mario Bellini "Camaleonda" modular sofa for B&B Italia, velvet, metal and plastic, Italy, 1970
Category

Vintage 1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern Sectional Sofas

Materials

Metal

21st Century Woodstock Mountain Sofa in Fabric by Etro Home Interiors
By Etro
Located in Cantù, Lombardia
In the Woodstock sofa, the ethnic-inspired mattress conformation recalls Ottoman and North African
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Sofas

Materials

Wood, Fabric

Large Modular Sofa by Giuseppe Munari for Poltrona Munari, Italy, 1970's
By Federico Munari
Located in Amsterdam, NL
large 6 piece modular sofa in dark blue velvet by Giuseppe Munari. Many configuration possible as you
Category

Vintage 1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern Sectional Sofas

Materials

Velvet, Wood

Togo Sofa Set in Chocolate by Michel Ducaroy for AirBorne/Arconas (Ligne Roset)
By Michel Ducaroy, Airborne International, Ligne Roset
Located in TORONTO, CA
Togo 5 Piece Sofa Set by Michel Ducaroy for Ligne Roset, produced under licence by Airborne/Arconas
Category

Vintage 1970s Canadian Mid-Century Modern Sectional Sofas

Materials

Velvet, Foam

Tarantino 3 Seaters Sofa in Brown Fabric with Black Gold Legs
By Lorenza Bozzoli, Ghidini 1961
Located in Brooklyn, NY
removable. Base: The sofa, armchair and ottoman are made of Italian aluminum, bent in-house at Ghidini1961
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Sofas

Materials

Fabric

Tarantino 3 Seaters Sofa in Grey Fabric with Black Gold Legs
By Lorenza Bozzoli, Ghidini 1961
Located in Brooklyn, NY
removable. Base: The sofa, armchair and ottoman are made of Italian aluminum, bent in-house at Ghidini1961
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Sofas

Materials

Fabric

Tarantino 3 Seaters Sofa in Green Fabric with Black Gold Legs
By Lorenza Bozzoli, Ghidini 1961
Located in Brooklyn, NY
removable. Base: The sofa, armchair and ottoman are made of Italian aluminum, bent in-house at Ghidini1961
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Sofas

Materials

Fabric

Tarantino 3 Seaters Sofa in Beige Fabric with Black Gold Legs
By Lorenza Bozzoli, Ghidini 1961
Located in Brooklyn, NY
removable. Base: The sofa, armchair and ottoman are made of Italian aluminum, bent in-house at Ghidini1961
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Sofas

Materials

Fabric

Tarantino 3 Seaters Sofa in Blue Fabric with Black Gold Legs
By Lorenza Bozzoli, Ghidini 1961
Located in Brooklyn, NY
removable. Base: The sofa, armchair and ottoman are made of Italian aluminum, bent in-house at Ghidini1961
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Sofas

Materials

Fabric

Abbracci Sofa 3 Seater in Grey Leather with Polished Brass Legs
By Lorenza Bozzoli, Ghidini 1961
Located in Brooklyn, NY
different densities. Covers: Covers are not removable. Base: The sofa, armchair and ottoman are made of
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Sofas

Materials

Leather

Vintage Soriana Sofa by Afra & Tobia Scarpa in Original Natural Leather, 1970
By Afra & Tobia Scarpa, Cassina
Located in Brooklyn, NY
The above sofa is part of a suite of three total pieces including lounge chair and ottoman from the
Category

Vintage 1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern Sofas

Materials

Leather, Plastic, Foam

Abbracci Sofa 3 Seater in Brown Leather with Brown Burnished Brass Legs
By Lorenza Bozzoli, Ghidini 1961
Located in Brooklyn, NY
different densities. Covers: Covers are not removable. Base: The sofa, armchair and ottoman are made of
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Sofas

Materials

Leather

Abbracci Sofa 3 Seater in Orange Leather with Brown Burnished Brass Legs
By Lorenza Bozzoli, Ghidini 1961
Located in Brooklyn, NY
different densities. Covers: Covers are not removable. Base: The sofa, armchair and ottoman are made of
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Sofas

Materials

Leather

Abbracci Sofa 3 Seater in Green Leather with Brown Burnished Brass Legs
By Lorenza Bozzoli, Ghidini 1961
Located in Brooklyn, NY
different densities. Covers: Covers are not removable. Base: The sofa, armchair and ottoman are made of
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Sofas

Materials

Leather

Abbracci Sofa 3 Seater in Beige Leather with Brown Burnished Brass Legs
By Lorenza Bozzoli, Ghidini 1961
Located in Brooklyn, NY
different densities. Covers: Covers are not removable. Base: The sofa, armchair and ottoman are made of
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Sofas

Materials

Leather

1960s Milo Baughman Velvet Modular Sectional, Set of 7
By Milo Baughman
Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL
spectacular and beautifully-presented in original crushed velvet upholstery. The beautiful modular sectional
Category

Vintage 1960s American Mid-Century Modern Sectional Sofas

Materials

Velvet, Wood

Bold 3 Seaters Sofa in Fabric and Leather with Black Gold Legs by Elisa Giovanno
By Elisa Giovannoni, Ghidini 1961
Located in Brooklyn, NY
: Back covers are completely removable for both fabric and leather versions. Base: The sofa, armchair and
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Sofas

Materials

Fabric

Fantastic 6 Piece Milo Baughman Style Sectional Sofa Carson's Mid-Century Modern
By Milo Baughman
Located in Pemberton, NJ
Fantastic deep blue velvet 2 piece angled sofa with 2 light-up tables and 2 ottomans, so this is a
Category

Vintage 1960s American Mid-Century Modern Sectional Sofas

Materials

Plexiglass

Jack Lenor Larson style armless loveseat with 2 ottomans
By Jack Lenor Larsen
Located in Charleston, SC
Awesome mod armless loveseat length sofa with 2 matching ottomans upholstered in Jack Lenor Larsen
Category

Vintage 1970s American Mid-Century Modern Sectional Sofas

Materials

Upholstery

Sophia Ottoman by Chiara Provasi
By Chiara Provasi
Located in Milan, IT
Charming and elegant, this ottoman is a perfect complement to the Sophia sofa. Its elliptical shape
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Ottomans and Poufs

Materials

Textile

Sophia Ottoman by Chiara Provasi
Sophia Ottoman by Chiara Provasi
H 17.72 in W 47.25 in D 31.5 in
  • 1
Get Updated with New Arrivals
Save "Couch Velvet Ottoman", and we’ll notify you when there are new listings in this category.

Couch Velvet Ottoman For Sale on 1stDibs

At 1stDibs, there are many versions of the ideal couch velvet ottoman for your home. A couch velvet ottoman — often made from fabric, velvet and metal — can elevate any home. There are 8 variations of the antique or vintage couch velvet ottoman you’re looking for, while we also have 2 modern editions of this piece to choose from as well. Your living room may not be complete without a couch velvet ottoman — find older editions for sale from the 20th Century and newer versions made as recently as the 21st Century. A couch velvet ottoman, designed in the Mid-Century Modern or Modern style, is generally a popular piece of furniture. Afra & Tobia Scarpa, Cassina and Driade each produced at least one beautiful couch velvet ottoman that is worth considering.

How Much is a Couch Velvet Ottoman?

Prices for a couch velvet ottoman start at $1,500 and top out at $44,000 with the average selling for $10,416.

Finding the Right seating for You

With entire areas of our homes reserved for “sitting rooms,” the value of quality antique and vintage seating cannot be overstated.

Fortunately, the design of side chairs, armchairs and other lounge furniture — since what were, quite literally, the early perches of our ancestors — has evolved considerably.

Among the earliest standard seating furniture were stools. Egyptian stools, for example, designed for one person with no seat back, were x-shaped and typically folded to be tucked away. These rudimentary chairs informed the design of Greek and Roman stools, all of which were a long way from Sori Yanagi's Butterfly stool or Alvar Aalto's Stool 60. In the 18th century and earlier, seats with backs and armrests were largely reserved for high nobility.

The seating of today is more inclusive but the style and placement of chairs can still make a statement. Antique desk chairs and armchairs designed in the style of Louis XV, which eventually included painted furniture and were often made of rare woods, feature prominently curved legs as well as Chinese themes and varied ornaments. Much like the thrones of fairy tales and the regency, elegant lounges crafted in the Louis XV style convey wealth and prestige. In the kitchen, the dining chair placed at the head of the table is typically reserved for the head of the household or a revered guest.

Of course, with luxurious vintage or antique furnishings, every chair can seem like the best seat in the house. Whether your preference is stretching out on a plush sofa, such as the Serpentine, designed by Vladimir Kagan, or cozying up in a vintage wingback chair, there is likely to be a comfy classic or contemporary gem for you on 1stDibs.

With respect to the latest obsessions in design, cane seating has been cropping up everywhere, from sleek armchairs to lounge chairs, while bouclé fabric, a staple of modern furniture design, can be seen in mid-century modern, Scandinavian modern and Hollywood Regency furniture styles.

Admirers of the sophisticated craftsmanship and dark woods frequently associated with mid-century modern seating can find timeless furnishings in our expansive collection of lounge chairs, dining chairs and other items — whether they’re vintage editions or alluring official reproductions of iconic designs from the likes of Hans Wegner or from Charles and Ray Eames. Shop our inventory of Egg chairs, designed in 1958 by Arne Jacobsen, the Florence Knoll lounge chair and more.

No matter your style, the collection of unique chairs, sofas and other seating on 1stDibs is surely worthy of a standing ovation.

Questions About Couch Velvet Ottoman
  • 1stDibs ExpertSeptember 25, 2019

    Vacuum the velvet regularly. If a spill occurs, blot it immediately with a dry cloth. If the stain dries, you can blot it with a cloth dipped in a soap-and-water solution.But test this, or any other cleaning solution, on a hidden spot first to make sure it doesn’t cause damage. Once the fabric is dry, use a soft, dry brush to restore the original direction and loft of the pile.