Late 20th Century Abstract Paintings

Robert Sealock (American, 20th Century) Signed: RWS 93 (Canvas Verso) " Divided By Time ", 1993 Oil on Canvas 48 1/4" x 40" This large modern painting is in nice original condi...

Very Interesting and unique late 20th-century Cuban Abstract scene. Signed top left and inscribed on the reverse the piece has a great impact and presents. Influenced by Picasso with the Bull...

Thelma Appel Nightfall, 1973 Acrylic and Oil on Canvas. Hand Signed. Framed. Hand signed and titled on the back Unique Frame included Museum Provenance. This work was originally sold in 1973 by the prestigious Jill Kornblee Gallery to a corporate collection, and, in 2019, it was featured in the Thelma Appel 50 year career survey at the Brattleboro Museum in Vermont – so the provenance is superb. It is reproduced in the exhibition catalogue. The collector who acquires this beautiful painting will be furnished with several copies of the limited edition museum catalogue Measurements: Framed 38.5 x 89.5 inches Artwork 36.5 x 87.5 inches Thelma Appel Biography: A co-founder of the Bennington College Summer Painting Workshop, Thelma Appel is a representational and abstract painter who has been practicing art for more than six and a half decades. In the 1980s, Thelma Appel was represented by the renowned Jill Kornblee Gallery and, after Ms. Kornblee retired, Appel joined the legendary Fischbach Gallery, (the gallery of record for Alex Katz for many decades,) also on West 57th Street, before they shuttered. After leaving Manhattan, she retreated from the art world for several decades; however, in recent years, her work is being rediscovered by a generation of new collectors. A beloved and popular teacher, at 87 years of age, Thelma could still be found teaching “The Art of Painting” at Artsplace in Cheshire, CT. and at the Osher Life Long Learning Institute (OLLI) At the University of Connecticut, near her home during the 2024-5 Fall/Winter Semester. In 2019, she was subject of a 50-year career survey (October, 2019 -February 2020) at the Brattleboro Museum in Vermont, entitled Thelma Appel: Abstract/Observed curated by Mara Williams. She has also exhibited at the Mattatuck Museum in Connecticut, which acquired one of her fabric collages for their permanent collection, the Bennington Museum in Vermont and the Police Museum in Lower Manhattan. Thelma Appel was born in Tel Aviv, Israel, but following her parents’ divorce, her father remained in Israel, but her mother emigrated to London to pursue a career as a journalist. However, she soon became ill, and Thelma was sent alone to be educated in a Protestant missionary schools in Darjeeling, India, a geographical displacement that would impact her life and her work. Thelma returned to London, England, to study art at the legendary St. Martin's School of Art (later Central St. Martins) and Hornsey College of Art, under such renowned teachers as Joe Tilson and Eduardo Paolozzi, before emigrating to the United States in the 1960s. Her work has been exhibited in numerous venues, including the Bennington Museum, the Berkshire Museum in North Adams, Mass., the Children's Museum of the Arts in New York City, the Mattatuck Museum, the Brattleboro Museum, the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Robert Hull Fleming Museum at the University of Vermont and the University of Pennsylvania Fine Arts Gallery. In 1974 she was awarded a YADDO Fellowship, and in 1975, Thelma Appel, along with the painter Carol Haerer, co-founded the Bennington College Summer Painting Workshop, where many distinguished painters of the day, both abstract and representational, conducted master classes. Among them were Neil Welliver, John Button, Alice Neel, Larry Poons, Friedel Dzubas, Stanley Boxer, Elizabeth Murray and Doug Ohlson – a program that continued until 1980. (One of Thelma’s students was the renowned art dealer Matthew Marks.) She has also taught drawing at Parsons School of Design, painting at Southern Vermont College and at the University of Connecticut. Appel’s work has been presented at Art on Paper, Texas Contemporary, Market Art & Design in Bridgehampton and Art New York art fair, which selected Appel’s Times Square series of paintings for their invitational public Project Space sponsored by Absolut Vodka. She was one of the winning artists of the juried exhibition “Pets of the Pandemic” juried by art historian and critic David Cohen, publisher and editor of artcritical, who cited it for special commendation as a “masterful portrait”. In recent years, Thelma’s work has been exhibited in both one-person and group shows at Alpha 137 Gallery in New York, Sager Reeves (now Sager Braudis) Gallery in Missouri, the Chashama Foundation in New York City, as well as the Five Points Gallery and Center for the Visual Arts in Torrington Connecticut, the David M. Hunt Gallery in Falls Village, CT and Wisdom House in Litchfield Ct...

Original oil and acrylic painting on canvas titled “Sandscape 2” by the well known American artist, Syd Solomon. Signed Syd Solomon lower left. Signed and dated Syd Solomon 1972 and inscribed as titled on the reverse. 22 × 30 inches. Overall very good to excellent condition. No notable issues detected during inspection. No signs of restoration under UV inspection. The painting is in its original wood with silver reveal floating frame. Overall framed measurements are 24.25 by 32.25 inches. Provenance: A private collector. Syd Solomon was born near Uniontown, Pennsylvania, in 1917. He began painting in high school in Wilkes-Barre, where he was also a star football player. After high school, he worked in advertising and took classes at the Art Institute of Chicago. Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined the war effort and was assigned to the First Camouflage Battalion, the 924th Engineer Aviation Regiment of the US Army. He used his artistic skills to create camouflage instruction manuals utilized throughout the Army. He married Ann Francine Cohen in late 1941. Soon thereafter, in early 1942, the couple moved to Fort Ord in California where he was sent to camouflage the coast to protect it from possible aerial bombings. Sent overseas in 1943, Solomon did aerial reconnaissance over Holland. Solomon was sent to Normandy early in the invasion where his camouflage designs provided protective concealment for the transport of supplies for men who had broken through the enemy line. Solomon was considered one of the best camoufleurs in the Army, receiving among other commendations, five bronze stars. Solomon often remarked that his camouflage experience during World War II influenced his ideas about abstract art. At the end of the War, he attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Because Solomon suffered frostbite during the Battle of the Bulge, he could not live in cold climates, so he and Annie chose to settle in Sarasota, Florida, after the War. Sarasota was home to the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, and soon Solomon became friends with Arthur Everett “Chick” Austin, Jr., the museum’s first Director. In the late 1940s, Solomon experimented with new synthetic media, the precursors to acrylic paints provided to him by chemist Guy Pascal, who was developing them. Victor D’Amico, the first Director of Education for the Museum of Modern Art, recognized Solomon as the first artist to use acrylic paint. His early experimentation with this medium as well as other media put him at the forefront of technical innovations in his generation. He was also one of the first artists to use aerosol sprays and combined them with resists, an innovation influenced by his camouflage experience. Solomon’s work began to be acknowledged nationally in 1952. He was included in American Watercolors, Drawings and Prints at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. From 1952–1962, Solomon’s work was discovered by the cognoscenti of the art world, including the Museum of Modern Art Curators, Dorothy C. Miller and Peter Selz, and the Whitney Museum of American Art’s Director, John I. H. Baur. He had his first solo show in New York at the Associated American Artists Gallery in 1955 with “Chick” Austin, Jr. writing the essay for the exhibition. In the summer of 1955, the Solomons visited East Hampton, New York, for the first time at the invitation of fellow artist David Budd. There, Solomon met and befriended many of the artists of the New York School, including Jackson Pollock, Franz Kline, Willem de Kooning, James Brooks, Alfonso Ossorio, and Conrad Marca-Relli. By 1959, and for the next thirty-five years, the Solomons split the year between Sarasota (in the winter and spring) and the Hamptons (in the summer and fall). In 1959, Solomon began showing regularly in New York City at the Saidenberg Gallery with collector Joseph Hirshhorn buying three paintings from Solomon’s first show. At the same time, his works entered the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, and the Wadsworth Athenaeum in Hartford, Connecticut, among others. Solomon also began showing at Signa Gallery in East Hampton and at the James David Gallery in Miami run by the renowned art dealer, Dorothy Blau. In 1961, the Guggenheim Museum’s H. H. Arnason bestowed to him the Silvermine Award at the 13th New England Annual. Additionally, Thomas Hess of ARTnews magazine chose Solomon as one of the ten outstanding painters of the year. At the suggestion of Alfred H. Barr, Jr., the Museum of Modern Art’s Director, the John and Mable Ringling Museum in Sarasota began its contemporary collection by purchasing Solomon’s painting, Silent World, 1961. Solomon became influential in the Hamptons and in Florida during the 1960s. In late 1964, he created the Institute of Fine Art at the New College in Sarasota. He is credited with bringing many nationally known artists to Florida to teach, including Larry Rivers, Philip Guston, James Brooks, and Conrad Marca-Relli. Later Jimmy Ernst, John Chamberlain, James Rosenquist, and Robert Rauschenberg settled near Solomon in Florida. In East Hampton, the Solomon home was the epicenter of artists and writers who spent time in the Hamptons, including Alfred Leslie, Jim Dine, Ibram Lassaw, Saul Bellow, Barney Rosset, Arthur Kopit, and Harold Rosenberg. In 1970, Solomon, along with architect Gene Leedy, one of the founders of the Sarasota School of Architecture, built an award-winning precast concrete and glass house and studio on the Gulf of Mexico near Midnight Pass in Sarasota. Because of its siting, it functioned much like Monet’s home in Giverny, France. Open to the sky, sea, and shore with inside and outside studios, Solomon was able to fully solicit all the environmental forces that influenced his work. His friend, the art critic Harold Rosenberg, said Solomon’s best work was produced in the period he lived on the beach. During 1974 and 1975, a retrospective exhibition of Solomon’s work was held at the New York Cultural Center and traveled to the John and Mable Ringling Museum in Sarasota. Writer Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. conducted an important interview with Solomon for the exhibition catalogue. The artist was close to many writers, including Harold Rosenberg, Joy Williams, John D. McDonald, Budd Schulberg, Elia Kazan, Betty Friedan...

Desert. 1974, oil on canvas, 95,5x116 cm Painting in orange colors Provenance Maxwell gallery

Oil on plywood realized by Martin Bradley in 1974.  Hand signed and dated in top right corner; hand signed and titled on rear. Very good condition.

Artist/ School: Jill Jackson (British, contemporary) Title: shapes Medium: oil on board, unframed Board: 12 x 10 inches Provenance: private collection, England Condition: The p...

Painted sculpted cardboard Unique work Coming from the artist's studio Jacques ROUBY, the aesthetics of mystery "Experimental dreamer, passionate about graphic adventures, delibera...

Roland Ayers (1932-2017). Improvisation, 2nd Series, #5. Ink on paper, measures 19 x 24 inches. Unframed and unmounted. Signed and dated lower right, titled lower left. There are a few minor areas of loss in margins as depicted in close-up photos. Additionally, there a a few minor tears in margins. Ayers holds the distinction of having participated in the first important survey of African-Americans, Contemporary Black Artists in America, a 1971 show at The Whitney. Biography: Artist and art educator, Roland Ayers was born on July 2, 1932, the only child of Alice and Lorenzo Ayers, and grew up in the Germantown district of Philadelphia. Ayers served in the US Army (stationed in Germany) before studying at the Philadelphia College of Art (currently University of the Arts). He graduated with a BFA in Art Education, 1954. He traveled Europe 1966-67, spending time in Amsterdam and Greece in particular. During this period, he drifted away from painting to focus on linear figurative drawings of a surreal nature. His return home inaugurated the artist’s most prolific and inspired period (1968-1975). Shorty before his second major trip abroad in 1971-72 to West Africa, Ayers began to focus on African themes, and African American figures populated his work almost exclusively. In spite of Ayers’ travel and exploration of the world, he gravitated back to his beloved Germantown, a place he endowed with mythological qualities in his work and literature. His auto-biographical writing focuses on the importance of place during his childhood. Ayers’ journals meticulously document the ethnic and cultural make-up of Germantown, and tell a compelling story of class marginalization that brought together poor families despite racial differences. The distinctive look and design of Germantown inform Ayers’ visual vocabulary. It is a setting with distinctive Gothic Revival architecture and haunting natural beauty. These characteristics are translated and recur in the artist’s imagery. During his childhood, one of the only books in the Ayers household was an illustrated Bible. The images within had a profound effect on the themes and subjects that would appear in his adult work. Figures in an Ayers’ drawing often seem trapped in a narrative of loss and redemption. Powerful women loom large in the drawings: they suggest the female role models his journals record in early life. The drawings can sometimes convey a strong sense of conflict, and at other times, harmony. Nature and architecture seem to have an antagonistic relationship that is, ironically, symbiotic. A critical turning point in the artist’s career came in 1971 when he was included in the extremely controversial Whitney Museum show, Contemporary Black Artists in America. The exhibition gave Ayers an international audience and served as a calling card for introductions he would soon make in Europe. Ayers is a particularly compelling figure in a period when black artists struggled with the idea of authenticity. A questioned often asked was “Is your work too black, or not black enough?” Abstractionists were considered by some peers to be sell-outs, frauds or worse. Figurative* work was accused of being either sentimental or politically radical depending on the critical source. Ayers made the choice early on to be a figurative artist, but considered his work devoid of political content. Organizations such as Chicago’ s Afri-Cobra in the late 1960‘s asserted that the only true black art of any relevance must depict the black man and woman...

Antique American modernist abstract nude landscape oil painting. Oil on canvas. Framed. Signed illegibly.

Mortimer Borne, Printmaker, painter, sculptor, and educator was born in Rypin, Poland in 1902 and emigrated to the US in 1916. He studied at the National Academy of Design, The Art Students League, The Beaux-Arts Institute of Design, and with Charles Webster Hawthorne, founder of the Cape Cod School of Art in Provincetown. Painted in a thick impasto style similar in technique to Samuel Rothbort and David Burliuk. Borne himself taught at The New School for Social Research in New York City from 1945-1967. From the 1920s through the 40s he was a prolific producer of New York City cityscapes and genre scenes. In later decades, he adopted a more modernist style apparently influenced by Picasso, producing color drypoints of abstracted figures. His works were widely exhibited in museums in the U.S. and abroad from 1931 and later, including the Art Institute of Chicago, the American Institute of Graphic Arts, Museum of Modern Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Corcoran Gallery of Art, New York Public Library, Carnegie Institute, and Royal Society of Painters, Etchers and Engravers in London. He taught at The New School for Social Research in New York City from 1945-1967, and at the Tappan Zee...

Yuri Larin (1936-2014). Landscape, 1986. Watercolor on paper, 16.75 x 18.25 inches. Mounted on cardboard sheet measuring 24 x 28 inches. Signed and dated lo...

Patch of Cyan, Vintage Electric Blue Geometric Abstract by Eleanor Perry A bold modernist abstract painting by San Francisco, California artist Eleanor Perry (American, 20th Centu...

Janet Jennings Oil Painting on Canvas Peace and Plenty, 1989. Hand signed Dimensions: Canvas, 65 1/2" x W: 59 1/2". framed 68 X 62 inches Janet Jennings received her BFA from the University of Dayton and attended The Dayton Art Institute, Antioch College and The Art Students League. Her paintings are in numerous corporate and private collections worldwide. She has exhibited at numerous galleries on Long Island, the Hamptons and New York City including The New York Design Center, Hampton Road Gallery, Pamela Williams Gallery, Folioeast, Lizan-Tops Gallery, Chase Edwards Gallery, Gallery North, Elaine Benson Gallery, Glenn Horowitz Gallery, Mark Humphrey...

Horizontal bars of blue, maroon, cherry red, pink, lemon yellow, burnt orange and green communicate on a soaked sand-coloured ground in the two panels that form this 9-foot square acrylic diptych painting on canvas. The rhythm of the spaces between the short lengths of colour creates a dialogue of movement that leads the eye upwards through the large picture plane. About the inspiration for the work, the artist wrote: "This is one of the rare paintings that I saw clearly in a dream and painted almost exactly as I saw it. It relates back to the four-panel work, Lock-Up (1972), done a couple of months earlier, where I used the physical break between panels as an edge to anchor some colour bars. In Phoenix, some bars are anchored while others float within the larger ground colour." This painting was included in the exhibition catalogue Milly Ristvedt-Handerek: Paintings of a Decade (1979). Milly Ristvedt, RCA, began her career in Toronto in 1964 after studies with Takao Tanabe at the Vancouver School of Art. In Toronto, during the 1960s and 1970s, she was making and exhibiting large-scale paintings alongside a small but defined group of non-figurative painters who, like Ristvedt, had planted...

Syril Frank (American, 1929-2021) Untitled, c. 1970s/80s Oil on canvas Framed: 21 3/4 x 25 2/3 x 1 in. This fantastic painting in the abstract expressionist style loosely depicts a ...

Jean Krillé’s paintings are known for their expressive use of color and dynamic, abstract forms, blending realism with abstraction in his depictions of nature. His landscapes often f...

This colourful abstract expressionist painting is by the award-winning artist Milly Ristvedt. For decades, Milly Ristvedt has explored the unlimited potential and power of colour to...

Maternity in Blues- original abstract acrylic canvas painting . framed Artwork by Spanish artist ISIDRO CAHUE. Acrylic on canvas Perfect state The personality of the artist is refle...

Expressive late 1970's green and red abstract on rough plywood, with scribbled linear forms in the style of Basquiat, by Bay Area artist Micha...

Antique American modernist abstract oil painting. Oil on canvas. Framed. Signed. Measuring 17 by 21 inches overall and 16 by 20 painting alone. In excellent original condition. Hands...

Artist: Todd Boppel, American (1934 - 2000) Title: Kennan Year: 1977 Medium: Acrylic on Paper, signed and dated verso Size: 22 x 30 in. (55.88 x 76.2 cm)

Blue, Red & Green Abstract Expressionist Painting, entitled 'Tropical City #1', an extremely rare early work from leading British Contemporary Artist...

Antique American modernist abstract painting. Oil and encaustic on canvas, circa 1980. Signed on verso. Displayed in a period frame. Imag...

'Stretcher Series' by Toi Hoang, 1990. Large Conceptual Oil, SFMoMA, SECA Art Award, CMoCA, Saigon ----- Signed lower right, on stretcher bar, 'T H N' for Toi Hoang (Vietnamese-Amer...

Affection 1989 Artist signed lower right Oil, graphite on linen canvas 38x30, framed 52x44 inches. Jurgen Gorg was born in 1951 in​, Dernbach Germany. His formative years were spen...

Large minimal abstract painting with a green background. Attached to the surface are two toy cars surrounded by red paint and four wired bicycles surrounded in blue. The work is sign...

Cubist Compostion by Claude Lion (French, mid 20th century) dated 1954 signed oil painting on canvas, framed framed: 14 x 22.5 inches canvas: 13 x 21.5 inches condition: very good, p...

5022 Surreal Abstract set in a brushed aluminum frame Signed P.Russo 1986

RALPH ROSENBORG – "AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: TREES AND SKY" ⚜ Oil on Canvas ⚜ Hand Signed and Dated Lower Right and on Verso ⚜ Conservation Frame AMERICAN ABSTRACT LANDSCAPE Painted in 19...

5-3161 Acrylic nude in a custom wood frame

African contemporary oil on Panel figurative painting by Zacharia Mbutha, Born 1949, Kenya. A colorful painting by one of East Africa's most famous artists depicting three figures o...

### Technical Sheet: Title: Rouge de Fond Artist: Javier Vilató (1921–2000) Technique: Oil on canvas Canvas dimensions: 25.6 x 21.3 inches Framed dimensions: 26.8 x 22.4 inc...

Nicely painted abstract expressionist mid century oil painting. Oil on canvas. No signature found. Framed.

Impressive early American impressionist landscape painting by Will S. Taylor (Born 1882). Oil on board. Framed. Signed. Image size, 12 by 13 inches.

Stanley Sporny (American 1946 - 2008) A view into a stream with overhanging branches reflected in the water. A beautiful oil painting that explores the stream bottom as well as the ...

Golden Fields by Lucien Gondret (French b. 1941) signed oil painting on board, unframed board : 13 x 16 inches provenance: private collection, France co...

John Grillo Intimate Landscape II, 1975 Signed and Dated LR Signed, Titled, and dated on the reverse of the frame Oil on artist board 10 x 11 3/4 inches Provenance The Little Galler...

"Untitled Abstract II" is an Original Oil on Canvas by G. CURTIS. The piece is part of a set. It measures 49.5 x 37.5 x 1 inches with frame. It is signed and dated by the artist. The...

RUZ, Rafael (Barcelona 1956) While contemplating the painting of Ruz, we are inclined to talk about real ‘psychodrama’, in the same sense that Julius Bissier referred to some of th...

Artist: Dan Teis Title: Untitled VI Year: 1979 Medium: Acrylic and Collage on Canvas, Signed l.r. Size: 44 in. x 55 in. (111.76 cm x 139.7 cm)

Artist/ School: French abstract, signed by T. Fabris dated 1987 Title: Abstract Surrealist Composition Medium: oil on canvas, unframed Painting: 26 x 21 inches Colors: Black, red...

Step into the realm of American abstract art with a remarkable piece that embodies the essence of the New York School and Minimalist movements. This captivating artwork is a testament to the groundbreaking creativity that emerged from the New York art scene during the mid-20th century. Its minimalist approach and bold, abstract expression are a striking reflection of the era's intellectual and artistic exploration. The composition is a study in reductionism, where every stroke and form serves a purpose, creating a symphony of simplicity that is both thought-provoking and visually engaging. The artist's meticulous attention to detail and the careful selection of shapes and colors result in a work that exudes a sense of timeless sophistication. The painting's abstract nature invites interpretation, allowing each viewer to find their own meaning within its elegant lines and shapes. It is a work that beckons you to explore, contemplate, and appreciate the power of artistic minimalism—a movement that forever changed the landscape of contemporary art. Embrace the minimalist elegance of this Vintage American School painting...

"Geometric Abstract" by Arlette Martin (French, b.1924) signed lower right hand-side, gouache painting on card, unframed painting: 3.5 x 8.5 inches Finely painted original by the p...

Stunning and very large French Post-Impressionist oil painting depicting this deeply colourful abstract oil painting featuring an incredible blend and range of colors - aquamarines, ...

Abstract Geometric Composition in Green, Blue, and White - Acrylic on Canvas Bold abstract composition by Robert William Hinds (American, b. 1926). This composition is divided up in...

Impressive early American modernist sunset beach scene oil painting. Framed. Oil on canvas. Signed. Image size, 24H by 20L.

Green Forest View by Gilbert Pelissier (French born 1924) signed and dated 79' on verso oil painting on canvas, unframed canvas size: 24 x 20 inches condition: overall very good, a ...

An evocative oil painting by Katherine Bowling, completed in 1989. Executed on spackle over wood, this atmospheric composition reveals Bowling’s distinctive technique of layering thi...

Vibrant abstract of Berkeley Hills overlooking the city of Oakland, California by Erle Loran (American, 1905-1999). Presented in a wood slat white frame. Signed lower right "Loran." ...

Cubist Composition by Armand Rottenberg (French 1903-2000) signed lower corner, oil painting on board, unframed painting: 17 x 9.75 inches Stunning original Cubist painting by the...

California/New Mexico artist Paul Pletka (b. 1946) Acrylic on Canvas, 1972. Native American subject in Decorative Hair Plates. Signed lower right. Titled in pencil on the verso by th...

Piccolo Archivio is an original Contemporary artwork realized in 1988 by the italian Contemporary artist Leo Guida (1992 - 2017). Original drawing in beautiful colored tempera o...

James Massena March (American, 1953-2021) Untitled Oil on canvas 30 x 48 inches "My paintings are about space, form and energy. I generally start ...

Large Turquoise French Expressionist Abstract Oil Painting by Armand Rottenberg (French 1903-2000) signed on the lower right hand corner, oil painting on board, framed Framed 37.5...

Keith Haring. 1958-1990. The iconography of his drawings includes dancing animals and figures, dogs, crawling babies, pyramids, televisions, telephones, and flying saucers. The idea ...

Landscape abstract composition signed canvas size 35.5x31.5 Heydenryk hand made giltwood frame 41x45x1.5 Erwin Wending (Germany, 1900 – the United States, 1993) Born in Freiberg. In 1937, following the completion of his studies at the Dresden Art...

Louisa Chase’s work is represented in the permanent collections of a number of major museums, the Whitney Museum of Art in New York; the Museum of Modern Art, New York (MOMA), the Me...

This 1971 oil on board landscape by Y. Melo presents an abstracted natural scene executed in a refined Cubist style. The composition flattens and segments a hillside view into interl...

Modern pink, yellow, and blue abstract expressionist painting by English artist Tony Magar. The work features bold, emotive strokes that continue around the edges with a patch of whi...